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The aim of the paper was to evaluate the influence of water stress i.e., different net irrigation water on the allelopathic potential of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.). Water extracts were prepared from aboveground biomass of petunias grown at different net irrigation water (51.5 mm, 91.5 mm and 132.5 mm) in three concentrations (1%, 2.5% and 5%). The experiment was performed under controlled laboratory conditions in Petri dishes and the allelopathic potential of petunia water extracts was assessed by measuring seed germination, root and shoot length, and fresh weight of radish seedlings. The results of the experiment showed a statistically significant allelopathic effect of petunia water extracts on all the measured parameters. The allelopathic potential largely depended on the extract concentration. Petunia extracts of higher concentrations showed a greater negative effect and reduced germination, shoot and root length, and fresh weight of seedlings up to 79.9%, 93.4%, 83.1% and 69.5%, respectively. Positive effect was determined on shoot length and fresh weight of radish seedlings with 1% concentration extracts. As a rule, water stress i.e., net irrigation water did not have a significant effect on the allelopathic potential of petunia. The exception was recorded with the highest extract concentration on the shoot length of seedlings where extracts from petunias grown at 51.5 mm had greater inhibitory effect compared to extracts from petunias grown at 91.5 and 132.5 mm.

Conservation tillage systems, compared to conventional ones, have proven to be more effective from a biological, ecological and economic point of view, while at the same time preserving the ecosystem. Research with conservation tillage systems was conducted in 2022 on the experimental area of Križevci College of Agriculture (46° 01’ 38’’ N, 46° 33’ 32’’ E). The field experiment was set up according to a split plot experimental design with three main tillage treatments: ST (conventional, plowing), CTD (conservation, loosening with a minimum of 30% crop residues on the surface) and CTS (conservation, tillage up to 10 cm with a minimum of 50 % crop residues on the surface). Weed sampling was carried out during the critical period for weediness in soybean crops. The number and above-ground biomass of weeds was determined by counting individual weed species using a square of 0.25 m2 in four replicates per experimental plot. Weeds from each square were cut at ground level, counted, sorted according to species, dried at 65 °C and weighed. The applied herbicide treatments were uniform on all tillage treatments. Tillage had a statistically significant effect on the total number of weeds, the above-ground biomass and the number of weed species. The highest number of weeds was found in the CTD treatment (44.67 m-2), and the lowest in the ST treatment (7.33 m-2), with a statistically significant difference between ST and conservation treatment treatments. The CTS treatment resulted in the highest weed biomass (48.77 g m-2) but without a statistically significant difference compared to CTD (39.98 g m-2). The highest number of weed species was found in the CTS treatment (3.66 m-2), and the lowest in the ST (1.33 m-2), with statistically significant differences between all tillage treatments. All investigated weed parameters were, on average, the lowest in the conventional tillage system compared to the conservation systems. The CTD treatment resulted in a smaller number of weed species and a lower biomass compared to the CTS treatment, which indicates the need for further research into the impact of conservation tillage on the occurrence of weeds in soybeans.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi alelopatski potencijal lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca rotkvice (Raphanus sativus L.), radiča (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum) i rajčice (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Vodeni ekstrakti pripremljeni od suhe nadzemne mase lucerne u tri koncentracije (1 %, 2,5 % i 5 %) testirani su u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Alelopatski potencijal lucerne ovisio je o test vrsti, koncentraciji vodenog ekstrakta te mjerenom parametru. Najslabije djelovanje zabilježeno je na klijavost te rast klijanaca rajčice. Povećanjem koncentracije vodenog ekstrakta povećavao se i negativni alelopatski potencijal. Najmanji utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata zabilježen je na suhu masu klijanaca test vrsta., The aim of the study was to determine the allelopathic potential of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on seed germination and seedling growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), radicchio (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Water extracts prepared from dry alfalfa biomass in three concentrations (1%, 2.5% and 5%) were tested under laboratory conditions. The allelopathic potential of alfalfa depended on the test species, the water extract concentration, and the measured parameter. The weakest effect was recorded on germination and growth of tomato seedlings. As the concentration of the water extract increased, the negative allelopathic potential also increased. Dry weight of seedlings of test species was the least affected.

Ambrozija (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) jednogodišnja je biljka iz porodice glavočika (Asteraceae). Invazivna je vrsta korova koja je prisutna u čitavoj Republici Hrvatskoj. Prvi put zabilježena je 1941. godine u okolici Pitomače. Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodnog gospodarstva donijelo je 2007. godine Naredbu o poduzimanju mjera obveznog uklanjanja ambrozije (NN 72/07) prema kojoj su svi vlasnici zemljišta dužni provoditi mjere uklanjanja ambrozije. Mjere uklanjanja ambrozije dijele se, uglavnom, na: agrotehničke, mehaničke i kemijske. U svijetu je zabilježen velik broj fitofagnih kukaca, koji se hrane na ambroziji. Međutim, utjecaj prirodne populacije kukaca na smanjenje populacije ambrozije u Hrvatskoj je neznatan. Tijekom 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća u Hrvatsku je iz SAD-a unesena zlatica Zygogramma suturalis (Fabricius, 1775) radi suzbijanja ambrozije. Vrsta je uspjela prezimjeti u našim uvjetima, međutim njezina je populacija u prirodi jako niska. Godine 2019. prijavljena je nova vrsta zlatice na ambroziji Ophraella communa (LeSage, 1986) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), koja je zabilježena u Parku prirode Lonjsko polje. Odrasli i ličinke hrane se na biljci izazivajući defolijaciju i manju reprodukcijsku moć ambrozije. Svi razvojni stadiji kukca mogu se pronaći u isto vrijeme u polju. Ličinke, kukuljice i odrasli nalaze se na svim nadzemnim dijelovima biljke, dok jaja odlažu na vrh lista s obiju strana. Tijekom 2022. godine zabilježeno je širenje ove vrste do krajnjeg istoka Hrvatske (Ilok).

