Search

There are numerous problems in the world, but environmental pollution is the biggest threat to life. Air pollution is the most critical form of environmental pollution because air is the most essential need of life. However, industrialization, population growth, and fossil fuel use increase hazardous and greenhouse gas concentrations daily. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) contribute to global warming; hence, efficient, inexpensive, sustainable, and ecologically friendly air purification solutions are required. This study proposed a new method for synthesizing N- and P-rich polyphosphazene-based hyper cross-linked polymer (HCP) for CO2 adsorption. Due to their persistent porosity, low density, and high surface area, hyper cross-linked porous organic–inorganic hybrid phosphorus and nitrogen-rich polymers are cost-effective and promising gas adsorption materials. We synthesized hybrid organic and inorganic polyphosphazenes with nitrogen and phosphorus backbones and aromatic side groups cross-linked by the Friedel–Crafts alkylation process. HCP-A and HCP-B were cross-linked phosphazene-based microporous hybrid organic–inorganic polymers. HCP-A and HCP-B were produced in two stages. Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene reacts with 1-napthylamine to form naphthyl amino phosphazene, which is cross-linked under optimum conditions to make cyclic HCP-A. Phosphorous dichlorophosphazene reacts with 1-naphthylamine to form poly[bis(1-naphthylamino) phosphazene] and is cross-linked to form linear HCP-B. HCP-A and HCP-B porous networks were studied with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of 170.89 and 492.03 m2 g−1 and narrow pore sizes of 0.8–1.18 nm. These polymers are promising CO2 adsorbents due to their easy and cost-effective production, thermal stability, surface area, and CO2 absorption capacity.

A novel hyper cross-linked polymer of 2-Aminobenzoic acid (HCP-AA) is synthesized for the adsorption of Cr3+ and CO2. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of HCP-AA is 615 m2 g−1. HCP-AA of particle size 0.5 nm showed maximum adsorption of Cr3+ for lab prepared wastewater (93%) while it was 88% for real industrial wastewater. It is might be due to electrostatic interactions, cation-π interactions, lone pair interactions and cation exchange at pH 7; contact time of 8 min; adsorbent dose 0.8 g. The adsorption capacity was calculated 52.63 mg g−1 for chromium metal ions at optimum conditions. Freundlich isotherm studies R2 = 0.9273 value is the best fit and follows pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.979). The adsorption is found non-spontaneous and exothermic through thermodynamic calculations like Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were 6.58 kJ mol−1, − 60.91 kJ mol−1 and − 45.79 kJ mol−1 K−1, respectively. The CO2 adsorption capacity of HCP-AA is 1.39 mmol/g with quantity of 31.1 cm3/g (6.1 wt%) at 273Kwhile at 298 K adsorption capacity is 1.12 mmol/g with quantity 25.2 cm3/g (5 wt%). Overall, study suggests that carboxyl (–COOH) and amino (–NH2) groups may be actively enhancing the adsorption capacity of HCP-AA for Cr3+ and CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical growth literature finds conflicting results on the relationship between public spending and long-run economic growth. This paper shows that the nature of relationship between the two variables depends upon the institutional quality of a country. Our empirical investigation relies upon OLS, fixed-effects and system-GMM estimators for a large panel of 113 developed and developing economies during the period 1981–2015. The main findings confirm that the adverse impact of public size on output growth holds only for countries with poor institutional quality. By contrast, when the institutional quality exceeds certain thresholds, the growth inhibiting effects of government size become insignificant. From the fiscal policy viewpoint, these outcomes imply that the productivity of public spending is more important than an excessively large public size of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences can be found in every aspect of emotion, thinking, and behaving. The discovery of basic personality structure models was a watershed for highlighting the importance of individual differences and their outcomes. Different individuals have differences depending upon their personality; these personality dimensions are described in terms of other personality traits in a concise but complete manner. Following the intentions and outcomes of the study, two of them were conducted where; in the first one was carried out to find how the HEXACO model of personality traits will impact Humble Leadership? While the second study intended to explain the impact of Humble Leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of felt obligations. Two hundred sixteen respondents (leaders and workers) of government sector organizations participated in the study. Results of our research indicated/suggested that Honesty–Humility, Agreeableness, Emotionality, and Conscientiousness significantly contribute to the development of Humble Leadership; however, extroverts and Openness have an insignificant and negative impact on developing a Humble Leader. The outcome of study 2 suggested that Humble Leadership and Employee Engagement significantly impact each other while Felt Obligation plays a significant mediating role in this relationship. Plain Language Summary: The purpose of this study is to find the impact of personality trait model on humble leadership and then the impact of humble leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of felt obligation. Survey method was conducted to collect data from leaders and employees of public sector organizations. Results suggest that felt obligation mediates the relationship between humble leadership and employees obligation. Based on findings this study concludes that in today's knowledge-driven economy, bottom-up leadership approaches are more entirely suited and are desperately needed. Further, organizations should formulate the strategies that promote humbleness in the organization to generate positive employee-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between financial instability and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India from 1980 to 2020. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used to measure long-run and short-run dynamics, followed by the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to determine the causal direction. As per the findings of the study, financial instability has an insignificant effect on CO2 emissions. However, economic development, energy use, and urbanization have a detrimental effect on environmental quality because it releases a significant amount of CO2 emissions into the environment. Our empirical findings confirmed the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve. The outcomes of the VECM show that the long-run causality can be noticed in CO2 emissions, financial instability, energy use, and urbanization. Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the results were verified by using a variety of diagnostic tests. This research presents novel results that add to the current literature and may be of particular importance to the country's policymakers regarding the financial system and its importance in environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)