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1. Affective mirror and anti-mirror neurons relate to prosocial help in rats

Author

Wen-Yi Wu, Yawei Cheng, Keng-Chen Liang, Ray X. Lee, and Chen-Tung Yen

Subjects
Behavioral neuroscience, Molecular neuroscience, Cellular neuroscience, Science
Abstract

Summary: Although empathic emotion is closely related to prosocial behavior, neuronal substrate that accounts for empathy-associated prosocial action remains poorly understood. We recorded neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex (InC) in rats when they observed another rat in pain. We discovered neurons with anti-mirror properties in the ACC and InC, in addition to those with mirror properties. ACC neurons show higher coupling between activation of self-in-pain and others-in-pain, whereas the InC has a higher ratio of neurons with anti-mirror properties. During others-in-pain, ACC neurons activated more when actively nose-poking toward others and InC neurons activated more when freezing. To further illustrate prosocial function, we examined neuronal activities in the helping behavior test. Both ACC and InC neurons showed specific activation to rat rescuing which is contributed by mirror, but not anti-mirror neurons. Our work indicates the functional involvement of mirror neuron system in prosocial behaviors.

Published
2023
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2. Social Relationship as a Factor for the Development of Stress Incubation in Adult Mice

Author

Ray X. Lee, Greg J. Stephens, and Bernd Kuhn

Subjects
PTSD, stress, animal emotionality, social bonding, animal disease model, behavioral test, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

While stress reactions can emerge long after the triggering event, it remains elusive how they emerge after a protracted, seemingly stress-free period during which stress incubates. Here, we study the behavioral development in mice isolated after observing an aggressive encounter inflicted upon their pair-housed partners. We developed a spatially resolved fine-scale behavioral analysis and applied it to standard behavioral tests. It reveals that the seemingly sudden behavioral changes developed gradually. These behavioral changes were not observed if the aggressive encounter happened to a stranger mouse, suggesting that social bonding is a prerequisite for stress incubation in this paradigm. This finding was corroborated by hemisphere-specific morphological changes in cortex regions centering at the anterior cingulate cortex, a cognitive and emotional center. Our non-invasive analytical methods to capture informative behavioral details may have applications beyond laboratory animals.

Published
2022
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3. 26th Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting (CNS*2017): Part 2