The latest Common Agricultural Policy reform intends to expand and strengthen environmental and social support and to liberalise the delivery model carried out through strategic planning. This paper aims to assess the potential impacts of the new CAP reform on the main agricultural markets in Croatia. The impact assessment is analysed using the AGMEMOD model where, in addition to the baseline scenario, three scenarios of potential changes are developed and compared to the baseline. Changes in market patterns (production, yield and net trade) at the end of the simulated period are compared with the baseline scenario results by 2030. The reduction in support levels to production, abolishment of voluntary coupled supports and introduction of additional environmental constraints have a significant impact on the main Croatian agricultural markets. Crop markets prov to be less dependent on subsidies, so that market pattern changes will not mean the loss of Croatia’s net export status for soft wheat, maize and soy beans, while barley no longer holds this status. Livestock sectors, especially beef and dairy, in addition to demonstrating a distinct lack of competitiveness even before the Croatian accession to the EU, additionally suffer significant production volume losses along with an increase in imports. Although significant, changes to the Croatian agricultural market are not dramatic enough to cause a complete production breakdown by 2030.

Weeds are unwanted plants that compete with crops for space, water, light and nutrients and may cause reductions of yield and increase the cost of crop production. Modern agriculture relies on synthetic herbicides as a fast, simple and effective weed control measure. However, their excessive and improper use can cause a series of negative consequences, such as the occurrence of resistant weed populations, herbicide residues in the food chain, and environmental pollution with adverse effects on human and animal health. In order to minimize negative impact of herbicides and fit in strategies of reducing their use, adoption of precision agriculture (e.g., UAVs, remote sensing, robots, machine learning, deep learning, AI, computer vision etc.) in weed control are essential. Precision agriculture aims to establish systems that optimize resource input while maintaining high yields. Currently, uniform application of herbicides across the whole field, regardless of weed density and distribution, is typically conducted, although weeds are rarely evenly distributed and often grow in patches. The site-specific weed management (SSWM) implies application of herbicides or other direct weed control methods only to areas where weed density is above the economic weed threshold. The crucial step in SSWM is the collection of information on weed species composition, density and distribution in the field which enables application of weed control treatments at the right time, intensity and locations. UAVs equipped with different types of sensors (RGB, multispectral and hyperspectral cameras) are used for fast and accurate image acquisition which are afterwards analyzed to generate weed distribution maps. Mapping weeds at early growth stages enables for appropriate herbicide and rates selection, while pre-harvest weed mapping allows control of perennial weeds in following years or detection of herbicide resistant weeds. Weed maps are subsequently used for precise herbicide application to areas with high weed density (patch spraying) or individual plants (spot spraying). Ground sensing on the other hand enables real-time weed detection, recognition and precise spot spraying. Prototypes of weeding robots that automatically detect and identify weeds and apply small or micro-doses of herbicides are being developed. Beside selective herbicide application, robotic weed control systems that use mechanical weed removal (camera-guided inter- and intra-row weeding), flaming, laser and hot water are utilized. Their application is of great value in case of limited use of herbicides (e.g., organic agriculture), ban on active ingredients and lack of registered and effective plant protection products for specialty crops. Successful SSWM was reported for various crops, from cereals, row crops, vegetables, to permanent stands, with herbicide savings up to 90% without yield reductions compared to conventional application. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) with new tools provides environmental and economic benefits, biodiversity preservation and sustainable agriculture, although precise tools integration and implementation still poses a great challenge in commercial farming systems.

Konzervacijski sustavi na različite načine utječu na ublažavanja klimatskih promjena uz pozitivan utjecaj na produktivnost biljne proizvodnje. Istraživanje s konzervacijskim sustavima obrade tla i kalcizacijom provedeno je 2021. godine u Čačincima (17.86336 E, 45.61316 N, n.v. 111 m). Poljski pokus postavljen je po split plot eksperimentalnom dizajnu u tri ponavljanja s glavnim tretmanom obrade tla: ST (konvencionalna s oranjem), CTD (konzervacijska duboka, obrada rahljenjem do 30 cm s minimalno 30 % žetvenih ostataka na površini) i CTS (konzervacijska plitka, obrada do 10 cm s minimalno 50 % žetvenih ostataka na površini) s podtretmanom kalcizacija. Uzorkovanje korova provedeno je dva puta (fenofaza V10 i R5). Ocjena pokrovnosti vršila se metodom vizualne procjene, a brojnost i nadzemna biomasa korova utvrđivala se brojanjem pojedinačnih vrsta. Dominantne korovne vrste bile su Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Calystegia sephium (L.) R. Br. i Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) PB. Svi istraživani parametri zakorovljenosti u prosjeku su bili najmanji na kalciziranim tretmanima, a statistički značajan utjecaj utvrđen je za broj korova u V10 i pokrovnost u fenofazi R5 na kalcizaciji. Obrada tla značajno je utjecala na pokrovnost korova u R5, a najmanja je bila na CTD (24, 67 %). CTS tretman rezultirao je najvećim brojem korova (24 m-2), biomasom (134, 43 g m-2) i pokrovnosti (69, 84 %) ali bez statistički zanačajnih razlika u odnosu na ST i CTD te su se konzervacijski sustavi obrade u ovom istraživanju pokazali održivim u pogledu gospodarenja korovima.

