734 results on '"Reactive inhibition"'
Search Results
2. Towards Conceptual Clarification of Proactive Inhibitory Control: A Review.
- Author
-
van den Wildenberg, Wery P. M., Ridderinkhof, K. Richard, and Wylie, Scott A.
- Subjects
- *
RESPONSE inhibition , *RACISM , *EXPERIMENTAL literature , *NEURAL inhibition - Abstract
The aim of this selective review paper is to clarify potential confusion when referring to the term proactive inhibitory control. Illustrated by a concise overview of the literature, we propose defining reactive inhibition as the mechanism underlying stopping an action. On a stop trial, the stop signal initiates the stopping process that races against the ongoing action-related process that is triggered by the go signal. Whichever processes finishes first determines the behavioral outcome of the race. That is, stopping is either successful or unsuccessful in that trial. Conversely, we propose using the term proactive inhibition to explicitly indicate preparatory processes engaged to bias the outcome of the race between stopping and going. More specifically, these proactive processes include either pre-amping the reactive inhibition system (biasing the efficiency of the stopping process) or presetting the action system (biasing the efficiency of the go process). We believe that this distinction helps meaningful comparisons between various outcome measures of proactive inhibitory control that are reported in the literature and extends to experimental research paradigms other than the stop task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Does the Power to Suppress an Action Make Us ‘Free’?
- Author
-
Mirabella, Giovanni, Manto, Mario, Series Editor, Opris, Ioan, editor, A. Lebedev, Mikhail, editor, and F. Casanova, Manuel, editor
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Effects of Wu Qin Xi exercise on reactive inhibition in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
- Author
-
Zhen Wang, Yanling Pi, Xiaoyin Tan, Chen, Robert, Yu Liu, Wei Guo, and Jian Zhang
- Subjects
STRETCH (Physiology) ,WALKING speed ,STATISTICS ,AEROBIC exercises ,ANALYSIS of variance ,QI gong ,SELF-evaluation ,SATISFACTION ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,PEARSON correlation (Statistics) ,EXERCISE intensity ,PARKINSON'S disease ,RESEARCH funding ,BLIND experiment ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,BODY movement ,REACTION time ,STATISTICAL sampling ,EMOTIONS ,DATA analysis ,STATISTICAL correlation ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Objective: Motor symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are related to reduced motor inhibitory ability (proactive and reactive inhibition). Although exercise has been shown to improve this ability, its effects on different levels of motor inhibition have not been determined. Materials and methods: Sixty patients with PD aged 55-75 years were allocated randomly to 24-week exercise interventions [Wu Qin Xi exercise (WQX) and stretching exercise (SE)]. The stop signal task and questionnaires were administered pre and post interventions. Twenty-five age-matched healthy controls were recruited to obtain reference values for inhibition. Results: Compared to healthy controls, patients with PD showed motor inhibition deficits in reactive inhibition, but not in proactive inhibition. Post-intervention, the WQX group showed significant improvement in reactive inhibition compared to the SE group. In both the WQX and SE groups, movement speed was improved post-intervention, accompanied by reduction in negative emotions, stable improvement of sleep quality, and high self-reported satisfaction levels. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Wu Qin Xi exercise can improve the reactive inhibition of patients with PD. Our results provide theoretical support for the formulation of reasonable and effective exercise prescriptions for PD rehabilitation. Clinical trial registration: [http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR2000038517]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Reactive Inhibition Strategy for Triple‐cation Mixed‐halide Perovskite Ink with Prolonged Shelf‐life.
- Author
-
Li, Zongcai, Xing, Zhi, Peng, Haibin, Meng, Xiangchuan, Li, Dengxue, Huang, Lu, Hu, Xiaotian, Hu, Ting, and Chen, Yiwang
- Subjects
- *
PEROVSKITE , *CHEMICAL bonds , *HALIDES , *SOLAR cells , *LEAD iodide , *INK , *CHELATION - Abstract
Solution processing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is highly promising for the high‐throughput production of cost‐effective devices. Although PSCs have achieved great advances in power conversion efficiency, challenges still remain in the reproducibility of high‐quality perovskite thin film with simultaneously improved precursor solution stability. Here, a reactive inhibition strategy by introducing diethyl (hydroxymethyl) phosphonate (DHP) in perovskite precursor solution is successfully employed to improve the stability of precursor solution and the performance of corresponding device. DHP inhibits the reactivity of the iodide and formamidinium ions through multiple chemical bonds, ensuring the stability of the precursor solution. In addition, due to chelation interaction of Pb2+ with the oxygen of PO in DHP, the DHP in the perovskite film improves the film quality with desired stoichiometry by reducing the defects and the content of lead iodide. The DHP‐doped precursor solution and corresponding devices show excellent performance reproducibility and super stability under ambient conditions for more than 50 days, which illustrates the commercial feasibility for scalable fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal activation during response inhibition is implicated in the development of PTSD symptoms
- Author
-
Abigail Powers, Cecilia A. Hinojosa, Jennifer S. Stevens, Brandon Harvey, Pascal Pas, Barbara O. Rothbaum, Kerry J. Ressler, Tanja Jovanovic, and Sanne J.H. van Rooij
- Subjects
trauma ,posttraumatic stress disorder ,reactive inhibition ,mri ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Background Inhibition is a critical executive control process and an established neurobiological phenotype of PTSD, yet to our knowledge, no prospective studies have examined this using a contextual cue task that enables measurement of behavioural response and neural activation patterns across proactive and reactive inhibition. Objective The current longitudinal study utilised functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether deficits in proactive and reactive inhibition predicted PTSD symptoms six months after trauma. Method Twenty-three (65% males) medical patients receiving emergency medical care from a level 1 trauma centre were enrolled in the study and invited for an MRI scan 1-2-months post-trauma. PTSD symptoms were measured using self-report at scan and 6-months post-trauma. A stop-signal anticipation task (SSAT) during an fMRI scan was used to test whether impaired behavioural proactive and reactive inhibition, and reduced activation in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and bilateral hippocampus, were related to PTSD symptoms. We predicted that lower activation levels of vmPFC and rIFG during reactive inhibition and lower activation of hippocampus and rIFG during proactive inhibition would relate to higher 6-month PTSD symptoms. Results No significant associations were found between behavioural measures and 6-month PTSD. Separate linear regression analyses showed that reduced rIFG activation (F1,21 = 9.97, R2 = .32, p = .005) and reduced vmPFC activation (F1,21 = 5.19, R2 = .20, p = .03) significantly predicted greater 6-month PTSD symptoms; this result held for rIFG activation controlling for demographic variables and baseline PTSD symptoms (β = −.45, p = .04) and Bonferroni correction. Conclusion Our findings suggest that impaired rIFG and, to a lesser extent, vmPFC activation during response inhibition may predict the development of PTSD symptoms following acute trauma exposure. Given the small sample size, future replication studies are needed. HIGHLIGHTS Impaired inhibition may be an important risk factor for the development of PTSD following trauma, with less right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation during response inhibition predicting PTSD development.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Proactive and reactive inhibitory control are differently affected by video game addiction: An event‐related potential study.