Author

Leonid L. Rubchinsky, Sungwoo Ahn, Wouter Klijn, Ben Cumming, Stuart Yates, Vasileios Karakasis, Alexander Peyser, Marmaduke Woodman, Sandra Diaz-Pier, James Deraeve, Eliana Vassena, William Alexander, David Beeman, Pawel Kudela, Dana Boatman-Reich, William S. Anderson, Niceto R. Luque, Francisco Naveros, Richard R. Carrillo, Eduardo Ros, Angelo Arleo, Jacob Huth, Koki Ichinose, Jihoon Park, Yuji Kawai, Junichi Suzuki, Hiroki Mori, Minoru Asada, Sorinel A. Oprisan, Austin I. Dave, Tahereh Babaie, Peter Robinson, Alejandro Tabas, Martin Andermann, André Rupp, Emili Balaguer-Ballester, Henrik Lindén, Rasmus K. Christensen, Mari Nakamura, Tania R. Barkat, Zach Tosi, John Beggs, Davide Lonardoni, Fabio Boi, Stefano Di Marco, Alessandro Maccione, Luca Berdondini, Joanna Jędrzejewska-Szmek, Daniel B. Dorman, Kim T. Blackwell, Christoph Bauermeister, Hanna Keren, Jochen Braun, João V. Dornas, Eirini Mavritsaki, Silvio Aldrovandi, Emma Bridger, Sukbin Lim, Nicolas Brunel, Anatoly Buchin, Clifford Charles Kerr, Anton Chizhov, Gilles Huberfeld, Richard Miles, Boris Gutkin, Martin J. Spencer, Hamish Meffin, David B. Grayden, Anthony N. Burkitt, Catherine E. Davey, Liangyu Tao, Vineet Tiruvadi, Rehman Ali, Helen Mayberg, Robert Butera, Cengiz Gunay, Damon Lamb, Ronald L. Calabrese, Anca Doloc-Mihu, Víctor J. López-Madrona, Fernanda S. Matias, Ernesto Pereda, Claudio R. Mirasso, Santiago Canals, Alice Geminiani, Alessandra Pedrocchi, Egidio D’Angelo, Claudia Casellato, Ankur Chauhan, Karthik Soman, V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy, Vignayanandam R. Muddapu, Chao-Chun Chuang, Nan-yow Chen, Mehdi Bayati, Jan Melchior, Laurenz Wiskott, Amir Hossein Azizi, Kamran Diba, Sen Cheng, Elena Y. Smirnova, Elena G. Yakimova, Anton V. Chizhov, Nan-Yow Chen, Chi-Tin Shih, Dorian Florescu, Daniel Coca, Julie Courtiol, Viktor K. Jirsa, Roberto J. M. Covolan, Bartosz Teleńczuk, Richard Kempter, Gabriel Curio, Alain Destexhe, Jessica Parker, Alexander N. Klishko, Boris I. Prilutsky, Gennady Cymbalyuk, Felix Franke, Andreas Hierlemann, Rava Azeredo da Silveira, Stefano Casali, Stefano Masoli, Martina Rizza, Martina Francesca Rizza, Yinming Sun, Willy Wong, Faranak Farzan, Daniel M. Blumberger, Zafiris J. Daskalakis, Svitlana Popovych, Shivakumar Viswanathan, Nils Rosjat, Christian Grefkes, Silvia Daun, Damiano Gentiletti, Piotr Suffczynski, Vadym Gnatkovski, Marco De Curtis, Hyeonsu Lee, Se-Bum Paik, Woochul Choi, Jaeson Jang, Youngjin Park, Jun Ho Song, Min Song, Vicente Pallarés, Matthieu Gilson, Simone Kühn, Andrea Insabato, Gustavo Deco, Katharina Glomb, Adrián Ponce-Alvarez, Petra Ritter, Adria Tauste Campo, Alexander Thiele, Farah Deeba, P. A. Robinson, Sacha J. van Albada, Andrew Rowley, Michael Hopkins, Maximilian Schmidt, Alan B. Stokes, David R. Lester, Steve Furber, Markus Diesmann, Alessandro Barri, Martin T. Wiechert, David A. DiGregorio, Alexander G. Dimitrov, Catalina Vich, Rune W. Berg, Antoni Guillamon, Susanne Ditlevsen, Romain D. Cazé, Benoît Girard, Stéphane Doncieux, Nicolas Doyon, Frank Boahen, Patrick Desrosiers, Edward Laurence, Louis J. Dubé, Russo Eleonora, Daniel Durstewitz, Dominik Schmidt, Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen, Florian Krull, Francesco Bettella, Christoph Metzner, Anna Devor, Srdjan Djurovic, Anders M. Dale, Ole A. Andreassen, Gaute T. Einevoll, Solveig Næss, Torbjørn V. Ness, Geir Halnes, Eric Halgren, Klas H. Pettersen, Marte J. Sætra, Espen Hagen, Alina Schiffer, Axel Grzymisch, Malte Persike, Udo Ernst, Daniel Harnack, Udo A. Ernst, Nergis Tomen, Stefano Zucca, Valentina Pasquale, Giuseppe Pica, Manuel Molano-Mazón, Michela Chiappalone, Stefano Panzeri, Tommaso Fellin, Kelvin S. Oie, David L. Boothe, Joshua C. Crone, Alfred B. Yu, Melvin A. Felton, Isma Zulfiqar, Michelle Moerel, Peter De Weerd, Elia Formisano, Kelvin Oie, Piotr Franaszczuk, Roland Diggelmann, Michele Fiscella, Domenico Guarino, Jan Antolík, Andrew P. Davison, Yves Frègnac, Benjamin Xavier Etienne, Flavio Frohlich, Jérémie Lefebvre, Encarni Marcos, Maurizio Mattia, Aldo Genovesio, Leonid A. Fedorov, Tjeerd M.H. Dijkstra, Louisa Sting, Howard Hock, Martin A. Giese, Laure Buhry, Clément Langlet, Francesco Giovannini, Christophe Verbist, Stefano Salvadé, Michele Giugliano, James A. Henderson, Hendrik Wernecke, Bulcsú Sándor, Claudius Gros, Nicole Voges, Paulina Dabrovska, Alexa Riehle, Thomas Brochier, Sonja Grün, Yifan Gu, Pulin Gong, Grégory Dumont, Nikita A. Novikov, Boris S. Gutkin, Parul Tewatia, Olivia Eriksson, Andrei Kramer, Joao Santos, Alexandra Jauhiainen, Jeanette H. Kotaleski, Jovana J. Belić, Arvind Kumar, Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski, Masanori Shimono, Naomichi Hatano, Subutai Ahmad, Yuwei Cui, Jeff Hawkins, Johanna Senk, Karolína Korvasová, Tom Tetzlaff, Moritz Helias, Tobias Kühn, Michael Denker, PierGianLuca Mana, David Dahmen, Jannis Schuecker, Sven Goedeke, Christian Keup, Katja Heuer, Rembrandt Bakker, Paul Tiesinga, Roberto Toro, Wei Qin, Alex Hadjinicolaou, Michael R. Ibbotson, Tatiana Kameneva, William W. Lytton, Lealem Mulugeta, Andrew Drach, Jerry G. Myers, Marc Horner, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli, Tina Morrison, Marlei Walton, Martin Steele, C. Anthony Hunt, Nicoladie Tam, Rodrigo Amaducci, Carlos Muñiz, Manuel Reyes-Sánchez, Francisco B. Rodríguez, Pablo Varona, Joseph T. Cronin, Matthias H. Hennig, Elisabetta Iavarone, Jane Yi, Ying Shi, Bas-Jan Zandt, Werner Van Geit, Christian Rössert, Henry Markram, Sean Hill, Christian O’Reilly, Rodrigo Perin, Huanxiang Lu, Alexander Bryson, Michal Hadrava, Jaroslav Hlinka, Ryosuke Hosaka, Mark Olenik, Conor Houghton, Nicolangelo Iannella, Thomas Launey, Rebecca Kotsakidis, Jaymar Soriano, Takatomi Kubo, Takao Inoue, Hiroyuki Kida, Toshitaka Yamakawa, Michiyasu Suzuki, Kazushi Ikeda, Samira Abbasi, Amber E. Hudson, Detlef H. Heck, Dieter Jaeger, Joel Lee, Skirmantas Janušonis, Maria Luisa Saggio, Andreas Spiegler, William C. Stacey, Christophe Bernard, Davide Lillo, Spase Petkoski, Mark Drakesmith, Derek K. Jones, Ali Sadegh Zadeh, Chandra Kambhampati, Jan Karbowski, Zeynep Gokcen Kaya, Yair Lakretz, Alessandro Treves, Lily W. Li, Joseph Lizier, Cliff C. Kerr, Timothée Masquelier, Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh, Hojeong Kim, Chang Sub Kim, Julia A. Marakshina, Alexander V. Vartanov, Anastasia A. Neklyudova, Stanislav A. Kozlovskiy, Andrey A. Kiselnikov, Kanako Taniguchi, Katsunori Kitano, Oliver Schmitt, Felix Lessmann, Sebastian Schwanke, Peter Eipert, Jennifer Meinhardt, Julia Beier, Kanar Kadir, Adrian Karnitzki, Linda Sellner, Ann-Christin Klünker, Lena Kuch, Frauke Ruß, Jörg Jenssen, Andreas Wree, Paula Sanz-Leon, Stuart A. Knock, Shih-Cheng Chien, Burkhard Maess, Thomas R. Knösche, Charles C. Cohen, Marko A. Popovic, Jan Klooster, Maarten H.P. Kole, Erik A. Roberts, Nancy J. Kopell, Daniel Kepple, Hamza Giaffar, Dima Rinberg, Alex Koulakov, Caroline Garcia Forlim, Leonie Klock, Johanna Bächle, Laura Stoll, Patrick Giemsa, Marie Fuchs, Nikola Schoofs, Christiane Montag, Jürgen Gallinat, Ray X. Lee, Greg J. Stephens, Bernd Kuhn, Luiz Tauffer, Philippe Isope, Katsuma Inoue, Yoshiyuki Ohmura, Shogo Yonekura, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Hyun Jae Jang, Jeehyun Kwag, Marc de Kamps, Yi Ming Lai, Filipa dos Santos, K. P. Lam, Peter Andras, Julia Imperatore, Jessica Helms, Tamas Tompa, Antonieta Lavin, Felicity H. Inkpen, Michael C. Ashby, Nathan F. Lepora, Aaron R. Shifman, John E. Lewis, Zhong Zhang, Yeqian Feng, Christian Tetzlaff, Tomas Kulvicius, Yinyun Li, Rodrigo F. O. Pena, Davide Bernardi, Antonio C. Roque, Benjamin Lindner, Sebastian Vellmer, Ausra Saudargiene, Tiina Maninen, Riikka Havela, Marja-Leena Linne, Arthur Powanwe, Andre Longtin, Jesús A. Garrido, Joe W. Graham, Salvador Dura-Bernal, Sergio L. Angulo, Samuel A. Neymotin, and Srdjan D. Antic

Subjects
Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Published
2017
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4. Plasticity of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in Behavioral Training of Body Balance Control

Author

Ray X. Lee, Jian-Jia eHuang, Chiming eHuang, Meng-Li eTsai, and Chen-Tung eYen

Subjects
Cerebellar Cortex, information coding, motor learning, neural plasticity, reafference computation, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Neural responses to sensory inputs caused by self-generated movements (reafference) and external passive stimulation (exafference) differ in various brain regions. The ability to differentiate such sensory information can lead to movement execution with better accuracy. However, how sensory responses are adjusted in regard to this distinguishability during motor learning is still poorly understood. The cerebellum has been hypothesized to analyze the functional significance of sensory information during motor learning, and is thought to be a key region of reafference computation in the vestibular system. In this study, we investigated Purkinje cell (PC) spike trains as cerebellar cortical output when rats learned to balance on a suspended dowel. Rats progressively reduced the amplitude of body swing and made fewer foot slips during a 5-min balancing task. Both PC simple (SSs; 17 of 26) and complex spikes (CSs; 7 of 12) were found to code initially on the angle of the heads with respect to a fixed reference. Using periods with comparable degrees of movement, we found that such SS coding of information in most PCs (10 of 17) decreased rapidly during balance learning. In response to unexpected perturbations and under anesthesia, SS coding capability of these PCs recovered. By plotting SS and CS firing frequencies over 15-s time windows in double-logarithmic plots, a negative correlation between SS and CS was found in awake, but not anesthetized, rats. PCs with prominent SS coding attenuation during motor learning showed weaker SS-CS correlation. Hence, we demonstrate that neural plasticity for filtering out sensory reafference from active motion occurs in the cerebellar cortex in rats during balance learning. SS-CS interaction may contribute to this rapid plasticity as a form of receptive field plasticity in the cerebellar cortex between two receptive maps of sensory inputs from the external world and of efference copies from the will center for volitional movements.