Stink bugs are a growing problem in Croatia. They have caused significant economic damage to various fruit, vegetable, and field crops and it is reported that they utilize over 100 plant species as feeding or reproductive hosts. Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula L., 1758.) and brown marmorated sting bug (Halyomorpha halys Stål, 1855.) are the dominant species from the Pentatomidae family in Croatia, while Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive and aggressive weed present throughout the country. The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of aqueous extract of A. artemisiifolia to adult individuals of N. viridula and H. halys under laboratory conditions. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions in September 2021 in three treatments: aqueous ragweed extract at a concentration of 10%, azadiractin (Ozoneem Trishul® -1%) and water as a control. Treatments were set in four replicates and a total of 240 adults stink bugs (120 N. viridula and 120 H. halys) were included in the experiment. All treatments showed mild toxicity. H. halys was more sensitive to the aqueous ragweed extract compared to N. viridula. Statistically significant differences in mortality between treatments were found in H. halys species 10–14 days after treatment with aqueous ragweed extract. Since no high efficacy of ambrosia extract has been found in the adult stage, research will continue on eggs and larvae that have a higher degree of sensitivity to aqueous and ethanolic extracts compared to the adult insect stage.

European corn borer (ECB) is one of the most important maize pests. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different soil and fertilization management on maize susceptibility to European corn borer attack. The experiment was set up in 2021 in Virovitica- Podravina County on maize hybrid OS378. Three treatments were included in the experiment. Treatment A – soil tillage: standard tillage (ST) and conservation system shallow (CTS), treatment B – liming: with liming (CY) and without liming (CN) and treatment C – fertilization: fertilization according recommendation (FR), FR+GeO2 (soil microbial biomass activator) (GFR), biochar (B) and biochar + FR (BFR). At the end of the vegetation ear weight (g), stem tunnel length (cm), ear shank damage (cm), number of larvae in maize stem and number of larvae in ear shank were recorded. Damage from ECB larvae for all tested parameters was greater on the CN compared to CY treatment and the ear weight was lower. CTS resulted in greater damage of maize stem and the number of larvae in the stem however, there was less damage to the ear shank and the number of larvae in the ear shank while the ear weight was also higher than the ST. BFR resulted in the highest ear weight on fertilization treatments and the lowest ear shank damage as well as the number of larvae in ear shank. Biochar treatment had the lowest ear weight, stem tunnel length and number of larvae in the maize stem, but also the greatest ear shank damage. According this results for all tested parameters from the ECB larvae, ear shank damage was the most important parameter in ear weight reduction.

The concept of human-induced soil degradation is very old and dates back to the very beginnings of conscious human food production. From that time to nowadays our awareness and knowledge about soil degradation were significantly arise. As parallel ways, in recent times, different approaches and technique are developed to stop, prevent and/or restore degraded soils, with more or less success. Originality of the Conservation Soil Tillage (CST) is dating on the beginning of the last century, as the desperately attempt for soil preservation of its destruction. Nowadays, in period when climate change (CC) has become as one of the majors threatens in agricultural production (and not only), CST are set it up as one of the potentially best ways for combat to climate change. Leading by these three interlinking and strong-connected causality effect of cause-consequence-solution, research project "Assessment of conservation soil tillage as advanced methods for crop production and prevention of soil degradation - ACTIVEsoil" under Croatia Science Foundation were set up in 2020. The project was conceived and set it up on way to determine the level and time dynamics of changes in physical, chemical and biological parameters that indicate soil degradation by mutual comparison of the researched systems of crop production in different ways of soil management. Expected and planed outcomes, as most significant results from multi-year experimentation, are: - better insight into the degradation processes in the soil and the way they are mitigated, - the integration and consolidation of the postulates of CST itself with application in different agroecological conditions and for different crops, to reach and develop an optimal crop production system.

Primjena konzervacijskih sustava tla učinkovit je način u sprečavanju degradacije tla i prilagodbe biljne proizvodnje klimatskim promjenama uz osiguravanje produktivnosti i stabilnosti prinosa. Cilj istraživanja provedenog 2021. godine na pseugleju u Čačincima (17.86336 E, Lat. 45.61316 N) bio je utvrditi utjecaj konzervacijske obrade, gnojidbe i kondicioniranja tla na prinos i komponente prinosa kukuruza s glavnim tretmanom obrada tla: ST (konvencionalna s oranjem), CTD- konzervacijska duboka (rahljenje s 30 % biljnih ostataka) i CTS-konzervacijska plitka (uz 50 % biljnih ostataka) s podtretmanom kalcizacije i pod-podtretmanom gnojidbe. Tretmani gnojidbe bili su: FR (prema preporuci, NPK 170:150:225), FD (50 % od preporuke), GFR (prema preporuci + GeO2 – biofi ziološki aktivator tla), GFD (50 % od preporuke + GeO2 ). Obrada tla i gnojidba u prosjeku su statistički značajno utjecale na prinos, hektolitarsku masu i masu 1000 zrna. Najveći prosječni prinos (8, 60 t ha-1), masa 1000 zrna (121, 80 g) i hektolitar (70, 15 kg hl-1) ostvareni su na ST tretmanu. Veći prinosi u prosjeku su zabilježeni su na svim kalciziranim tretmanima, a na tretmanu GFR ostvaren je najveći prinos kukuruza (9, 75 t ha-1). Na tretmanima CTD i CTS najveća masa 1000 zrna u prosjeku je ostvarena na tretmanu GFR, a najveća hektolitarska masa zabilježena je na ST tretmanu uz kalcizaciju i gnojidbu GFD. U ovom istraživanju kondicioniranje tla rezultiralo je povećanjem prinosa i komponenti prinosa kukuruza.