- Author
-
Fathi, Mazyar, Mazhari, Shahrzad, Pourrahimi, Ali Mohammad, Poormohammad, Ahmad, and Sardari, Sara
- Subjects
- *
GAMING disorder , *RESPONSE inhibition , *EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology) , *EXECUTIVE function , *VIDEO games - Abstract
Introduction: Video game addiction (VGA) is associated with physical and mental disorders, one of which is problem in executive function, particularly inhibitory control. The present study aimed to investigate reactive and proactive inhibitory controls by event‐related potential (ERP). Methods: Thirty video game (action video games)‐addicted subjects and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study, who were tested by the selective stop‐signal task. Results: The main results revealed that the VGA group had significantly more problems in preparatory processes and proactive stop trials, showing that VGA has a negative effect on proactive inhibition. Conclusion: Finding the problem in proactive inhibitory control might be helpful in developing new treatments and rehabilitation methods in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The impact of construal level on behavioral inhibition: Evidences from behavioral and ERP studies.
- Author
-
Xu, Mengsi, Xu, Yanxi, Wen, Jiayu, Sun, Yihan, Lu, Diqi, and Li, Zhiai
- Subjects
- *
RESPONSE inhibition , *SELF-control , *EMPIRICAL research , *COST - Abstract
Enhancing behavioral inhibition is crucial for successful self-control, highlighting the need to identify effective strategies. Drawing upon the construal level theory, this study investigated the effects of different levels of construal on improving behavioral inhibition through two experiments. Experiment 1 investigated how high- and low-level construal affect reactive and intentional inhibitions behaviorally. The "How & Why" paradigm manipulated construal levels while the "Free Two-Choice Oddball Task" measured inhibitions. Results suggested that low-level construal promotes reactive inhibition, whereas high-level construal enhances intentional inhibition, as indicated by faster response times for reactive deviant trials and larger response time costs for free-choice trials among individuals with low versus high-level construal. Experiment 2 further explored these findings in a sample characterized by trait low-level construal and examined underlying temporal dynamics. Again, results indicated that high-level construal enhances intentional inhibition, as evidenced by higher inhibition rates for free-choice trials in the high-level construal group; moreover, this enhancement effect was exclusively manifested in an individual's capacity to implement inhibitory control as shown by specific smaller early-P3 differences observed among these individuals. Collectively, these studies advance theoretical and empirical research in the field and suggest a practical cognitive strategy to improve behavioral inhibition. • Low-level construal promotes reactive inhibition. • High-level construal enhances intentional inhibition. • High-level construal enhances individual's ability to exert inhibitory control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Proactive and reactive inhibitory control are differently affected by video game addiction: An event‐related potential study
- Author
-
Mazyar Fathi, Shahrzad Mazhari, Ali Mohammad Pourrahimi, Ahmad Poormohammad, and Sara Sardari
- Subjects
ERP ,proactive inhibition ,reactive inhibition ,stop signal task ,video game addiction ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Abstract Introduction Video game addiction (VGA) is associated with physical and mental disorders, one of which is problem in executive function, particularly inhibitory control. The present study aimed to investigate reactive and proactive inhibitory controls by event‐related potential (ERP). Methods Thirty video game (action video games)‐addicted subjects and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study, who were tested by the selective stop‐signal task. Results The main results revealed that the VGA group had significantly more problems in preparatory processes and proactive stop trials, showing that VGA has a negative effect on proactive inhibition. Conclusion Finding the problem in proactive inhibitory control might be helpful in developing new treatments and rehabilitation methods in these fields.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal activation during response inhibition is implicated in the development of PTSD symptoms.
- Author
-
Powers, Abigail, Hinojosa, Cecilia A., Stevens, Jennifer S., Harvey, Brandon, Pas, Pascal, Rothbaum, Barbara O., Ressler, Kerry J., Jovanovic, Tanja, and van Rooij, Sanne J.H.
- Subjects
- *
PREFRONTAL cortex , *RESPONSE inhibition , *FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging , *STIMULUS & response (Psychology) , *POST-traumatic stress disorder - Abstract
Inhibition is a critical executive control process and an established neurobiological phenotype of PTSD, yet to our knowledge, no prospective studies have examined this using a contextual cue task that enables measurement of behavioural response and neural activation patterns across proactive and reactive inhibition. The current longitudinal study utilised functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether deficits in proactive and reactive inhibition predicted PTSD symptoms six months after trauma. Twenty-three (65% males) medical patients receiving emergency medical care from a level 1 trauma centre were enrolled in the study and invited for an MRI scan 1-2-months post-trauma. PTSD symptoms were measured using self-report at scan and 6-months post-trauma. A stop-signal anticipation task (SSAT) during an fMRI scan was used to test whether impaired behavioural proactive and reactive inhibition, and reduced activation in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and bilateral hippocampus, were related to PTSD symptoms. We predicted that lower activation levels of vmPFC and rIFG during reactive inhibition and lower activation of hippocampus and rIFG during proactive inhibition would relate to higher 6-month PTSD symptoms. No significant associations were found between behavioural measures and 6-month PTSD. Separate linear regression analyses showed that reduced rIFG activation (F1,21 = 9.97, R2 =.32, p =.005) and reduced vmPFC activation (F1,21 = 5.19, R2 =.20, p =.03) significantly predicted greater 6-month PTSD symptoms; this result held for rIFG activation controlling for demographic variables and baseline PTSD symptoms (β = −.45, p =.04) and Bonferroni correction. Our findings suggest that impaired rIFG and, to a lesser extent, vmPFC activation during response inhibition may predict the development of PTSD symptoms following acute trauma exposure. Given the small sample size, future replication studies are needed. Impaired inhibition may be an important risk factor for the development of PTSD following trauma, with less right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation during response inhibition predicting PTSD development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Impaired Reactive Control But Preserved Proactive Control in Hyperactive Children.