Published
2015
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6. Enhancement of mediodorsal thalamus rescues aberrant belief dynamics in a mouse model with schizophrenia-associated mutation

Author

Zhou, Tingting, primary, Ho, Yi-Yun, additional, Lee, Ray X., additional, Fath, Amanda B., additional, He, Kathleen, additional, Scott, Jonathan, additional, Bajwa, Navdeep, additional, Hartley, Nolan D., additional, Wilde, Jonathan, additional, Gao, Xian, additional, Li, Cui, additional, Hong, Evan, additional, Nassar, Matthew R., additional, Wimmer, Ralf D., additional, Singh, Tarjinder, additional, Halassa, Michael M., additional, and Feng, Guoping, additional

Published
2024
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7. ARTIA-Cervix: A Prospective Clinical Trial to Assess Patient Reported Intestinal Toxicity with Adaptive External Beam Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer

Author

Mayadev, J.S., primary, Albuquerque, K.V., additional, Marcrom, S., additional, Kohlmyer, S., additional, McCann, C., additional, Levine, L., additional, Russell, K., additional, Stanley, D.N., additional, Hrycushko, B.A., additional, Moore, K.L., additional, and Ray, X., additional

Published
2023
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10. Clinical Impact of Contouring Variability for Prostate Cancer Tumor Boost

Author

Zhong, A.Y., primary, Lui, A.J., additional, Kuznetsova, S., additional, Kallis, K., additional, Hussain, T., additional, Conlin, C.C., additional, Do, D., additional, Rojo Domingo, M., additional, Manger, R., additional, Hua, P., additional, Karunamuni, R., additional, Kuperman, J., additional, Dale, A.M., additional, Rakow-Penner, R., additional, Hahn, M.E., additional, Moore, K.L., additional, Ray, X., additional, and Seibert, T.M., additional

Published
2023
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12. Affective mirror and anti-mirror neurons relate to prosocial help in rats

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Program in Media Arts and Sciences (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Wu, Wen-Yi, Cheng, Yawei, Liang, Keng-Chen, Lee, Ray X., Yen, Chen-Tung, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Program in Media Arts and Sciences (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Wu, Wen-Yi, Cheng, Yawei, Liang, Keng-Chen, Lee, Ray X., and Yen, Chen-Tung

Published
2023

17. Social Relationship as a Factor for the Development of Stress Incubation in Adult Mice

Author

Ray X., Lee, Greg J., Stephens, Bernd, Kuhn, Ray X., Lee, Greg J., Stephens, and Bernd, Kuhn

Abstract

While stress reactions can emerge long after the triggering event, it remains elusive how they emerge after a protracted, seemingly stress-free period during which stress incubates. Here, we study the behavioral development in mice isolated after observing an aggressive encounter inflicted upon their pair-housed partners. We developed a spatially resolved fine-scale behavioral analysis and applied it to standard behavioral tests. It reveals that the seemingly sudden behavioral changes developed gradually. These behavioral changes were not observed if the aggressive encounter happened to a stranger mouse, suggesting that social bonding is a prerequisite for stress incubation in this paradigm. This finding was corroborated by hemisphere-specific morphological changes in cortex regions centering at the anterior cingulate cortex, a cognitive and emotional center. Our non-invasive analytical methods to capture informative behavioral details may have applications beyond laboratory animals., source:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.854486/full

Published
2022

21. Popular Religion Temples in Fujian, Southeast China: The Politics of State Intervention, 1990s–2010s

Author

Ray X. L. Qu

Subjects
History, Sociology and Political Science, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Geography, Planning and Development, 0507 social and economic geography, 050701 cultural studies, 0506 political science, Politics, Intervention (law), State (polity), Political science, Ethnography, 050602 political science & public administration, Social science, China, Legitimacy, media_common
Abstract

This article presents an ethnographic examination of state intervention in popular religion temples in Fujian, southeast China. Specifically, it surveys the state presence in four temples, explores how and why the local state adopted a varied approach to religious organizations in the same religious tradition, and examines the mutually legitimating relations of state and religion. State-religion relations are constantly changing, highly variable, and context-bound. The state-religion interactions in Fujian demonstrate that to a certain extent the uneven revitalization of temple-based popular religion shaped, and was shaped by, the degree of state presence. I argue that the performance-based legitimacy of the nation-state has been fortified through local-state projects devoted to religious tourism, intra-religious competition, and the Taiwan issue, and that the Chinese state has the potential to influence a reemerging traditional form of authority at the local level through varying degrees of state presence in religious organizations.

Published
2020
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25. Pain Empathy Neurons in Rats are Related to Prosocial Rescuing

Author

Yawei Cheng, Wen-Yi Wu, Chen-Tung Yen, Keng-Chen Liang, and Ray X. Lee

Subjects
History, Polymers and Plastics, Insular cortex, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Electrophysiology, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Prosocial behavior, medicine, Business and International Management, Psychology, Neuroscience, Anterior cingulate cortex, Pain empathy, Mirror neuron
Abstract

While empathic emotion is closely related to prosocial behavior in human and animals, neuronal substrate that accounts for empathy-driven prosocial action remains unclear. We recorded ACC and InC neurons in rats when they observed another rat in pain through the vicarious pain test. We discovered neurons with anti-mirror properties in ACC and InC besides those with mirror properties. ACC neurons show higher coupling between activation of self in pain and of others in pain, while InC has higher ratio of neurons that showed anti-mirror properties. During others in pain, ACC neurons activated more when noise poking toward others and InC neurons activated more when freezing. Motivated by the distinct behavioral correlations and the discovery of affective anti-mirror neurons, we examined neuronal activities in the rescuing task where a rat was trapped in a restrainer to further illustrate prosocial function. Both ACC and InC showed specific activation to rat rescuing, which is specifically contributed by the mirror but not anti-mirror neurons. Our work introduces a neuronal framework that explains empathy-driven prosocial action along with accurate self–other distinction.

Published
2021
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28. Personalising treatment plan quality review with knowledge-based planning in the TROG 15.03 trial for stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy in primary kidney cancer

Author

Hardcastle, N, Cook, O, Ray, X, Moore, A, Moore, KL, Pryor, D, Rossi, A, Foroudi, F, Kron, T, Siva, S, Hardcastle, N, Cook, O, Ray, X, Moore, A, Moore, KL, Pryor, D, Rossi, A, Foroudi, F, Kron, T, and Siva, S

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Quality assurance (QA) of treatment plans in clinical trials improves protocol compliance and patient outcomes. Retrospective use of knowledge-based-planning (KBP) in clinical trials has demonstrated improved treatment plan quality and consistency. We report the results of prospective use of KBP for real-time QA of treatment plan quality in the TROG 15.03 FASTRACK II trial, which evaluates efficacy of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) for kidney cancer. METHODS: A KBP model was generated based on single institution data. For each patient in the KBP phase (open to the last 31 patients in the trial), the treating centre submitted treatment plans 7 days prior to treatment. A treatment plan was created by using the KBP model, which was compared with the submitted plan for each organ-at-risk (OAR) dose constraint. A report comparing each plan for each OAR constraint was provided to the submitting centre within 24 h of receiving the plan. The centre could then modify the plan based on the KBP report, or continue with the existing plan. RESULTS: Real-time feedback using KBP was provided in 24/31 cases. Consistent plan quality was in general achieved between KBP and the submitted plan. KBP review resulted in replan and improvement of OAR dosimetry in two patients. All centres indicated that the feedback was a useful QA check of their treatment plan. CONCLUSION: KBP for real-time treatment plan review was feasible for 24/31 cases, and demonstrated ability to improve treatment plan quality in two cases. Challenges include integration of KBP feedback into clinical timelines, interpretation of KBP results with respect to clinical trade-offs, and determination of appropriate plan quality improvement criteria.