Kukci (insekti) stvaraju višestruke direktne ili indirektne štete u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji što rezultira nižim prinosom i smanjenom kvalitetom proizvoda. Uz kemijske mjere zaštite od štetnih kukaca nastoje se pronaći odgovarajući alternativni načini suzbijanja koji su okolišno prihvatljiviji. Biološki načini zaštite poljoprivrednih kultura uz pomoć entomopatogenih gljiva (EPG) proučavaju se od davnina međutim dosta njih je još uvijek nedovoljno istraženo i malo se zna o načinu njihova djelovanja. Prirodna zaraza kukaca s EPG prisutna je i dokazana kod većine redova kukaca, a najčešća je kod: rilčara (Hemiptera), dvokrilaca (Diptera), kornjaša (Coleoptera), leptira (Lepidoptera), pravokrilaca (Orthoptera) i opnokrilaca (Hymenoptera). Neke vrste EPG mogu imati ograničen krug domaćina dok druge kao što su Bauveria bassiana i Metarhisium anisoplie, mogu zaraziti preko 700 vrsta kukaca. Primjena EPG kontinuirano raste, neki od razloga su da su oni bezbjedni za korisne organizme, ne postoji opasnost od zagađenja okoliša, smanjuje se mogućnost pojave rezistentnosti štetnika, dolazi do povećanja bioraznolikosti, kao i visoka učinkovitost uz mogućnost suzbijanja šetnika u svim razvojnim stadijima. Utvrđeno je da mnoge vrste roda Fusarium imaju entomopatogeno djelovanje, tj. posjeduju zadovoljavajuće karakteristike u kontroli štetnih kukaca u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Zabilježena je visoka stopa smrtnosti, jaka sporulacija i brzo djelovanje. Primjenom EPG roda Fusarium u znanstvenim istraživanjima utvrđena je učinkovitost preko 90% na različitim vrstama kukaca. Vrste roda Fusarium pokazale su patogenost i moguću uporabu na kukce iz redova: Dyctioptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera i Thysanoptera. Najviše entomopatogenih sojeva vrsta roda Fusarium utvrđeno je kod kompleksa vrsta: F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. fujikuroi, F. solani i F. oxysporum. Upravo zbog visoke učinkovitosti suzbijanja kukaca u svim razvojnim fazama, potrebno je provoditi daljnja istraživanja učinkovitosti roda Fusarium na štetne kukce.

Suvremena poljoprivredna proizvodnja u najvećoj se mjeri oslanja na primjenu kemijskih herbicida kao jednostavne i visoko učinkovite mjere suzbijanja korova. Unatoč tomu njihova pretjerana i nepravilna uporaba može dovesti do niza negativnih posljedica kao što su pojava rezistentnih korovnih vrsta, rezidua u hrani i okolišu te štetnog utjecaja na zdravlje čovjeka i životinja. Stoga se sve više istražuju različite alternativne i ekološki prihvatljive metode suzbijanja korova, kao što je alelopatija. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi alelopatski potencijal aromatičnih i ljekovitih vrsta na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca korovne vrste crne pomoćnice (Solanum nigrum). U kontroliranim laboratorijskim uvjetima provedena su dva pokusa u kojima je istražen utjecaj nadzemne mase ljupčaca (Levisticum officinale), bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum), prave kamilice (Chamomilla recutita), matičnjaka (Melissa officinalis), crnog sljeza (Malva sylvestris) i velikog rosopasa (Chelidonium majus). U Petrijevim zdjelicama testiran je utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata od svježe i suhe mase biljaka u koncentracijama od 5 % i 10 %, dok je u posudama procijenjen utjecaj biljnih ostataka u dozi od 10 i 20 g po kg tla. Vodeni ekstrakti od svježe mase aromatičnih i ljekovitih biljaka značajno su snizili klijavost sjemena crne pomoćnice, izuzev ekstrakata bosiljka koji su pokazali stimulativno djelovanje. Ljupčac i rosopas imali su najveće negativno djelovanje na rast klijanaca korova u odnosu na kontrolu. Vodeni ekstrakti od suhe mase pokazali su jače negativno djelovanje u odnosu na ekstrakte od svježe mase, te je potpuna inhibicija (100%) svih mjerenih parametara zabilježena u tretmanima s kamilicom, ljupčacem i crnim sljezom. Primjena biljnih ostataka inhibirala je značajno nicanje i rast crne pomoćnice u svim tretmanima u odnosu na kontrolni tretman. Najveće smanjenje nicanja (63, 9 %) zabilježeno je u tretmanu s višom dozom biljnih ostataka bosiljka. Smanjenje duljine korijena kretalo se od 50 do 63, 6 %, dok su duljina izdanka i svježa masa klijanaca bili pod manjim utjecajem. Aromatične i ljekovite vrste s visokim alelopatskim djelovanjem izvor su okolišno prihvatljivih potencijala u zaštiti bilja.

Cilj istraživanja bio je anketnim ispitivanjem utvrditi primjenu sredstava za zaštitu bilja na osnovi djelatne tvari glifosat na području Brodsko-posavske županije u 2021. godini. Anketirano je ukupno 107 ispitanika. Rezultati ankete pokazali su da svi ispitanici koriste sredstva na osnovi djelatne tvari glifosat, i to najviše u ratarskoj proizvodnji (46, 7%) i trajnim nasadima (22, 4 %), ali i za druge namjene. Poljoprivredni proizvođači glifosat najviše koriste za suzbijanje korova na strništima te tijekom vegetacije u trajnim nasadima. Više od 65 % ispitanika glifosat primjenjuje barem jednom ili više puta godišnje, a više od 90 % ispitanika se pridržava preporučene doze primjene.

