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The study applies diverse methods of chaos detection to meteorological variable data (air temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure, precipitation, and wind speed for Ha'il, Saudi Arabia) to understand the nonlinear dynamics and to classify their nature. Additionally, Random Forest Algorithm model is used to predict the precipitation and wind speed. The results obtained by classical and modern approaches are compared. All the variables are found to be chaotic based on correlation dimension, approximate entropy, and 0-1 test. The chaos decision tree algorithm diagnoses air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed as chaotic, while precipitation and surface pressure are identified as stochastic. This shows that the classical methods are well-validated with the modern methods. Nevertheless, some of them contradict modern methods. The analysis for 32 years of data showed no precipitation for 92% of the time during the entire period based on the Random Forest algorithm.

Online learning is the new norm suddenly imposed on many of us in response to the Covid19 pandemic. Online communication is crucial for students to be actively involved in the class, not just to communicate with the educators but also to communicate amongst themselves in forming communities of learning typically created through physical classes in pre-Covid-19 times. We created questionnaires through Google Form pertaining to online communication amongst students in both Malay and Turkish languages. While Malaysia has a rich cultural structure with a wide variety of ethnic origins, Turkey acts as a bridge between the European and Asian continents at the western end of the Asian continent. In this study, we consider the geographies of different cultural structures in order to investigate communication behaviors of students in response to the transformation of higher education to online only during Covid-19. The data from the questionnaire is analyzed to highlight communication platforms utilized by students during the pandemic. Although there are differences in both studies of Malaysian and Turkish students in terms of participant number and their year of study, the similarities of online communication platforms preferred by many students such as WhatsApp and Instagram stand out. Interestingly, we see that male students, both Malaysian and Turkish, use more varied and diverse forms of online communications platforms. Additionally, more female students from Turkey are shown to communicate face-to-face with their friends compared to their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]