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Objectives The aim of this review is to provide updated information on the clinical spectrum, treatment options, and infection prevention strategies for respiratory viral infections (RVIs) in both solid organ (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Methods The MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for literature regarding the aforementioned aspects of RVIs, with focus on respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus. Results Compared to immunocompetent hosts, SOT and HSCT patients are much more likely to experience a prolonged duration of illness, prolonged shedding, and progression of upper respiratory tract disease to pneumonia when infected with respiratory viruses. Adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus tend to have the highest mortality and risk for disseminated disease, but all the RVIs are associated with higher morbidity and mortality in these patients than in the general population. These viruses are spread via direct contact and aerosolized droplets, and nosocomial spread has been reported. Conclusions RVIs are associated with high morbidity and mortality among SOT and HSCT recipients. Management options are currently limited or lack strong clinical evidence. As community and nosocomial spread has been reported for all reviewed RVIs, strict adherence to infection control measures is key to preventing outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, few cases of Nocardia spp. co-infection have been reported during or after a COVID-19 infection. Nocardia spp. are gram-positive aerobic actinomycetes that stain partially acid-fast, can infect immunocompromised patients, and may cause disseminated disease. We present the case of a 52-yearold immunocompromised man who developed Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis pneumonia after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, and we summarize the current literature for nocardiosis and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections. Nocardia spp. infection should remain on the differential diagnosis of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, regardless of other co-infections. Sulfonamide-carbapenem combinations are used as empiric therapy for nocardiosis; species identification and susceptibility testing are required to select the optimal treatment for each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]