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi alelopatski potencijal korovnih vrsta iz različitih sustava obrade tla. Alelopatski potencijal vodenih ekstrakata, pripremljenih od nadzemen mase običnog koštana (Echinocloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.) i zelenog muhara (Setaria viridis (L.)P.Beauv.) prikupljenih na tretmanima s konvencionalnom (ST), dubokom konzervacijskom (CTD) i plitkom konzervacijskom (CTS) obradom tla, testiran je na klijavost i rast klijanaca salate. Alelopatski potencijal ovisi o korovnoj vrsti, sustavu obrade tla i mjerenom parametru. U prosjkeu su najveći inhibitorni potencijal na salatu imali vodeni ekstrakti pripremljeni od jedinki prikupljenih s tretmana duboke konzervacijske obrade tla.

Different conservation tillage systems play an important role in mitigating the negative impacts of climate change on crop productivity and preventing soil degradation. By changing a number of soil conditions, conservation tillage affects the change in weed levels. Weeds are the dominant biotic factor that most often negatively affects the performance of maize yields during the growing season, and especially in the critical period of weediness. Fertilization can increase the competitive ability of maize which causes a reduction of weeds occurrence and change in the composition of weed flora. Weed species amount, density and biomass play a significant role in maintaining the biodiversity of agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of conservation tillage and fertilization on weed infestation in maize. Field experiment was performed in year 2021 at experimental site Čačinci (Stagnosol soil type) in Croatia (17.86336 E, 45.61316 N, 111 m a.s.l.) as a split plot experimental design in three replicates with soil tillage as the main factor and fertilization as subfactor. The soil treatments were as follows: CT (conventional, plowing), CTD (conservation, loosening with a minimum of 30% of crop residues on the surface) and CTS (conservation, shallow tillage with a minimum 50% of crop residues on the surface). Fertilization treatments were: FR – control treatment (according to the recommendation in amount of - NPK 170: 150: 225 kg/ha), FH (50% of the recommendation), GFR (according to the recommendation + GeO2 - biophysiological soil activator, 300 kg/ha), GFH (50% of recommendation + GeO2). Weed sampling and determination of weed species were performed twice during the maize growing season (growth stages V10 and R5). The applied chemical weed protection was uniform for all soil tillage and fertilizations treatments. Individual weed species were counted within the square of 0.25 m2 in four replicates per experimental plot to determine the weed density and cut off from the same square at ground level to determine aboveground biomass. At the same time, weed coverage was established on the same surfaces with visual assessment. The most numerous weed species were: Calystegia sephium (L.) R. Br., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. and Convolvulus arvensis L. Tillage significantly affected the total number of weeds, weed aboveground biomass, number of weed species and weed cover in the first observation (V 10 – critical weed-free period for maize). All investigated indicators in average were the highest at the CTS treatment with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) in relation to conventional tillage (CT). The total weed number (12.33/m2) on CTS treatment was almost four times higher compared to CT (3.34/m2). Fertilization did not significantly affect the level of weediness, and the average values of all studied indicators were the lowest on the treatment GFH. The impact of tillage and fertilization on the total weed number in the second sampling (growth stage R5) was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Significant interaction between tillage and fertilization was found, and the highest total number of weeds was recorded on control fertilization treatment FR for all tillage treatments. Treatment GFH in average resulted in more than 50% fewer weeds compared to FR (22.3/m2) with statistically significant difference. The highest total weed number was recorded on CTD tillage treatment (21.25/m2). The highest weed aboveground biomass (183.83 g/m2), number of weed species (2.75/m2) and weed cover (81.75%) in second weed observation were recorded on CTS tillage treatment with a significant statistical difference in relation to CT treatment. The results of this study indicate an increase in weediness of maize on conservation tillage systems and the positive effect of reduced fertilization with the addition of biophysiological soil activator to reduce weed levels in the later developmental stages of maize. The suitability of soil conservation systems and optimal fertilization in terms of weed management needs to be further investigated.

The aim of the study was to determine allelopathic potential of weed root exudates on germination and growth of crops. Field poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) C.H. Schultz) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seedlings were grown in soil until 3-leaf stage. After their removal, the soil was re-sown with seeds of barley, soybean and oil pumpkin. The results of the experiment showed that field poppy and scentless mayweed root exudates stimulated root and shoot length, and fresh weight of barley seedlings up to 16.2%, 13.4% and 34.6%, respectively. Redroot pigweed root exudates showed no significant effect on emergence and growth of soybean and oil pumpkin.

The aim of this study was to determine the insecticidal efficacy of the two diatomaceous earths against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on wheat and to determine their optimal dose. Laboratory testing was conducted using three doses (250, 500 and 750 ppm) of two diatomaceous earths: SilicoSec® and Celatom Mn-51®. Wheat (100 g) with moisture content of 14.2% was treated with both diatomaceous earths, respectively, in glass jars (200 ml) followed by the introduction of 20 adults of red flour beetle of different sexes aged 7-21 days. All treatments were set up in four repetitions. The mortality rate of red flour beetle was recorded after 7 and 14 days. Significantly higher mortality rate compared to control treatment was achieved at the 7th day of exposure at the highest dose (750 ppm) for both diatomaceous earths. A significantly higher mortality rate was also observed by prolonging the exposure at 750 ppm for Celatom Mn-51® and at 500 ppm for SilicoSec®. The highest mortality rate (81.25 %) in treatment with SilicoSec® was achieved with 750 ppm after the 14th day of exposure, while the highest mortality rate achieved with Celatom Mn-51 was 55.0 % with the same dose and exposure. The results indicate on high efficiency of the investigated diatomaceous earths in suppression of red flour beetle on wheat. Further research is required on the impact on offspring development as well as testing combinations with botanicals for better insecticidal efficacy.