Published
2021

29. Assessing Dynamic Collimator Rotation and Integrated Static Angle Ports in VMAT for Treating Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Preliminary Study.

Author

Kim, G.G.Y. and Ray, X.

Subjects
*OPTIMIZATION algorithms, *VOLUMETRIC-modulated arc therapy, *DEGREES of freedom, *OPTIC nerve, *COLLIMATORS
Abstract

This study examines the enhancements in plan quality achieved through a prototype plan optimization algorithm (VMATp) that employs dynamic collimator rotation and integrates static angle ports in VMAT treatments. We present a preliminary evaluation of its effectiveness for complex recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) cases. 10 complex recurrent GBM cases treated at our institution with VMAT were replanned with three sets of parameters to evaluate the novel optimizer: (i) dynamic collimator rotation during gantry rotation, (ii) dynamic collimator rotation and 5 integrated static ports with user-selected collimator angles, and dynamic collimator rotation and 5 integrated static ports with optimizer selected collimator angles, (iii) one VMAT arc and 5 integrated static ports with manual and full optimized dynamic collimator rotation for a total of 60 plans. All plans used the prescriptions (median dose 35Gy in 10 fx +/- 5 fx, 3 cases with simultaneous integrated boost), optimization objectives, and plan normalization from the clinically approved plan. Plan quality was assessed by comparing target coverage, target point max, organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing, dose gradient, conformity, and delivery efficiency against the clinical plan using paired t-tests. VMATp demonstrated similar target dose coverage to traditional VMAT plans. Using dynamic collimator rotation, the Brain-PTV D mean was reduced by a median of 3.1% (p = 0.017) and the dose fall-off distance (Gradient Measure) was reduced from a median of 1.55 cm to 1.52 cm (p = 0.006). Doses to other structures, including the brainstem, optic chiasm, optic nerves, and cochlea, were not statistically different from those in the clinical VMAT plan. 5 manually selected integrated ports fields on top of the original VMAT arcs had equivalent plan quality, while including 5 static ports with full optimization for the collimator rotation, led to a median of 1.6% (p = 0.032) dose reduction in the Brain-PTV D mean and slight decrease in MUs. From test (iii) using a single VMAT arc with 5 fields using the full optimization algorithm, the Monitor Units decreased significantly by 2.9% (p = 0.018). A preliminary evaluation was conducted for a novel VMATp optimizer, featuring dynamic collimator rotation and integrated static angle ports, specifically for complex recurrent GBM cases. The increased degrees of freedom showed modest enhancements in dose gradient and reduced exposure to the normal brain. Future research will explore whether adjusting the optimization objectives could better utilize the extra flexibility offered by this sophisticated treatment approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. Dilger, Hansjörg, AstridBochow, MarianBurchardt and MatthewWilhelm‐Solomon (eds.) 2020. Affective trajectories: religion and emotion in African cityscapes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 320 pp. Pb.: US$27.95. ISBN: 9781478006268

Author

Ray X. L. Qu

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, media_common.quotation_subject, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Art history, Art, media_common
Published
2021
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33. Detection of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in alternative irrigation water by culture and qPCR-based methods in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.

Author

Chanelle L. Acheamfour, Salina Parveen, Alan Gutierrez, Eric T. Handy, Sara Behal, Donghyun Kim, Seongyun Kim, Cheryl East, Ray Xiong, Joseph R. Haymaker, Shirley A. Micallef, Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein, Kalmia E. Kniel, Amy R. Sapkota, Fawzy Hashem, and Manan Sharma

Subjects
water quality, irrigation, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, qPCR, culture, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

ABSTRACTAlternative irrigation waters (rivers, ponds, and reclaimed water) can harbor bacterial foodborne pathogens like Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes, potentially contaminating fruit and vegetable commodities. Detecting foodborne pathogens using qPCR-based methods may accelerate testing methods and procedures compared to culture-based methods. This study compared detection of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes by qPCR (real-time PCR) and culture methods in irrigation waters to determine the influence of water type (river, pond, and reclaimed water), season (winter, spring, summer, and fall), or volume (0.1, 1, and 10 L) on sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and positive (PPV), and negative (NPV) predictive values of these methods. Water samples were collected by filtration through modified Moore swabs (MMS) over a 2-year period at 11 sites in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. on a bi-weekly or monthly schedule. For qPCR, bacterial DNA from culture-enriched samples (n = 1,990) was analyzed by multiplex qPCR specific for S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. For culture detection, enriched samples were selectively enriched, isolated, and PCR confirmed. PPVs for qPCR detection of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes were 68% and 67%, respectively. The NPV were 87% (S. enterica) and 85% (L. monocytogenes). Higher levels of qPCR/culture agreement were observed in spring and summer compared to fall and winter for S. enterica; for L. monocytogenes, lower levels of agreement were observed in winter compared to spring, summer, and fall. Reclaimed and pond water supported higher levels of qPCR/culture agreement compared to river water for both S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, indicating that water type may influence the agreement of these results.IMPORTANCEDetecting foodborne pathogens in irrigation water can inform interventions and management strategies to reduce risk of contamination and illness associated with fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. The use of non-culture methods like qPCR has the potential to accelerate the testing process. Results indicated that pond and reclaimed water showed higher levels of agreement between culture and qPCR methods than river water, perhaps due to specific physiochemical characteristics of the water. These findings also show that season and sample volume affect the agreement of qPCR and culture results. Overall, qPCR methods could be more confidently utilized to determine the absence of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in irrigation water samples examined in this study.

Published
2024
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34. 19、20世纪新加坡华人的身份认同与忠诚

Author

Ray X. Qu

Abstract

本文以历时性的视角探讨新加坡华人身份认同与忠诚的关系。本文不认同两者关系是理所当然的，而主张应该置于多个层面讨论。从早期到1870年代，作为中国 "国民" 的观点尚未产生，流行的是其他类型的忠诚。在第二个时期即从1870年代到1950年代，英属马来亚成为一个混合形式的殖民国家，上升的华人集体利益促使华人重新定义他们在这一殖民国家的位置。之后，一部分华人意识到英国最终将离开，这些集体利益促使华人为新的角色早做准备。在伴随着过去五十年变迁的第三个时期（从1950年代到20世纪末），新政体努力说服新加坡这一华人为主的社群：将一个多元社会建设成为一个民族国家最符合华人的利益。本文提出从来没有单一的华人认同，每个人都有多种认同，不同的认同可能要求不同层次的忠诚；有可能存在忠诚的等级系统，某些忠诚总是凌驾于其他类的忠诚。最后，本文也对新加坡华人构建一个整合性的、多面性的复合型认同的可能性进行了探讨。

Published
2016
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36. Neuronal Dynamic Framework of Cerebral Cortical Networks for Spontaneous Behaviors

Author

Ray X. Lee and Bernd Kuhn

Subjects
Calcium imaging, Context (language use), Neuroscience, Neuronal population
Abstract

Outside from any behavioral task, animals irregularly initiate, keep, and suspend various behaviors in a homogenous and steady environment. The underlying neuronal dynamics for generating, maintaining, and terminating these spontanoues behaviors remain unclear. We approached this challenge by investigating neuronal population activity across cerebral cortical layers and areas using two-photon calcium imaging in head-restrained mice. We show that two distinct control mechanisms of neurobehavioral association employed in producing dynamic patterns of spontaneous behaviors. Our discovery in spontaneous behaviors potentially provides a fundamental and general framework for understanding the brain computations in a broader behavioral context.