- Author
-
Huang Y, Liu Y, Hu Q, and Zhang Q
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Male, Female, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Executive Function physiology, Reactive Inhibition, Proactive Inhibition, Reaction Time physiology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity psychology, Neuropsychological Tests
- Abstract
Objective: To examine the manifestation of cognitive control deficit of children with different levels of hyperactivity, an "at risk" dimension for ADHD., Method: A group of children with high hyperactivity ( N = 40) and another group of children with low levels of hyperactivity ( N = 38) performed a modified stop-signal anticipation task, a revised Go/NoGo task, and the AX-continuous performance test (AX-CPT)., Results: Children with higher levels of hyperactivity displayed: (1) significantly prolonged stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the modified stop-signal anticipation task; (2) no notable differences in commission errors in the revised Go/NoGo task; (3) increased reaction time (RT) in stop-signal task and Go/NoGo task with increased probabilities of stop or NoGo signal; and (4) positive proactive behavioral index scores in AX-CPT., Conclusion: The results suggested that children with heightened hyperactivity exhibited impaired reactive control, especially for responses already underway, but preserved proactive control. Further studies concerning these children are warranted., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Towards Conceptual Clarification of Proactive Inhibitory Control: A Review
- Author
-
Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg, K. Richard Ridderinkhof, and Scott A. Wylie
- Subjects
proactive inhibition ,reactive inhibition ,inhibitory control ,motor inhibition ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
The aim of this selective review paper is to clarify potential confusion when referring to the term proactive inhibitory control. Illustrated by a concise overview of the literature, we propose defining reactive inhibition as the mechanism underlying stopping an action. On a stop trial, the stop signal initiates the stopping process that races against the ongoing action-related process that is triggered by the go signal. Whichever processes finishes first determines the behavioral outcome of the race. That is, stopping is either successful or unsuccessful in that trial. Conversely, we propose using the term proactive inhibition to explicitly indicate preparatory processes engaged to bias the outcome of the race between stopping and going. More specifically, these proactive processes include either pre-amping the reactive inhibition system (biasing the efficiency of the stopping process) or presetting the action system (biasing the efficiency of the go process). We believe that this distinction helps meaningful comparisons between various outcome measures of proactive inhibitory control that are reported in the literature and extends to experimental research paradigms other than the stop task.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Enhanced reactive inhibition in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury disorder.
- Author
-
Mirabella G, Mancini C, Pacifici S, Guerrini D, and Terrinoni A
- Subjects
- Male, Female, Humans, Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Reaction Time, Impulsive Behavior, Reactive Inhibition, Self-Injurious Behavior
- Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether the core of the pathophysiology underlying non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) relates to poor impulse control due to impaired motor inhibition (i.e. the ability to inhibit a preplanned motor response)., Method: We conducted a case-control study to compare the proficiency of two domains of motor inhibition, that is, reactive and proactive inhibition, by giving the reaching arm version of the stop-signal task and a go-only task to 28 drug-naive adolescents with NSSI disorder (NSSID) (mean age [SD] 15 years 8 months [1 year 4 months]; three males and 25 females) and 28 typically developing adolescents (mean age 15 years 8 months [1 year 5 months]; three males and 25 females)., Results: Reactive inhibition, as determined by the duration of the stop-signal reaction time, was enhanced in adolescents with NSSID compared to typically developing controls (194.2 [22.5 ms] vs 217.5 [17.3 ms], p < 0.001). By contrast, proactive inhibition was similar in both groups. Lastly, the level of impulsivity, assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11, did not differ between typically developing adolescents and adolescents with NSSID. However, adolescents with NSSID were more impulsive than controls in a subscale of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale., Interpretation: NSSID is not driven by heightened motor impulsivity. Instead, adolescents with NSSID exhibited greater proficiency in reactive inhibition, a proxy for motor impulsivity. We suggest that the enhancement of reactive inhibition strengthens action control, allowing adolescents to suppress their self-protection instinct and perform NSSI behaviours., (© 2023 The Authors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Mac Keith Press.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Effect of obesity on inhibitory control in preadolescents during stop-signal task. An event-related potentials study.
- Author
-
Alatorre-Cruz, Graciela C., Downs, Heather, Hagood, Darcy, Sorensen, Seth T., Williams, D. Keith, and Larson-Prior, Linda
- Subjects
- *
RESPONSE inhibition , *PRETEENS , *EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology) , *OBESITY , *EXECUTIVE function - Abstract
Preadolescence is a period in which structural and functional changes occur in brain network reorganization that relate to the development of executive control functions, particularly in the areas of attention and cognitive inhibition. Obesity has been associated with a deficit in executive functions and behavioral and electrophysiological differences using the go/no-go task (proactive inhibition), but no study has assessed brain-electrical activity using the stop-signal task (reactive inhibition) in this population. Therefore, we hypothesized that obese preadolescents would show less efficiency in reactive inhibition than their same-age non-obese peers. To test this hypothesis, event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected during a stop-signal task and compared between 27 obese preadolescents (mean BMI = 25.9; 9.65 years old) and 29 normal-weight preadolescents (mean BMI = 17.5; 9.60 years old). No significant differences between groups were observed in behavioral responses. As for ERPs, the obese group had an electrophysiological pattern associated with less efficient conflict monitoring during the "no-go" condition (i.e., less modulation of N200 latency based on the experimental condition), differences in attentional allocation in the "go" condition (less modulation of P300a latency based on experimental condition), and difficulties in rule retrieval from working memory associated with the trial-type in both experimental conditions (smaller P300b amplitude). We conclude that obese preadolescents displayed less ability to modulate conflict-monitoring in the "no-go" condition and attention allocation in the "go" condition, evidencing differences between groups in the development of attention and inhibitory control. • Obesity adversely affects the allocation of attentional and inhibitory resources. • Attentional processing in obese preadolescents reflects a conflict-monitoring problem. • Obese preadolescents differ from non-obese participants in reactive inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Two sides of the same coin: ADHD affects reactive but not proactive inhibition in children.