Teofrastov mračnjak (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) invazivna je korovna vrsta u okopavinskim usjevima. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi alelopatski potencijal vodenih ekstrakata Teofrastovog mračnjaka na klijavost sjemena i početni rast klijanaca soje. Vodeni ekstrakti od suhe nadzemne mase Teofrastovog mračnjaka istraženi su u različitim koncentracijama (1 %, 2, 5 %, 5 %, 10 %) u laboratorijskom pokusu u Petrijevim zdjelicama. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se povećanjem koncentracije povećavao i negativni alelopatski utjecaj. Utvrđena je značajna inhibicija duljine korijena i svježe mase klijanaca soje koji su bili smanjeni i do 69, 9 % odnosno 23 %. S druge strane, nije zabilježeno statistički značajno djelovanje na klijavost sjemena, duljinu izdanka i suhu masu klijanaca soje.

Lucerna je bogat izvor fitoestrogena, od kojih je najzanimljiviji kumestrol zbog snažnog estrogenog djelovanja i mogućeg utjecaja na reproduktivnu sposobnost domaćih životinja. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi variranje sadržaja kumestrola kod populacija lucerne kao početnog screeninga naše oplemenjivačke strategije te izbora potencijalnih materijala i stvaranja novih modernih sorti za posebne namjene. Tijekom dvogodišnjeg razdoblja (2014., 2015.) kod ukupno 50 materijala lucerne procjenjivana je agronomska vrijednost u oplemenjivačkom rasadniku zasnovanom na selekcijskom polju Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek. Rasadnik lucerne postavljen je po shemi RCBD-a u 4 ponavljanja, a osnovna parcela sastojala se od 52 pojedinačne biljke posijane u kućice (50 x 40 cm). Za ovo istraživanje izabrano je 12 populacija lucerne na osnovi ostvarenog visokog prinosa krmne i dobre perzistentnosti. U srpnju 2016. godine u vegetativnoj fazi biljaka puno pupanje – početak cvjetanja prikupljeni su prosječni uzorci lista (oko 100 g) sa 10 slučajno izabranih biljaka svake populacije lucerne iz dva ponavljanja. Iz liofiliziranih i samljevenih listova lucerne, kumestrol je ekstrahiran uz primjenu zakiseljenog metanola kao organskog otapala. Svaki uzorak je ekstrahiran i analiziran u dva ponavljanja. Za detekciju i kvantifikaciju kumestrola korišten je RP-HPLC (Perkin Elmer LC 200 Chromatograph) sustav s DAD detektorom (λ=260 nm) i RP-C18 kolonom (Nova-Pak, 4 μm, 3.9 x 150 mm). Analizom varijance (ANOVA) utvrđene su statistički opravdane razlike u sadržaju kumestrola između proučavanih oplemenjivačkih populacija lucerne. Koeficijent varijacije analiziranog svojstva iznosio je 2, 38 %. Variranje sadržaja kumestrola se kretalo od 82, 18 mg/kg ST do 619, 53 mg/ kg ST (suha tvar), a prosječan sadržaj kumestrola svih promatranih populacija lucerne iznosio je 435, 67 mg/kg ST. Dvije populacije ostvarile su značajno niži sadržaj kumestrola u ST u odnosu na ostale promatrane u ovom istraživanju te predstavljaju odličan oplemenjivački izvor za razvoj novih modernih sorti za posebne namjene.

Red clover is a perennial forage crop rich in isoflavones, the bioactive compounds with a positive effect on human and animal health. The aim of the research was to determine a variation in the isoflavone contents in the Croatian red clover collection and to identify the most promising materials to be used in the breeding program for the development of new cultivars for specific purposes. Leaf samples of 29 red clover cultivars/populations (two cultivars, twenty breeding populations, and seven local populations) were collected in a full flowering stage, and the identification and quantification of isoflavones was performed using the HPLC analysis. The most common isoflavones in the red clover cultivars/populations were formononetin and biochanin A. A significant variation among the cultivars/populations in the total and individual isoflavone content was determined. The populations with very high and low contents of both the total and of the individual isoflavones were identified to be used for the breeding purposes in order to develop new forage cultivars, or for specific goals in the pharmaceutical industry.