Published
2018
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37. Development of PTSD-like behavior in adult mice after observing an acute traumatic event

Author

Ray X. Lee, Bernd Kuhn, and Greg J. Stephens

Subjects
Behavioral analysis, Fear memory, medicine.anatomical_structure, business.industry, Social interest, Event (relativity), Medicine, Anxiety, medicine.symptom, business, Social avoidance, Anterior cingulate cortex, Clinical psychology
Abstract

SummaryIn human post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a major psychiatry challenge is how diverse stress reactions emerge after a protracted symptom-free period. Here, we study the behavioral development in mice isolated after observing an aggressive encounter inflicted upon their pair-housed partners and compared the results with those in multiple control paradigms. Compared with mice plainly isolated, mice isolated following the acute witnessing social stress gradually developed a wide range of long-term differences of their physiological conditions, spontaneous behaviors, and social interactions, including paradoxical results if interpreted in traditional ways. To address this developmental diversity, we applied fine-scale behavioral analysis to standard behavioral tests and showed that the seemingly sudden emergent behavioral differences developed gradually. Mice showed different developmental patterns in different zones of a behavior testing apparatus. However, the results of the fine-scale analysis together with state-space behavioral characterization allow a consistent interpretation of the seemingly conflicting observations among multiple tests. Interestingly, these behavioral differences were not observed if the aggressive encounter happened to a stranger mouse. Additionally, traumatized mice showed rebound responses to their partners after the long separation. In contrast, mice pair-housed with their attacked partners after the aggressive encounters still showed a difference in social interactions, while a difference in spontaneous behaviors did not occur. Accordingly, we propose that social relationship is the single common factor underlying the otherwise independent development of behavioral differences in this mouse paradigm and that the gained insights could have parallels in human PTSD development.

Published
2018
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38. Detection and identification of animal emotionality-exposing stress incubation in Mice

Author

Ray X. Lee, Bernd Kuhn, and Greg J. Stephens

Subjects
Behavioral analysis, Behavioral test, Emotionality, Stress (linguistics), medicine, Identification (biology), medicine.disease, Psychology, Incubation, Psychological trauma, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Despite the long history and wide use of standard behavioral tests to measure emotion in laboratory animals, the approach and logic have been heavily criticized. Here we solved the fundamental logical and quantitative problems by a proof-of-principle testing approach with fine-scale behavioral analysis. The reported approach was able to detect informative behavioral details and further prove stress incubation after acute psychological trauma in mice. Standard analyses, in contrast, gave inconclusive results. This approach provides a technical advance allowing exploration of a wide range of potential measurements using standard behavioral tests, and a more solid basis supporting the concluded animal emotionality.

Published
2017
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42. 26th Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting (CNS*2017): Part 2