- Author
-
Suarez, Isabel, De los Reyes Aragón, Carlos, Grandjean, Aurelie, Barceló, Ernesto, Mebarak, Moises, Lewis, Soraya, Pineda-Alhucema, Wilmar, and Casini, Laurence
- Subjects
- *
ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder , *RESPONSE inhibition , *PERFORMANCE in children - Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a deficit in inhibitory control. Still, it remains unclear whether it comes from a deficit in reactive inhibition (ability to stop the action in progress), proactive inhibition (ability to exert preparatory control), or both. We compared the performance of 39 children with ADHD and 42 typically developing children performing a Simon choice reaction time task. The Simon task is a conflict task that is well-adapted to dissociate proactive and reactive inhibition. Beyond classical global measures (mean reaction time, accuracy rate, and interference effect), we used more sophisticated dynamic analyses of the interference effect and accuracy rate to investigate reactive inhibition. We studied proactive inhibition through the congruency sequence effect (CSE). Our results showed that children with ADHD had impaired reactive but not proactive inhibition. Moreover, the deficit found in reactive inhibition seems to be due to both a stronger impulse capture and more difficulties in inhibiting impulsive responses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how ADHD affects inhibitory control in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Motor inhibition efficiency in healthy aging: the role of γ-aminobutyric acid
- Author
-
Lisa Pauwels, Celine Maes, Lize Hermans, and Stephan P Swinnen
- Subjects
proactive inhibition ,reactive inhibition ,motor inhibition ,healthy aging ,gamma-aminobutyric acid ,magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,GABA ,inhibitory neurotransmitter ,neuroimaging ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
The ability to cancel a motor response is critical for optimal functioning in various facets of daily life. Hence, efficient inhibitory motor control is a key function throughout the lifespan. Considering the fact that inhibitory motor function gradually declines with advancing age, it is not surprising that the study of motor inhibition in this age group is gaining considerable interest. In general, we can distinguish between two prominent types of motor inhibition, namely proactive and reactive inhibition. Whereas the anticipation for upcoming stops (proactive inhibition) appears readily preserved at older age, the ability to stop an already planned or initiated action (reactive inhibition) generally declines with advancing age. The differential impact of aging on proactive and reactive inhibition at the behavioral level prompts questions about the neural architecture underlying both types of inhibitory motor control. Here we will not only highlight the underlying structural brain properties of proactive and reactive inhibitory control but we will also discuss recent developments in brain-behavioral approaches, namely the registration of neurochemical compounds using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allows for the direct detection of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, i.e., γ-aminobutyric acid, across the broader cortical/subcortical territory, thereby opening new perspectives for better understanding the neural mechanisms mediating efficient inhibitory control in the context of healthy aging. Ultimately, these insights may contribute to the development of interventions specifically designed to counteract age-related declines in motor inhibition.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The same, but different: Preserved distractor suppression in old age is implemented through an age‐specific reactive ventral fronto‐parietal network.
- Author
-
Ashinoff, Brandon K., Mayhew, Stephen D., and Mevorach, Carmel
- Subjects
- *
FUNCTIONAL connectivity , *OLD age , *OLDER people , *AGE groups , *RESPONSE inhibition , *ACALCULIA - Abstract
Previous studies have shown age‐related impairments in the ability to suppress salient distractors. One possibility is that this is mediated by age‐related impairments in the recruitment of the left intraparietal sulcus (Left IPS), which has been shown to mediate the suppression of salient distractors in healthy, young participants. Alternatively, this effect may be due to a shift in engagement from proactive control to reactive control, possibly to compensate for age‐related impairments in proactive control. Another possibility is that this is due to changes in the functional specificity of brain regions that mediate salience suppression, expressed in changes in spontaneous connectivity of these regions. We assessed these possibilities by having participants engage in a proactive distractor suppression task while in an fMRI scanner. Although we did not find any age‐related differences in behavior, the young (N = 15) and older (N = 15) cohorts engaged qualitatively distinctive brain networks to complete the task. Younger participants engaged the predicted proactive control network, including the Left IPS. On the other hand, older participants simultaneously engaged both a proactive and a reactive network, but this was not a consequence of reduced network specificity as resting state functional connectivity was largely comparable in both age groups. Furthermore, improved behavioral performance for older adults was associated with increased resting state functional connectivity between these two networks. Overall, the results of this study suggest that age‐related differences in the recruitment of a left lateralized ventral fronto‐parietal network likely reflect the specific recruitment of reactive control mechanisms for distractor inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Neural signatures of reactive and intentional inhibitions: An ERP study.
- Author
-
Xu, Mengsi, Fan, Lingxia, Li, Zhiai, Qi, Senqing, and Yang, Dong
- Subjects
FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging ,RESPONSE inhibition - Abstract
Humans can inhibit an action based on external instruction (i.e., reactive inhibition) or internal decision (i.e., intentional inhibition). Although some functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have documented the relationship between reactive and intentional inhibitions, they could not provide pertinent temporal dynamics information due to fMRI's low temporal resolution. Therefore, in the current study, we explored this issue by extracting the time-domain dynamics and oscillatory-power dynamics from electroencephalographic (EEG) data while participants performed a modified Go/NoGo/Choose task, in which free choices trials were integrated with conventional go/nogo trials. Participants were asked to decide for themselves to either inhibit or execute an action for free choices trials, and to respond properly according to go/nogo signal for conventional go/nogo trials. Two important results were obtained. First, for the reactive condition, nogo trials elicited greater N2 and P3 amplitudes and induced more pronounced delta, theta, and beta band oscillations than go trials, while for the intentional condition, nogo trials only elicited greater P3 amplitudes and triggered pronounced beta band oscillations compared to go trials. Second, while the P3/delta, theta, and beta oscillations were larger for reactive nogo trials than for intentional go/nogo trials, the P3/delta and theta oscillations were larger for intentional go/nogo trials than for reactive go trials. Together, these results suggest that there are both similarities and differences in oscillatory dynamics between reactive and intentional inhibitions. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between reactive and intentional inhibitions at the time-frequency domain, and the current results expand our understanding about different inhibitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Neural correlates of proactive and reactive inhibition of saccadic eye movements.