Glifosat i glufosinat herbicidi su koji pripadaju u skupinu aminofosfonata. Glifosat se u biljkama, tlu i vodi razgrađuje stvaranjem metabolita aminometilfosfonske kiseline (AMPA). Primjena glifosata na poljoprivrednim i šumskim površinama dozvoljena je sukladno strogo odobrenim i kontroliranim namjenama. Iako sredstva za zaštitu bilja s a.t. glifosat za primjenu na nepoljoprivrednim površinama naseljenih mjesta te za zaštitu bilja s a.t. glufosinat nisu u registirani za namjenu u RH od 2018. godine, zbog procjene mogućih utjecaja rezidua, te različitog zakonodavstva u susjednim zemljama izvan EU, procjene ovih vrsta izloženosti bit će uključene u programske aktivnosti. Primjenom međunarodno priznatih metodologija Procjene utjecaja na zdravlje (eng. Health impact assessment – HIA) i Procjene zdravstvenih rizika (engl. Health risk assessment - HRA) bit će prepoznati prioriteti za potrebe izrade strateškog nacionalnog dokumenta MP za upravljanje primjenom SZB s a.t. glifosat.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected many segments of human life and activities, including the education system. As a consequence, universities are facing challenges on how to continue with quality teaching where face-to-face classes have opted and remote teaching is introduced. Remote teaching and learning usually carry a stigma of being lower quality than the traditional (face- to-face), which is why it is necessary to evaluate the teaching staff as well as the student experience within remote education. The survey conducted at the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Republic of Croatia aimed to analyze how students as well as teaching staff were satisfied with remote education during the first wave of coronavirus pandemic. Survey results have shown that most of the students were satisfied with the organization and implementation of remote learning and teaching as well. An interesting observation was the importance of teacher- student interaction as well as the teacher presence during remote education.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj vodnog stresa odnosno različitih normi navodnjavanja na alelopatski potencijal salate (Lactuca sativa L.). Pokus je proveden u Petrijevim zdjelicama prema potpuno slučajnom planu s tretmanima u šest ponavljanja u kontroliranim laboratorijskim uvjetima. Alelopatski potencijal vodenih ekstrakata pripremljenih od listova salate uzgajane pri različitim normama navodnjavanja (45 mm, 90 mm i 135 mm) testiran je u tri koncentracije (2, 5 %, 5 % i 10 %) na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca rotkvice. Alelopatski utjecaj procijenjen je mjerenjem klijavosti sjemena, duljine korijena i izdanka, te svježe mase klijanaca rotkvice. Alelopatski potencijal vodenih esktrakata salate ovisio je o normi navodnjavanja i koncentraciji. Povećanjem koncentracije vodenih ekstrakata povećavao se negativni alelopatski utjecaj, te je zabilježeno potpuno inhbitorno djelovanje (100 %) na klijavost i rast klijanaca rotkvice u tretmanima s ekstraktima najviše koncentracije. Vodni stres uzrokovao je veći negativni alelopatski potencijal. Vodeni ekstrakti koncentracije 5 % pripremljeni od salate uzgajane pri dvije niže norme navodnjavanja od 45 mm i 90 mm imali statistički značajno jače inhibitorno djelovanje od ekstrakata salate uzgajane pri normi navodnjavanja od 135 mm na sve mjerene parametre.

The Latest Common Agricultural Policy reform intends to expand and strengthen environmental and social support and to liberalise the delivery model carried out through strategic planning. This paper aims to assess the potential impacts of the new CAP reform on the main agricultural markets in Croatia. The impact assessment is analysed using the AGMEMOD model where, in addition to the baseline scenario, three scenarios of potential changes are developed and compared to the baseline. Changes in market patterns (production, yield and net trade) at the end of the simulated period are compared with the baseline scenario results by 2030. The reduction in support levels to production, abolishment of voluntary coupled supports and introduction of additional environmental constraints have a significant impact on the main Croatian agricultural markets. Crop markets prov to be less dependent on subsidies, so that market pattern changes will not mean the loss of Croatia’s net export status for soft wheat, maize and soy beans, while barley no longer holds this status. Livestock sectors, especially beef and dairy, in addition to demonstrating a distinct lack of competitiveness even before the Croatian accession to the EU, additionally suffer significant production volume losses along with an increase in imports. Although significant, changes to the Croatian agricultural market are not dramatic enough to cause a complete production breakdown by 2030.

Korovi u poljoprivredi značajno utječu na smanjenje prinosa stoga je njihovo učinkovito suzbijanje svim raspoloživim mjerama zaštite neophodno za ostvarivanje uspješnosti proizvodnje. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi korovnu floru u usjevu ozime pšenice te učinkovitost herbicida i njihovih kombinacija u preporučenoj dozi na suzbijanje korovnih vrsta. Istraživanje je provedeno na proizvodnim površinama obiteljskoga poljoprivrednoga gospodarstva Hager u selu Zdenci koje se nalazi u Virovitičko-podravskoj županiji Republike Hrvatske. Poljski pokus je postavljen prema slučajnom bloknom rasporedu u tri ponavljanja. Herbološkom analizom utvrđeno je ukupno 11 korovnih vrsta koje pripadaju uobičajenoj korovnoj zajednici usjeva gustoga sklopa: Apera spica-venti (L.) PB., Alopecurus myosuroides Hunds., Poa annua L., Capsela bursa- pastoris (L.) Med., Lamium purpureum L., Stelaria media (L.) Vill., Trifolium pratense L., Veronica persica Poir., Matricaria chamomilla L., Mysotis arvensis (L.) Hill. i Galium aparine L.. Korovne vrste mogu se sistematski razvrstati u jedan odjeljak, dva razreda, osam redova, devet porodica i 11 rodova. Najzastupljenije korovne vrste u istraživanju su bile Apera spica-venti, Alopecurus myosuroides, Poa annua, Capsela bursa-pastoris i Lamium purpureum. Najveći koeficijent učinkovitosti ostvaren je kombinacijom herbicida djelatnih tvari flufenacet + diflufenikan i beflubutamid u dozi 0, 3+0, 3 l ha-1, jednako kao i primjena herbicida s djelatnom tvari flufenacet+diflufenikan u dozi 0, 6 l ha-1. Najmanji učinak na suzbijanje korova ostvaren je primjenom herbicida djelatne tvari beflubutamid u dozi od 0, 5 l ha-1.

