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The current study investigates the thermal performance characteristics of metallic (Cu) and non‐metallic (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), considering variations in their shapes and sizes. Specifically, analysis is conducted for four distinct stable shapes of NPs. A hybrid model is developed to analyze the influence of rotating porous walls on the system, particularly focusing on the impact of the permeable Reynolds number and NPs within a specific range of 0<φ1,φ2≤0.1$0 < {\varphi }_1,{\varphi }_2 \le 0.1$, in conjunction with a Newtonian fluid under the influence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHDs). Additionally, we examine the phenomena of expansion/contraction in heat and mass transfer enhancement with chemical reactions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into nonlinear differential equations using the help of similarity transformation. A 4th‐order Runge–Kutta method (RK), coupled with the shooting technique, is employed as a mathematical strategy to numerically solve these nonlinear differential equations. Boosting the values of 퐾푐푟 from 2 to 10 enhances the mass transfer rate between both porous channels. Higher values of 푅푒, 푀, and 푅 lead to increasing skin friction coefficients for both porous channels. Raising the values of both NP volume fractions (φ1,φ2)${\varphi }_1,{\varphi }_2)$ from 1% to 5% results in enhanced heat transfer rates particularly for much better in platelet‐shaped NPs as compared to other shapes such as spherical, brick, and cylinder. Larger values of 훼, M, and Re cause the radial velocity profile to exhibit opposite behaviors in the middle of the wall and momentum boundary layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the flow of two‐dimensional nonlinear mixed convection heat and mass transfer of a hybrid nanofluid between two permeable porous disks. The heat and mass transfer are analyzed considering nonlinear thermal radiation and chemical reactions. In this work, we utilized morphological interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity to demonstrate the impact of different shape factors, such as spherical, cylindrical, and laminar, on heat transfer analysis. We also incorporated magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and viscous dissipation. By applying similarity techniques, the complex higher‐order system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) was transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Two numerical methods, the 4th‐order Runge–Kutta (RK) method, and bvp4c, were utilized to obtain accurate solutions, with comparative analysis performed using the software Mathematica. An increase in nanolayer thickness (h)$( h )$ from 0.4 to 1.6 significantly improved thermal performance. Additionally, an enhancement in the chemical reaction parameter (Kl)${K}_l)$ from 0.2 to 1 led to an increase in the Sherwood number. We observed that the laminar shape factor (S=16.2)$( {S = 16.2} )$ provides a significantly better heat transfer rate than spherical and cylindrical shapes in both injection and suction scenarios for the lower porous disk. The effect of nanolayer thermal conductivity on the flow performance of hybrid nanofluids is significantly better compared to the noneffect of thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis research investigates the heat transfer dynamics of a two-dimensional, incompressible, laminar, magnetohydrodynamics, time-dependent flow of a hybrid ferromagnetic fluid with radiation and irregular heat source/sink conditions through two porous channels. The study investigates the unique capability of ferromagnetic solid nanoparticles to improve the thermal efficiency of the host fluid, with potential applications in medicine such as drug targeting, cell separation, and magnetic resonance imaging. A mathematical model is developed as a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE), which is subsequently converted into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) using similarity transformations. The numerical solution is obtained using the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method implemented in Mathematica software. We analyze the impact of various nondimensional factors on the numerical results, including skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, as well as graphical results depicting the velocity and temperature profiles of the hybrid ferrofluid. Boosting the film thickness parameter (λ) improves the heat transfer rate at the bottom of the porous channel. Raising the irregular heat source/sink parameters (A* and B*) and causing opposite impacts on the heat transfer rate at the bottom porous channel. Higher the radiation (R) values, the temperature profile behaves oppositely in both porous channels. The analysis reveals that the hybrid ferrofluid exhibits a higher rate of heat transfer compared to the ferrofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of heat and mass transfer between two porous disks containing porous media is the focus of this paper. In this research, (Ag–Al2O3/water)-based hybrid nanofluid is used. Governing partial differential equations are converted to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. Numerical solutions to nonlinear systems of equations are achieved using the shooting technique. It is examined how the particle's diameter and nanolayer thickness affect the thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid. Due to the increment of nanolayer thickness, the Nusselt number increases and vice versa for the radius of the particle. Tables and graphs show how the governing parameters influence velocity, temperature, and mass concentration profiles, as well as physical quantities such as skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. As the values of the porous medium parameters ( P m = 7 –13) and nanolayer thickness (h = 4 –12) elevate, the flow of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number escalate in both porous disks. Moreover, as the values of the particle radius (r = 9 % to 12%) and Reynolds number (Re = − 1 to 2) amplify, the flow of heat transfer rate is diminished in the lower disk. Porous materials have a high surface area, which increases the contact area between the nanofluids and the porous medium. Porous materials can enhance the permeability of the fluid, reducing the pressure drop in the system. This can be advantageous in applications where high flow rates and low-pressure drops are desired, such as in heat exchangers or cooling systems. Porous materials can provide trapping sites or adhesion points for the nanoparticles, enhancing their dispersion and stability within the hybrid nanofluids. The porosity of the flow medium can therefore influence the purification and filtration efficiency of the hybrid nanofluids, ensuring their cleanliness and functionality. Understanding and controlling the porosity can help optimize the flow characteristics of the nanofluids in various applications. Overall this field will focus on refining hybrid nanofluid compositions, improving modeling techniques, validating experimental findings, optimizing system designs, and exploring new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work investigated the mass and heat transfer of the MHD hybrid nanofluid flow subject to the impact of activation energy and cluster interfacial nanolayer. The heat transport processes related to the interfacial nanolayer between nanoparticles and base fluids enhanced the base fluid's thermal conductivity. The tiny particles of F e 3 O 4 and P P y were considered due to the extraordinary thermal conductivity which is of remarkable significance in nanotechnology, electronic devices, and modern shaped heat exchangers. Using the similarity approach, the governing higher-order nonlinear coupled partial differential equation was reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Fe3O4–PPy hybrid nanoparticles have a considerable influence on thermal performance, and when compared to non-interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity, the interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity model produced substantial findings. The increase in nanolayer thickness from level 1 to level 5 had a significant influence on thermal performance improvement. Further, the heat and mass transfer rate was enhanced with higher input values of interfacial nanolayer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]