- Author
-
Talanow, Tobias, Kasparbauer, Anna-Maria, Lippold, Julia V., Weber, Bernd, and Ettinger, Ulrich
- Abstract
Although research on goal-directed, proactive inhibitory control (IC) and stimulus-driven, reactive IC is growing, no previous study has compared proactive IC in conditions of uncertainty with regard to upcoming inhibition to conditions of certain upcoming IC. Therefore, we investigated effects of certainty and uncertainty on behavior and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in proactive and reactive IC. In two studies, healthy adults performed saccadic go/no-go and prosaccade/antisaccade tasks. The certainty manipulation had a highly significant behavioral effect in both studies, with inhibitory control being more successful under certain than uncertain conditions on both tasks (p ≤ 0.001). Saccadic go responses were significantly less efficient under conditions of uncertainty than certain responding (p < 0.001). Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (one study) revealed a dissociation of certainty- and uncertainty-related proactive inhibitory neural correlates in the go/no-go task, with lateral and medial prefrontal and occipital cortex showing stronger deactivations during uncertainty than during certain upcoming inhibition, and lateral parietal cortex being activated more strongly during certain upcoming inhibition than uncertainty or certain upcoming responding. In the antisaccade task, proactive BOLD effects arose due to stronger deactivations in uncertain response conditions of both tasks and before certain prosaccades than antisaccades. Reactive inhibition-related BOLD increases occurred in inferior parietal cortex and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in the go/no-go task only. Proactive IC may imply focusing attention on the external environment for encoding salient or alerting events as well as inhibitory mechanisms that reduce potentially distracting neural processes. SMG and inferior parietal cortex may play an important role in both proactive and reactive IC of saccades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A Bayesian Mixture Modelling of Stop Signal Reaction Time Distributions: The Second Contextual Solution for the Problem of Aftereffects of Inhibition on SSRT Estimations
- Author
-
Mohsen Soltanifar, Michael Escobar, Annie Dupuis, and Russell Schachar
- Subjects
reactive inhibition ,stop signal reaction times ,aftereffects of inhibition ,mixture distribution ,bayesian parametric approach ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
The distribution of single Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRT) in the stop signal task (SST) has been modelled with two general methods: a nonparametric method by Hans Colonius (1990) and a Bayesian parametric method by Dora Matzke, Gordon Logan and colleagues (2013). These methods assume an equal impact of the preceding trial type (go/stop) in the SST trials on the SSRT distributional estimation without addressing the relaxed assumption. This study presents the required model by considering a two-state mixture model for the SSRT distribution. It then compares the Bayesian parametric single SSRT and mixture SSRT distributions in the usual stochastic order at the individual and the population level under ex-Gaussian (ExG) distributional format. It shows that compared to a single SSRT distribution, the mixture SSRT distribution is more varied, more positively skewed, more leptokurtic and larger in stochastic order. The size of the results’ disparities also depends on the choice of weights in the mixture SSRT distribution. This study confirms that mixture SSRT indices as a constant or distribution are significantly larger than their single SSRT counterparts in the related order. This result offers a vital improvement in the SSRT estimations.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Common Neural Network for Different Functions: An Investigation of Proactive and Reactive Inhibition
- Author
-
Fan Zhang and Sunao Iwaki
- Subjects
proactive inhibition ,reactive inhibition ,hyperdirect pathway ,indirect pathway ,dynamic causal models ,inferior frontal gyrus ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Successful behavioral inhibition involves both proactive and reactive inhibition, allowing people to prepare for restraining actions, and cancel their actions if the response becomes inappropriate. In the present study, we utilized the stop-signal paradigm to examine whole-brain contrasts and functional connectivity for proactive and reactive inhibition. The results of our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis show that the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the primary motor cortex (M1) were activated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. We then created 70 dynamic causal models (DCMs) representing the alternative hypotheses of modulatory effects from proactive and reactive inhibition in the IFG-SMA-STN-M1 network. Bayesian model selection (BMS) showed that causal connectivity from the IFG to the SMA was modulated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. To further investigate the possible brain circuits involved in behavioral control, including proactive inhibitory processes, we compared 13 DCMs representing the alternative hypotheses of proactive modulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-caudate-IFG-SMA neural circuits. BMS revealed that the effective connectivity from the caudate to the IFG is modulated only in the proactive inhibition condition but not in the reactive inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate how fronto-basal ganglia pathways are commonly involved in proactive and reactive inhibitory control, with a “longer” pathway (DLPFC-caudate-IFG-SMA-STN-M1) playing a modulatory role in proactive inhibitory control, and a “shorter” pathway (IFG-SMA-STN-M1) involved in reactive inhibition. These results provide causal evidence for the roles of indirect and hyperdirect pathways in mediating proactive and reactive inhibitory control.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Effects of dopaminergic treatment on inhibitory control differ across Hoehn and Yahr stages of Parkinson's disease.