Author

Rubchinsky, Leonid L., primary, Ahn, Sungwoo, additional, Klijn, Wouter, additional, Cumming, Ben, additional, Yates, Stuart, additional, Karakasis, Vasileios, additional, Peyser, Alexander, additional, Woodman, Marmaduke, additional, Diaz-Pier, Sandra, additional, Deraeve, James, additional, Vassena, Eliana, additional, Alexander, William, additional, Beeman, David, additional, Kudela, Pawel, additional, Boatman-Reich, Dana, additional, Anderson, William S., additional, Luque, Niceto R., additional, Naveros, Francisco, additional, Carrillo, Richard R., additional, Ros, Eduardo, additional, Arleo, Angelo, additional, Huth, Jacob, additional, Ichinose, Koki, additional, Park, Jihoon, additional, Kawai, Yuji, additional, Suzuki, Junichi, additional, Mori, Hiroki, additional, Asada, Minoru, additional, Oprisan, Sorinel A., additional, Dave, Austin I., additional, Babaie, Tahereh, additional, Robinson, Peter, additional, Tabas, Alejandro, additional, Andermann, Martin, additional, Rupp, André, additional, Balaguer-Ballester, Emili, additional, Lindén, Henrik, additional, Christensen, Rasmus K., additional, Nakamura, Mari, additional, Barkat, Tania R., additional, Tosi, Zach, additional, Beggs, John, additional, Lonardoni, Davide, additional, Boi, Fabio, additional, Di Marco, Stefano, additional, Maccione, Alessandro, additional, Berdondini, Luca, additional, Jędrzejewska-Szmek, Joanna, additional, Dorman, Daniel B., additional, Blackwell, Kim T., additional, Bauermeister, Christoph, additional, Keren, Hanna, additional, Braun, Jochen, additional, Dornas, João V., additional, Mavritsaki, Eirini, additional, Aldrovandi, Silvio, additional, Bridger, Emma, additional, Lim, Sukbin, additional, Brunel, Nicolas, additional, Buchin, Anatoly, additional, Kerr, Clifford Charles, additional, Chizhov, Anton, additional, Huberfeld, Gilles, additional, Miles, Richard, additional, Gutkin, Boris, additional, Spencer, Martin J., additional, Meffin, Hamish, additional, Grayden, David B., additional, Burkitt, Anthony N., additional, Davey, Catherine E., additional, Tao, Liangyu, additional, Tiruvadi, Vineet, additional, Ali, Rehman, additional, Mayberg, Helen, additional, Butera, Robert, additional, Gunay, Cengiz, additional, Lamb, Damon, additional, Calabrese, Ronald L., additional, Doloc-Mihu, Anca, additional, López-Madrona, Víctor J., additional, Matias, Fernanda S., additional, Pereda, Ernesto, additional, Mirasso, Claudio R., additional, Canals, Santiago, additional, Geminiani, Alice, additional, Pedrocchi, Alessandra, additional, D’Angelo, Egidio, additional, Casellato, Claudia, additional, Chauhan, Ankur, additional, Soman, Karthik, additional, Srinivasa Chakravarthy, V., additional, Muddapu, Vignayanandam R., additional, Chuang, Chao-Chun, additional, Chen, Nan-yow, additional, Bayati, Mehdi, additional, Melchior, Jan, additional, Wiskott, Laurenz, additional, Azizi, Amir Hossein, additional, Diba, Kamran, additional, Cheng, Sen, additional, Smirnova, Elena Y., additional, Yakimova, Elena G., additional, Chizhov, Anton V., additional, Chen, Nan-Yow, additional, Shih, Chi-Tin, additional, Florescu, Dorian, additional, Coca, Daniel, additional, Courtiol, Julie, additional, Jirsa, Viktor K., additional, Covolan, Roberto J. M., additional, Teleńczuk, Bartosz, additional, Kempter, Richard, additional, Curio, Gabriel, additional, Destexhe, Alain, additional, Parker, Jessica, additional, Klishko, Alexander N., additional, Prilutsky, Boris I., additional, Cymbalyuk, Gennady, additional, Franke, Felix, additional, Hierlemann, Andreas, additional, da Silveira, Rava Azeredo, additional, Casali, Stefano, additional, Masoli, Stefano, additional, Rizza, Martina, additional, Rizza, Martina Francesca, additional, Sun, Yinming, additional, Wong, Willy, additional, Farzan, Faranak, additional, Blumberger, Daniel M., additional, Daskalakis, Zafiris J., additional, Popovych, Svitlana, additional, Viswanathan, Shivakumar, additional, Rosjat, Nils, additional, Grefkes, Christian, additional, Daun, Silvia, additional, Gentiletti, Damiano, additional, Suffczynski, Piotr, additional, Gnatkovski, Vadym, additional, De Curtis, Marco, additional, Lee, Hyeonsu, additional, Paik, Se-Bum, additional, Choi, Woochul, additional, Jang, Jaeson, additional, Park, Youngjin, additional, Song, Jun Ho, additional, Song, Min, additional, Pallarés, Vicente, additional, Gilson, Matthieu, additional, Kühn, Simone, additional, Insabato, Andrea, additional, Deco, Gustavo, additional, Glomb, Katharina, additional, Ponce-Alvarez, Adrián, additional, Ritter, Petra, additional, Campo, Adria Tauste, additional, Thiele, Alexander, additional, Deeba, Farah, additional, Robinson, P. A., additional, van Albada, Sacha J., additional, Rowley, Andrew, additional, Hopkins, Michael, additional, Schmidt, Maximilian, additional, Stokes, Alan B., additional, Lester, David R., additional, Furber, Steve, additional, Diesmann, Markus, additional, Barri, Alessandro, additional, Wiechert, Martin T., additional, DiGregorio, David A., additional, Dimitrov, Alexander G., additional, Vich, Catalina, additional, Berg, Rune W., additional, Guillamon, Antoni, additional, Ditlevsen, Susanne, additional, Cazé, Romain D., additional, Girard, Benoît, additional, Doncieux, Stéphane, additional, Doyon, Nicolas, additional, Boahen, Frank, additional, Desrosiers, Patrick, additional, Laurence, Edward, additional, Dubé, Louis J., additional, Eleonora, Russo, additional, Durstewitz, Daniel, additional, Schmidt, Dominik, additional, Mäki-Marttunen, Tuomo, additional, Krull, Florian, additional, Bettella, Francesco, additional, Metzner, Christoph, additional, Devor, Anna, additional, Djurovic, Srdjan, additional, Dale, Anders M., additional, Andreassen, Ole A., additional, Einevoll, Gaute T., additional, Næss, Solveig, additional, Ness, Torbjørn V., additional, Halnes, Geir, additional, Halgren, Eric, additional, Pettersen, Klas H., additional, Sætra, Marte J., additional, Hagen, Espen, additional, Schiffer, Alina, additional, Grzymisch, Axel, additional, Persike, Malte, additional, Ernst, Udo, additional, Harnack, Daniel, additional, Ernst, Udo A., additional, Tomen, Nergis, additional, Zucca, Stefano, additional, Pasquale, Valentina, additional, Pica, Giuseppe, additional, Molano-Mazón, Manuel, additional, Chiappalone, Michela, additional, Panzeri, Stefano, additional, Fellin, Tommaso, additional, Oie, Kelvin S., additional, Boothe, David L., additional, Crone, Joshua C., additional, Yu, Alfred B., additional, Felton, Melvin A., additional, Zulfiqar, Isma, additional, Moerel, Michelle, additional, De Weerd, Peter, additional, Formisano, Elia, additional, Oie, Kelvin, additional, Franaszczuk, Piotr, additional, Diggelmann, Roland, additional, Fiscella, Michele, additional, Guarino, Domenico, additional, Antolík, Jan, additional, Davison, Andrew P., additional, Frègnac, Yves, additional, Etienne, Benjamin Xavier, additional, Frohlich, Flavio, additional, Lefebvre, Jérémie, additional, Marcos, Encarni, additional, Mattia, Maurizio, additional, Genovesio, Aldo, additional, Fedorov, Leonid A., additional, Dijkstra, Tjeerd M.H., additional, Sting, Louisa, additional, Hock, Howard, additional, Giese, Martin A., additional, Buhry, Laure, additional, Langlet, Clément, additional, Giovannini, Francesco, additional, Verbist, Christophe, additional, Salvadé, Stefano, additional, Giugliano, Michele, additional, Henderson, James A., additional, Wernecke, Hendrik, additional, Sándor, Bulcsú, additional, Gros, Claudius, additional, Voges, Nicole, additional, Dabrovska, Paulina, additional, Riehle, Alexa, additional, Brochier, Thomas, additional, Grün, Sonja, additional, Gu, Yifan, additional, Gong, Pulin, additional, Dumont, Grégory, additional, Novikov, Nikita A., additional, Gutkin, Boris S., additional, Tewatia, Parul, additional, Eriksson, Olivia, additional, Kramer, Andrei, additional, Santos, Joao, additional, Jauhiainen, Alexandra, additional, Kotaleski, Jeanette H., additional, Belić, Jovana J., additional, Kumar, Arvind, additional, Kotaleski, Jeanette Hellgren, additional, Shimono, Masanori, additional, Hatano, Naomichi, additional, Ahmad, Subutai, additional, Cui, Yuwei, additional, Hawkins, Jeff, additional, Senk, Johanna, additional, Korvasová, Karolína, additional, Tetzlaff, Tom, additional, Helias, Moritz, additional, Kühn, Tobias, additional, Denker, Michael, additional, Mana, PierGianLuca, additional, Dahmen, David, additional, Schuecker, Jannis, additional, Goedeke, Sven, additional, Keup, Christian, additional, Heuer, Katja, additional, Bakker, Rembrandt, additional, Tiesinga, Paul, additional, Toro, Roberto, additional, Qin, Wei, additional, Hadjinicolaou, Alex, additional, Ibbotson, Michael R., additional, Kameneva, Tatiana, additional, Lytton, William W., additional, Mulugeta, Lealem, additional, Drach, Andrew, additional, Myers, Jerry G., additional, Horner, Marc, additional, Vadigepalli, Rajanikanth, additional, Morrison, Tina, additional, Walton, Marlei, additional, Steele, Martin, additional, Anthony Hunt, C., additional, Tam, Nicoladie, additional, Amaducci, Rodrigo, additional, Muñiz, Carlos, additional, Reyes-Sánchez, Manuel, additional, Rodríguez, Francisco B., additional, Varona, Pablo, additional, Cronin, Joseph T., additional, Hennig, Matthias H., additional, Iavarone, Elisabetta, additional, Yi, Jane, additional, Shi, Ying, additional, Zandt, Bas-Jan, additional, Van Geit, Werner, additional, Rössert, Christian, additional, Markram, Henry, additional, Hill, Sean, additional, O’Reilly, Christian, additional, Perin, Rodrigo, additional, Lu, Huanxiang, additional, Bryson, Alexander, additional, Hadrava, Michal, additional, Hlinka, Jaroslav, additional, Hosaka, Ryosuke, additional, Olenik, Mark, additional, Houghton, Conor, additional, Iannella, Nicolangelo, additional, Launey, Thomas, additional, Kotsakidis, Rebecca, additional, Soriano, Jaymar, additional, Kubo, Takatomi, additional, Inoue, Takao, additional, Kida, Hiroyuki, additional, Yamakawa, Toshitaka, additional, Suzuki, Michiyasu, additional, Ikeda, Kazushi, additional, Abbasi, Samira, additional, Hudson, Amber E., additional, Heck, Detlef H., additional, Jaeger, Dieter, additional, Lee, Joel, additional, Janušonis, Skirmantas, additional, Saggio, Maria Luisa, additional, Spiegler, Andreas, additional, Stacey, William C., additional, Bernard, Christophe, additional, Lillo, Davide, additional, Petkoski, Spase, additional, Drakesmith, Mark, additional, Jones, Derek K., additional, Zadeh, Ali Sadegh, additional, Kambhampati, Chandra, additional, Karbowski, Jan, additional, Kaya, Zeynep Gokcen, additional, Lakretz, Yair, additional, Treves, Alessandro, additional, Li, Lily W., additional, Lizier, Joseph, additional, Kerr, Cliff C., additional, Masquelier, Timothée, additional, Kheradpisheh, Saeed Reza, additional, Kim, Hojeong, additional, Kim, Chang Sub, additional, Marakshina, Julia A., additional, Vartanov, Alexander V., additional, Neklyudova, Anastasia A., additional, Kozlovskiy, Stanislav A., additional, Kiselnikov, Andrey A., additional, Taniguchi, Kanako, additional, Kitano, Katsunori, additional, Schmitt, Oliver, additional, Lessmann, Felix, additional, Schwanke, Sebastian, additional, Eipert, Peter, additional, Meinhardt, Jennifer, additional, Beier, Julia, additional, Kadir, Kanar, additional, Karnitzki, Adrian, additional, Sellner, Linda, additional, Klünker, Ann-Christin, additional, Kuch, Lena, additional, Ruß, Frauke, additional, Jenssen, Jörg, additional, Wree, Andreas, additional, Sanz-Leon, Paula, additional, Knock, Stuart A., additional, Chien, Shih-Cheng, additional, Maess, Burkhard, additional, Knösche, Thomas R., additional, Cohen, Charles C., additional, Popovic, Marko A., additional, Klooster, Jan, additional, Kole, Maarten H.P., additional, Roberts, Erik A., additional, Kopell, Nancy J., additional, Kepple, Daniel, additional, Giaffar, Hamza, additional, Rinberg, Dima, additional, Koulakov, Alex, additional, Forlim, Caroline Garcia, additional, Klock, Leonie, additional, Bächle, Johanna, additional, Stoll, Laura, additional, Giemsa, Patrick, additional, Fuchs, Marie, additional, Schoofs, Nikola, additional, Montag, Christiane, additional, Gallinat, Jürgen, additional, Lee, Ray X., additional, Stephens, Greg J., additional, Kuhn, Bernd, additional, Tauffer, Luiz, additional, Isope, Philippe, additional, Inoue, Katsuma, additional, Ohmura, Yoshiyuki, additional, Yonekura, Shogo, additional, Kuniyoshi, Yasuo, additional, Jang, Hyun Jae, additional, Kwag, Jeehyun, additional, de Kamps, Marc, additional, Lai, Yi Ming, additional, dos Santos, Filipa, additional, Lam, K. P., additional, Andras, Peter, additional, Imperatore, Julia, additional, Helms, Jessica, additional, Tompa, Tamas, additional, Lavin, Antonieta, additional, Inkpen, Felicity H., additional, Ashby, Michael C., additional, Lepora, Nathan F., additional, Shifman, Aaron R., additional, Lewis, John E., additional, Zhang, Zhong, additional, Feng, Yeqian, additional, Tetzlaff, Christian, additional, Kulvicius, Tomas, additional, Li, Yinyun, additional, Pena, Rodrigo F. O., additional, Bernardi, Davide, additional, Roque, Antonio C., additional, Lindner, Benjamin, additional, Vellmer, Sebastian, additional, Saudargiene, Ausra, additional, Maninen, Tiina, additional, Havela, Riikka, additional, Linne, Marja-Leena, additional, Powanwe, Arthur, additional, Longtin, Andre, additional, Garrido, Jesús A., additional, Graham, Joe W., additional, Dura-Bernal, Salvador, additional, Angulo, Sergio L., additional, Neymotin, Samuel A., additional, and Antic, Srdjan D., additional