U sklopu aktivnosti izrade nacionalne Strategije za racionalizaciju korištenja herbicida glifosat u Hrvatskoj te izrade Procjene utjecaja na zdravlje glifosata, aminometilfosfonske kiseline (AMPA-e) i glufosinata provedeno je osam radionica s ključnim dionicima. U pripremu zaključaka i prijedloga mjera racionalizacije uključeni su predstavnici primjenitelja, distribucije i nadzora sredstava za zaštitu bilja, predstavnici znanstvene zajednice, uključivo studente i inovatore, te predstavnici medija. Dodatno, radionice su imale svrhu potaknuti razmjenu praktičnih iskustava iz ovog važnog međusektorskog područja i uključiti zaključke ključnih dionika tijekom pripreme materijala za edukaciju javnosti. Komunikacija rizika sastavni je dio ciklusa analize rizika, uz procjenu rizika. Primjenjena metodologija procjene zdravstvenih rizika u ovom multidiciplinarnom projektu uključila je sektore zdravstva, agronomije, šumarstva i dr. Na temelju rezultata analiza nije procijenjen značajan utjecaj na zdravlje i okoliš radi izloženosti predmetnim sredstvima za zaštitu bilja i metabolitu glifosata - AMPA.

U sažetku se opisuje laboratorijsko testiranje insekticidne učinkovitosti dijatomejskih zemalja (DZ) SilicoSec® i Celatom Mn-51® u suzbijanju žitnog kukuljičara Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) na pšenici s tri doze (250, 500 i 750 ppm) pri dvijema ekspozicijama (7 i 14 dana). Cilj rada je bio utvrditi insekticidnu učinkovitost testiranih DZ na žitnog kukuljičara te utvrditi optimalnu dozu. Pšenica (100 g) vlage 13, 5 % zaprašena je dijatomejskom zemljom (svaka DZ pojedinačno) u staklenkama volumena 200 ml, nakon čega je introducirano 20 jedinki žitnog kukuljičara različitog spola po tretmanu, starosti 7-21 dan. Svi tretmanu su postavljeni kroz četiri ponavljanja. Najviši mortalitet (82, 5 %) postignut je u tretmanu sa SilicoSec® pri dozi od 750 ppm nakon 14. dana ekspozicije. Statistički značajno viši mortalitet u odnosu na kontrolni tretman postignut pri ekspoziciji od 7 dana pri dozi od 500 ppm za obje dijatomejske zemlje. Produljenjem ekspozicije i povećanjem doze zabilježen je statistički značajno viši mortalitet. Navedeni rezultati ukazuju na visoku učinkovitost istraživanih DZ u suzbijanju žitnog kukuljičara na pšenici. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja utjecaja navedenih DZ na razvoj potomstva žitnog kukuljičara.

The aim of the paper was to evaluate allelopathic effects of weed species Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) on germination and early growth of sugar beet. Petri dish experiment with water extracts prepared from different plant parts of weeds in 1, 5 and 10% concentrations and pot experiment with weed residues in rates of 10, 20 and 30 g/kg were conducted. Allelopathic potential was determined through germination, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of sugar beet seedlings. Water extracts from various plant parts showed significant inhibitory potential, up to 100%, on germination and growth of sugar beet. Lower extract concentration promoted shoot length up to 35.5%. Johnsongrass residues showed negative effect on shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings, especially in treatment with 30 g/kg residue rate. Contrary, black nightshade residues promoted sugar beet growth. Besides concentration/rate, allelopathic effect was dependent on extraction method, growth media and plant part.

Cilj rada je prikazati značaj botaničkih insekticida te insekticida na bazi dijatomejske zemlje u suzbijanju skladišnih kukaca kao alternativne metode u odnosu na konvencionalne insekticide koji imaju niz negativnih posljedica: rezidue u tretiranoj robi, razvoj rezistentnosti kod štetnika, negativni utjecaj na toplokrvne organizme i okoliš te utjecaj na ne ciljane organizme. Prikazane su vrste skladišnih kukaca koji čine najveće ekonomske štete u pogledu kvantitete i kvalitete uskladištene robe te je opisan princip djelovanja dijatomejske zemlje i botaničkih insekticida na skladišne kukce.

Na području istočne Hrvatske najvažniji usjev za proizvodnju sijena jest lucerna (Medicago sativa L.). Lucerna se tu u pravilu uzgaja kao čisti usjev, uz eventualno usijavanje talijanskog ljulja u predzadnjoj godini korištenja lucerišta s ciljem kompenziranja prorijeđenog sklopa lucerišta. Publikacije prethodnih istraživača izvan Hrvatske ukazuju da se smjese lucerne s travama brže suše uz manje gubitke, da se sporije zakorovljuju i da daju niže prinose krme u odnosu na čiste usjeve lucerne. Cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti proizvodnost i zakorovljenost čiste lucerne, smjesa lucerne s travama i čistog usjeva esparzete (Onobrychis sativa L.) u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. U poljskom pokusu u Tenji (2014.-2015.g.), suma prinosa prva dva otkosa čiste lucerne bila je slična sumama prinosa kod smjesa lucerne s travama (oko 10 tST/ha), a esparzeta je dala značajno manju sumu (4, 7 tST/ha). Nakon prezimljenja, najmanja pojava korova ustanovljena je na smjesama lucerne s klupčastom oštricom i smjesama s povećanim sklopom trava, dok je najveća pojava korova bila u čistom usjevu esparzete. Unatoč pojavi korova nakon prezimljenja, u pokošenoj masi prvog i drugog porasta lucerne i njenih smjesa s travama nije ustanovljena mjerljiva masa korova, dok je u esparzeti ustanovljen udio korova u prinosu ST 50% u prvom otkosu i 31% u drugom otkosu. Projekcija godišnjeg prinosa je pokazala da bi čisti usjev lucerne bio najproduktivnija varijanta.