- Author
-
Mirabella G, Pilotto A, Rizzardi A, Montalti M, Olivola E, Zatti C, Di Caprio V, Ferrari E, Modugno N, and Padovani A
- Abstract
Motor inhibitory control, a core component of cognitive control, is impaired in Parkinson's disease, dramatically impacting patients' abilities to implement goal-oriented adaptive strategies. A progressive loss of the midbrain's dopamine neurons characterizes Parkinson's disease and causes motor features responsive to dopaminergic treatments. Although such treatments restore motor symptoms, their impact on response inhibition is controversial. Most studies failed to show any effect of dopaminergic medicaments, although three studies found that these drugs selectively improved inhibitory control in early-stage patients. Importantly, all previous studies assessed only one domain of motor inhibition, i.e. reactive inhibition (the ability to react to a stop signal). The other domain, i.e. proactive inhibition (the ability to modulate reactive inhibition pre-emptively according to the current context), was utterly neglected. To re-examine this issue, we recruited cognitively unimpaired Parkinson's patients under dopaminergic treatment in the early (Hoehn and Yahr, 1-1.5, n = 20), intermediate (Hoehn and Yahr 2, n = 20), and moderate/advanced (Hoehn and Yahr, 2.5-3, n = 20) stages of the disease. Using a cross-sectional study design, we compared their performance on a simple reaction-time task and a stop-signal task randomly performed twice on dopaminergic medication (ON) and after medication withdrawal (OFF). Normative data were collected on 30 healthy controls. Results suggest that medication effects are stage-dependent. In Hoehn and Yahr 1-1.5 patients, drugs selectively impair reactive inhibition, leaving proactive inhibition unaffected. In the ON state, Hoehn and Yahr two patients experienced impaired proactive inhibition, whereas reactive inhibition is no longer affected, as it deteriorates even during the OFF state. By contrast, Hoehn and Yahr 2.5-3 patients exhibited less efficient reactive and proactive inhibition in the OFF state, and medication slightly improved proactive inhibition. This evidence aligns with the dopamine overdose hypothesis, indicating that drug administration may overdose intact dopamine circuitry in the earliest stages, impairing associated cognitive functions. In later stages, the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons prevents the overdose and can exert some beneficial effects. Thus, our findings suggest that inhibitory control assessment might help tailor pharmacological therapy across the disease stage to enhance Parkinson's disease patients' quality of life by minimizing the hampering of inhibitory control and maximizing the reduction of motor symptoms., Competing Interests: The authors report no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Mutual synergies between reactive and active inhibitory systems of temperament in the development of children's disruptive behavior: Two longitudinal studies
- Author
-
Grazyna Kochanska and Danming An
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Shyness ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Behavioral inhibition ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Temperament ,media_common ,Problem Behavior ,Reactive inhibition ,Disruptive behavior ,05 social sciences ,Fear ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Child, Preschool ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Psychopathology - Abstract
Individual differences in two inhibitory temperament systems have been implicated as key in the development of early disruptive behaviors. The reactive inhibition system, behavioral inhibition (BI) entails fearfulness, shyness, timidity, and caution. The active inhibition system, or effortful control (EC) entails a capacity to deliberately suppress, modify, or regulate a predominant behavior. Lower scores in each system have been associated with more disruptive behaviors. We examined how the two systems interact, and whether one can alleviate or exacerbate risks due to the other. In two community samples (Study 1, N = 112, ages 2.5 to 4, and Study 2, N = 102, ages 2 to 6.5), we assessed early BI and EC, and future disruptive behaviors (observed disregard for rules in Study 1 and parent-rated externalizing problems in Study 2). Robustly replicated interactions revealed that for children with low BI (relatively fearless), better EC was associated with less disruptive behavior; for children with low EC, more BI was associated with less disruptive behavior. This research extends the investigation of Temperament × Temperament interactions in developmental psychology and psychopathology, and it suggests that reactive and active inhibition systems may play mutually compensatory roles. Those effects emerged after age 2.
- Published
- 2023
24. Common Neural Network for Different Functions: An Investigation of Proactive and Reactive Inhibition.
- Author
-
Zhang, Fan and Iwaki, Sunao
- Subjects
NEURAL circuitry ,FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging ,MOTOR cortex ,SUBTHALAMIC nucleus ,CAUDATE nucleus - Abstract
Successful behavioral inhibition involves both proactive and reactive inhibition, allowing people to prepare for restraining actions, and cancel their actions if the response becomes inappropriate. In the present study, we utilized the stop-signal paradigm to examine whole-brain contrasts and functional connectivity for proactive and reactive inhibition. The results of our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis show that the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the primary motor cortex (M1) were activated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. We then created 70 dynamic causal models (DCMs) representing the alternative hypotheses of modulatory effects from proactive and reactive inhibition in the IFG-SMA-STN-M1 network. Bayesian model selection (BMS) showed that causal connectivity from the IFG to the SMA was modulated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. To further investigate the possible brain circuits involved in behavioral control, including proactive inhibitory processes, we compared 13 DCMs representing the alternative hypotheses of proactive modulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-caudate-IFG-SMA neural circuits. BMS revealed that the effective connectivity from the caudate to the IFG is modulated only in the proactive inhibition condition but not in the reactive inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate how fronto-basal ganglia pathways are commonly involved in proactive and reactive inhibitory control, with a "longer" pathway (DLPFC-caudate-IFG-SMA-STN-M1) playing a modulatory role in proactive inhibitory control, and a "shorter" pathway (IFG-SMA-STN-M1) involved in reactive inhibition. These results provide causal evidence for the roles of indirect and hyperdirect pathways in mediating proactive and reactive inhibitory control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Children with ADHD symptoms show deficits in reactive but not proactive inhibition, irrespective of their formal diagnosis.