Published
2017
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43. Prediction of spontaneous behavioral dynamics by neuronal population imaging in mouse neocortex

Author

Greg J. Stephens, Bernd Kuhn, and Ray X. Lee

Subjects
medicine.anatomical_structure, Neocortex, Cerebral cortex, Behavioral dynamics, medicine, Biological neural network, Premovement neuronal activity, Animal behavior, Psychology, Neuronal population, Neuroscience
Abstract

How does an animal in a steady environment self-initiate various behaviors? Results in this study suggest that the complex dynamic of spontaneous behavior in mice was highly deterministic. By temporally correlating three basic neuronal network properties, we can predict many minutes of spontaneous behavior. This description and prediction of neuronal activity and behavior may refine our knowledge about information processing in the brain and its linkage to animal behavior.

Published
2015
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44. Glutamate input in the dorsal raphe nucleus as a determinant of escalated aggression in male mice

Author

Ray X. Lee, Aki Takahashi, Klaus A. Miczek, Bernhard Bettler, Tsuyoshi Koide, Shigeyoshi Itohara, Hiroshi Arima, and Takuji Iwasato

Subjects
Agonist, Dorsal Raphe Nucleus, Male, Baclofen, Microinjections, medicine.drug_class, Glutamic Acid, Prefrontal Cortex, GABAB receptor, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Dorsal raphe nucleus, medicine, Animals, Neurotransmitter, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Mice, Knockout, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Aggression, General Neuroscience, Glutamate receptor, Articles, chemistry, nervous system, Receptors, GABA-B, Serotonin, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Neuroscience, Serotonergic Neurons
Abstract

Although the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has long been linked to neural control of aggression, little is known about the regulatory influences of the DRN when an animal engages in either adaptive species-typical aggressive behavior or escalated aggression. Therefore it is important to explore which neurotransmitter inputs into the DRN determine the escalation of aggression in male mice. Previously, we observed that microinjection of the GABABreceptor agonist baclofen into the DRN escalates aggressive behavior in male mice. Here, we used a serotonin (5-HT) neuron-specific GABABreceptor knock-out mouse to demonstrate that baclofen acts on nonserotonergic neurons to escalate aggression. Intra-DRN baclofen administration increased glutamate release, but did not alter GABA release, within the DRN. Microinjection ofl-glutamate into the DRN escalated dose-dependently attack bites toward an intruder.In vivomicrodialysis showed that glutamate release increased in the DRN during an aggressive encounter, and the level of glutamate was further increased when the animal was engaged in escalated aggressive behavior after social instigation. Finally, 5-HT release was increased within the DRN and also in the medial prefrontal cortex when animals were provoked by social instigation, and during escalated aggression after social instigation, but this increase in 5-HT release was not observed when animals were engaged in species-typical aggression. In summary, glutamate input into the DRN is enhanced during escalated aggression, which causes a phasic increase of 5-HT release from the DRN 5-HT neurons.