- Author
-
van Hulst, Branko M., de Zeeuw, Patrick, Vlaskamp, Chantal, Rijks, Yvonne, Zandbelt, Bram B., and Durston, Sarah
- Subjects
- *
ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder , *TASK performance , *PARENT attitudes , *CHILDREN , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Background: Attenuated inhibitory control is one of the most robust findings in the neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether this represents a deficit in outright stopping (reactive inhibition), whether it relates to a deficit in anticipatory response slowing (proactive inhibition), or both. In addition, children with other development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often have symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity similar to children with ADHD. These may relate to similar underlying changes in inhibitory processing. Methods: In this study, we used a modified stop-signal task to dissociate reactive and proactive inhibition. We included not only children with ADHD, but also children primarily diagnosed with an ASD and high parent-rated levels of ADHD symptoms. Results: We replicated the well-documented finding of attenuated reactive inhibition in children with ADHD. In addition, we found a similar deficit in children with ASD and a similar level of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence for deficits in proactive inhibition in either clinical group. Conclusions: These findings re-emphasize the role of reactive inhibition in children with ADHD and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, our findings stress the importance of a trans-diagnostic approach to the relationship between behavior and neuropsychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Effect of depression on response inhibition of patients after traumatic brain injury
- Author
-
Chun-hong SHAO, Yi-hua PENG, Suo-yu ZHU, Zhi-yang WANG, Shen-xun SHI, Li-min SUN, Yu-long BAI, and Xue-hai WU
- Subjects
Craniocerebral trauma Depression ,Reactive inhibition ,Neuropsychological tests ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of depression on response inhibition of patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 Items (HAMD-17) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were used to assess the severity of trauma, depression and activities of daily living in 104 TBI patients (54 with depression and 50 without depression). Besides, 51 normal controls with matched age, sex and education were enrolled. Stimulus-Response Compatibility (SRC) task was employed to record the reaction time (RT) of response inhibition of the subjects in 3 groups. Results Both HAMD-17 and ADL scores in TBI with depression group were significantly higher than those in TBI without depression group (P = 0.000, 0.000) and normal control group (P = 0.000, 0.000). Besides, HAMD-17 and ADL scores in TBI without depression group were significantly higher than those in normal control group (P = 0.000, 0.000). Compared with normal control group, no matter in compatible or incompatible condition, RT was significantly longer in both TBI groups (P = 0.000, 0.000). RT was much longer in TBI with depression group than that in TBI without depression group (P = 0.000). Conclusions Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom after TBI, which may exist 6 months after injury or even longer. TBI combined with depression could aggravate the impaired cognitive function, so early identification and timely intervention is very important. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.06.004
- Published
- 2016
27. A Time Series-Based Point Estimation of Stop Signal Reaction Times: More Evidence on the Role of Reactive Inhibition-Proactive Inhibition Interplay on the SSRT Estimations
- Author
-
Mohsen Soltanifar, Keith Knight, Annie Dupuis, Russell Schachar, and Michael Escobar
- Subjects
stop signal reaction times ,estimation ,after effects of inhibition ,reactive inhibition ,proactive inhibition ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
The Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) is a latency measurement for the unobservable human brain stopping process, and was formulated by Logan (1994) without consideration of the nature (go/stop) of trials that precede the stop trials. Two asymptotically equivalent and larger indices of mixture SSRT and weighted SSRT were proposed in 2017 to address this issue from time in task longitudinal perspective, but estimation based on the time series perspective has still been missing in the literature. A time series-based state space estimation of SSRT was presented and it was compared with Logan 1994 SSRT over two samples of real Stop Signal Task (SST) data and the simulated SST data. The results showed that time series-based SSRT is significantly larger than Logan’s 1994 SSRT consistent with former Longitudinal-based findings. As a conclusion, SSRT indices considering the after effects of inhibition in their estimation process are larger yielding to hypothesize a larger estimates of SSRT using information on the reactive inhibition, proactive inhibition and their interplay in the SST data.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Mouse Tracking to Explore Motor Inhibition Processes in Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Tasks
- Author
-
Viola Benedetti, Gioele Gavazzi, Fabio Giovannelli, Riccardo Bravi, Fiorenza Giganti, Diego Minciacchi, Mario Mascalchi, Massimo Cincotta, and Maria Pia Viggiano
- Subjects
proactive inhibition ,reactive inhibition ,go-no-go ,stop signal task ,mouse tracking ,motor control ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Response inhibition relies on both proactive and reactive mechanisms that exert a synergic control on goal-directed actions. It is typically evaluated by the go/no-go (GNG) and the stop signal task (SST) with response recording based on the key-press method. However, the analysis of discrete variables (i.e., present or absent responses) registered by key-press could be insufficient to capture dynamic aspects of inhibitory control. Trying to overcome this limitation, in the present study we used a mouse tracking procedure to characterize movement profiles related to proactive and reactive inhibition. A total of fifty-three participants performed a cued GNG and an SST. The cued GNG mainly involves proactive control whereas the reactive component is mainly engaged in the SST. We evaluated the velocity profile from mouse trajectories both for responses obtained in the Go conditions and for inhibitory failures. Movements were classified as one-shot when no corrections were observed. Multi-peaked velocity profiles were classified as non-one-shot. A higher proportion of one-shot movements was found in the SST compared to the cued GNG when subjects failed to inhibit responses. This result suggests that proactive control may be responsible for unsmooth profiles in inhibition failures, supporting a differentiation between these tasks.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Age, Sex, and Inhibitory Control: Identifying a Specific Impairment in Memorial, But Not Perceptual, Inhibition in Older Women
- Author
-
Teal S. Eich and Alexander L. M. Siegel
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Aging ,Physical and Cognitive Functioning ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Age and sex ,Self-Control ,Proactive Inhibition ,Sex Factors ,Perception ,Control ,Inhibitory control ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Medicine ,AcademicSubjects/SOC02600 ,Aged ,Inhibition ,media_common ,business.industry ,Working memory ,AcademicSubjects/SCI02100 ,Age Factors ,Reactive Inhibition ,Mean age ,Biological sex ,Educational attainment ,Clinical Psychology ,Memory, Short-Term ,THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY: Psychological Sciences ,Female ,Sex ,Independent Living ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,business ,Gerontology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Objectives Declines in the ability to inhibit information, and the consequences to memory of unsuccessful inhibition, have been frequently reported to increase with age. However, few studies have investigated whether sex moderates such effects. Here, we examined whether inhibitory ability may vary as a function of age and sex, and the interaction between these two factors. Method 202 older (mean age = 69.40 years) and younger (mean age =30.59 years) participants who had equivalent educational attainment and self-reported health completed 2 tasks that varied only in the time point at which inhibition should occur: either prior to, or after, encoding. Results While we did not find evidence for age or sex differences in inhibitory processes when information needed to be inhibited prior to encoding, when encoded information being actively held in working memory needed to be suppressed, we found that older women were particularly impaired relative to both younger women and men of either age group. Discussion These results provide further support for the presence of memorial inhibitory deficits in older age, but add nuance by implicating biological sex as an important mediator in this relationship, with it more difficult for older women to inhibit what was once relevant in memory.