Published
2015

45. Plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in behavioral training of body balance control

Author

Chen-Tung Yen, Chi-ming Huang, Jian-Jia Huang, Meng-Li Tsai, and Ray X. Lee

Subjects
Vestibular system, Cerebellum, Computer science, Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), reafference computation, Sensory system, lcsh:RC321-571, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, medicine.anatomical_structure, Developmental Neuroscience, Receptive field, Cerebellar cortex, Neuroplasticity, medicine, cerebellar cortex, information coding, Motor learning, lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience, motor learning, Balance (ability), Original Research, neural plasticity
Abstract

Neural responses to sensory inputs caused by self-generated movements (reafference) and external passive stimulation (exafference) differ in various brain regions. The ability to differentiate such sensory information can lead to movement execution with better accuracy. However, how sensory responses are adjusted in regard to this distinguishability during motor learning is still poorly understood. The cerebellum has been hypothesized to analyze the functional significance of sensory information during motor learning, and is thought to be a key region of reafference computation in the vestibular system. In this study, we investigated Purkinje cell (PC) spike trains as cerebellar cortical output when rats learned to balance on a suspended dowel. Rats progressively reduced the amplitude of body swing and made fewer foot slips during a 5-min balancing task. Both PC simple (SSs; 17 of 26) and complex spikes (CSs; 7 of 12) were found to code initially on the angle of the heads with respect to a fixed reference. Using periods with comparable degrees of movement, we found that such SS coding of information in most PCs (10 of 17) decreased rapidly during balance learning. In response to unexpected perturbations and under anesthesia, SS coding capability of these PCs recovered. By plotting SS and CS firing frequencies over 15-s time windows in double-logarithmic plots, a negative correlation between SS and CS was found in awake, but not anesthetized, rats. PCs with prominent SS coding attenuation during motor learning showed weaker SS-CS correlation. Hence, we demonstrate that neural plasticity for filtering out sensory reafference from active motion occurs in the cerebellar cortex in rats during balance learning. SS-CS interaction may contribute to this rapid plasticity as a form of receptive field plasticity in the cerebellar cortex between two receptive maps of sensory inputs from the external world and of efference copies from the will center for volitional movements.

Published
2014

46. Collateral projections from vestibular nuclear and inferior olivary neurons to lobules I/II and IX/X of the rat cerebellar vermis: a double retrograde labeling study

Author

Ray X. Lee, Meng-Li Tsai, Chen-Tung Yen, Chi-ming Huang, and Jian-Jia Huang

Subjects
Vestibular system, Neurons, Photomicrography, Cerebellum, General Neuroscience, Anatomy, Climbing fiber, Biology, Olivary Nucleus, Vestibular Nuclei, Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, medicine.anatomical_structure, Vestibular nuclei, Cerebellar cortex, Neural Pathways, medicine, Cerebellar vermis, Animals, Mossy fiber (cerebellum), Female, Rats, Long-Evans, Nucleus, Cerebellar Vermis
Abstract

Axon collateral projections to various lobules of the cerebellar cortex are thought to contribute to the coordination of neuronal activities among different parts of the cerebellum. Even though lobules I/II and IX/X of the cerebellar vermis are located at the opposite poles in the anterior-posterior axis, they have been shown to receive dense vestibular mossy fiber projections. For climbing fibers, there is also a mirror-image-like organisation in their axonal collaterals between the anterior and posterior cerebellar cortex. However, the detailed organisation of mossy and climbing fiber collateral afferents to lobules I/II and IX/X is still unclear. Here, we carried out a double-labeling study with two retrograde tracers (FluoroGold and MicroRuby) in lobules I/II and IX/X. We examined labeled cells in the vestibular nuclei and inferior olive. We found a low percentage of double-labeled neurons in the vestibular nuclei (2.1 ± 0.9% of tracer-labeled neurons in this brain region), and a higher percentage of double-labeled neurons in the inferior olive (6.5 ± 1.9%), especially in its four small nuclei (18.5 ± 8.0%; including the β nucleus, dorsal cap of Kooy, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column), which are relevant for vestibular function. These results provide strong anatomical evidence for coordinated information processing in lobules I/II and IX/X for vestibular control.

Published
2014

49. Glutamate Input in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus As a Determinant of Escalated Aggression in Male Mice.

Author

Aki Takahashi, Lee, Ray X., Takuji Iwasato, Shigeyoshi Itohara, Hiroshi Arima, Bernhard Bettler, Miczek, Klaus A., and Tsuyoshi Koide

Subjects
*RAPHE nuclei, *GLUTAMATE synthases, *GABA receptors, *ANIMAL aggression, *MICROINJECTIONS, *SEROTONIN, *MAMMALS
Abstract

Although the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has long been linked to neural control of aggression, little is known about the regulatory influences of the DRN when an animal engages in either adaptive species-typical aggressive behavior or escalated aggression. Therefore it is important to explore which neurotransmitter inputs into theDRNdetermine the escalation of aggression in male mice. Previously, we observed that microinjection of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen into the DRN escalates aggressive behavior in male mice. Here, we used a serotonin (5-HT) neuron-specific GABAB receptor knock-out mouse to demonstrate that baclofen acts on nonserotonergic neurons to escalate aggression. Intra-DRN baclofen administration increased glutamate release, but did not alter GABA release, within the DRN. Microinjection of L-glutamate into the DRN escalated dose-dependently attack bites toward an intruder. In vivo microdialysis showed that glutamate release increased in the DRN during an aggressive encounter, and the level of glutamate was further increased when the animal was engaged in escalated aggressive behavior after social instigation. Finally, 5-HT release was increased within theDRN and also in the medial prefrontal cortex when animals were provoked by social instigation, and during escalated aggression after social instigation, but this increase in 5-HT release was not observed when animals were engaged in species-typical aggression. In summary, glutamate input into theDRNis enhanced during escalated aggression, which causes a phasic increase of 5-HT release from theDRN5-HT neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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50. Collateral projections from vestibular nuclear and inferior olivary neurons to lobules I/ II and IX/ X of the rat cerebellar vermis: a double retrograde labeling study.

Author

Lee, Ray X., Huang, Jian‐Jia, Huang, Chiming, Tsai, Meng‐Li, and Yen, Chen‐Tung

Subjects
*VESTIBULAR nuclei, *OLIVARY nucleus, *CEREBELLAR cortex, *CEREBELLUM diseases, *LABORATORY rats, *MEDICAL research
Abstract

Axon collateral projections to various lobules of the cerebellar cortex are thought to contribute to the coordination of neuronal activities among different parts of the cerebellum. Even though lobules I/ II and IX/ X of the cerebellar vermis are located at the opposite poles in the anterior-posterior axis, they have been shown to receive dense vestibular mossy fiber projections. For climbing fibers, there is also a mirror-image-like organisation in their axonal collaterals between the anterior and posterior cerebellar cortex. However, the detailed organisation of mossy and climbing fiber collateral afferents to lobules I/ II and IX/ X is still unclear. Here, we carried out a double-labeling study with two retrograde tracers ( Fluoro Gold and Micro Ruby) in lobules I/ II and IX/ X. We examined labeled cells in the vestibular nuclei and inferior olive. We found a low percentage of double-labeled neurons in the vestibular nuclei (2.1 ± 0.9% of tracer-labeled neurons in this brain region), and a higher percentage of double-labeled neurons in the inferior olive (6.5 ± 1.9%), especially in its four small nuclei (18.5 ± 8.0%; including the β nucleus, dorsal cap of Kooy, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column), which are relevant for vestibular function. These results provide strong anatomical evidence for coordinated information processing in lobules I/ II and IX/ X for vestibular control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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