- Published
- 2021
30. The Interaction Between Measurement and Individual Difference in Ego Depletion: Task Type, Trait Self-Control and Action Orientation.
- Author
-
Zhang S, Shi R, Ma G, Peng J, and Wang Z
- Abstract
Previous research found that performing an initial self-control task impairs subsequent self-control performance, which is referred to as ego depletion. However, recent meta-analyses and replication studies have led to controversies over whether the ego depletion effect is as reliable as previously assumed. The present study aimed to shed more light on these controversies by combining depletion measurement task type and personality as moderators. Study 1 investigated trait self-control and action orientation's moderation role for depletion effects on stop-signal task (inhibitory control). Study 2 examined the trait self-control and action orientation's moderation role for depletion effects on a majority congruent Stroop task (goal maintenance). Results showed that trait self-control moderated the ego depletion effect on stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). High trait self-control people were less vulnerable to the ego depletion effect on the reactive inhibitory control task, whereas the moderating role of trait self-control for ego depletion was not found in the goal maintenance task. More particularly, high action-oriented people were less susceptible to the ego depletion effect on the goal maintenance task, but there was no moderation effect of action orientation for ego depletion in the stop-signal task. We discuss types of task for depletion measurement and individual differences in ego depletion, and we suggest possible avenues for future research.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Brain GABA Levels Are Associated with Inhibitory Control Deficits in Older Adults.
- Author
-
Hermans, Lize, Leunissen, Inge, Pauwels, Lisa, Cuypers, Koen, Peeters, Ronald, Puts, Nicolaas A.J., Edden, Richard A.E., and Swinnen, Stephan P.
- Subjects
- *
GABA , *AMINO acid neurotransmitters , *NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy , *HEALTH of older people , *GABA agents - Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by motor inhibition deficits that involve a slower process of stopping a prepotent motor response (i.e., reactive inhibition) rather than a diminished ability to anticipate stopping (i.e., proactive inhibition). Some studies suggest that efficient motor inhibition is related to GABAergic function. Since age-related alterations in the GABA system have also been reported, motor inhibition impairments might be linked to GABAergic alterations in the cortico-subcortical network that mediates motor inhibition. Thirty young human adults (mean age, 23.2 years; age range, 18-34 years; 14 men) and 29 older human adults (mean age, 67.5 years; age range, 60-74 years; 13 men) performed a stop-signal task with varying levels of stop-signal probability. GABA+levels were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in right inferior frontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), left sensorimotor cortex, bilateral striatum, and occipital cortex. We found that reactive inhibition was worse in older adults compared with young adults, as indicated by longer stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs). No group differences in proactive inhibition were observed as both groups slowed down their response to a similar degree with increasing stop-signal probability. The MRS results showed that tissue corrected GABA+ levels were on average lower in older as compared with young adults. Moreover, older adults with lower GABA+ levels in the pre-SMA were slower at stopping (i.e., had longer SSRTs). These findings suggest a role for the GABA system in reactive inhibition deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Inhibition is impaired in children with obsessive-compulsive symptoms but not in those with tics.
- Author
-
Mancini, Christian, Cardona, Francesco, Baglioni, Valentina, Panunzi, Sara, Pantano, Patrizia, Suppa, Antonio, and Mirabella, Giovanni
- Abstract
Background: Impaired inhibitory control is thought to be a core deficit in psychiatric disorders where patients exhibit problems with controlling urges. These problems include the urge to perform movements typical of Tourette syndrome and the urge to execute compulsive actions typical of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the picture emerging from studies that address this issue is controversial. Furthermore, most studies have only focused on reactive control (the ability of subjects to react to a stop signal), but not on proactive control (the ability of patients to shape their response strategies in anticipation of known task demands).Objectives: We assessed reactive and proactive inhibitory control in drug naïve children/adolescents affected by Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in those in which the 2 disorders co-occur.Methods: Reaching version of the stop signal task and of a simple reaction time task were given to 37 unmedicated patients (mean age ± SD, 11.0 ± 2.3) and to 37 healthy age- and gender-matched controls (mean age ± SD, 10.8 ± 1.6).Results: Both reactive and proactive inhibition scaled with the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but not with those of tic symptoms (ie, inhibitory control in uncomplicated Tourette patients was comparable with that of healthy controls).Conclusions: We suggest that the cognitive mechanisms underlying tics and compulsions controls are likely to be different. Possibly the preserved ability to suppress actions in uncomplicated Tourette patients allows them to experience a greater feeling of self-control, and this fact might play a key role in evolution of the disorder beyond adolescence. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Stop signals delay synchrony more for finger tapping than vocalization: a dual modality study of rhythmic synchronization in the stop signal task.
- Author
-
Castro-Meneses, Leidy J. and Sowman, Paul F.
- Subjects
FINGERS ,SYNCHRONIC order ,SYNCHRONIZATION ,MODAL logic ,SENSORIMOTOR integration - Abstract
Background: A robust feature of sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) performance in finger tapping to an auditory pacing signal is the negative asynchrony of the tap with respect to the pacing signal. The Paillard-Fraisse hypothesis suggests that negative asynchrony is a result of inter-modal integration, in which the brain compares sensory information across two modalities (auditory and tactile). The current study compared the asynchronies of vocalizations and finger tapping in time to an auditory pacing signal. Our first hypothesis was that vocalizations have less negative asynchrony compared to finger tapping due to the requirement for sensory integration within only a single (auditory) modality (intra-modal integration). However, due to the different measurements for vocalizations and finger responses, interpreting the comparison between these two response modalities is problematic. To address this problem, we included stop signals in the synchronization task. The rationale for this manipulation was that stop signals would perturb synchronization more in the inter-modal compared to the intramodal task. We hypothesized that the inclusion of stop signals induce proactive inhibition, which reduces negative asynchrony. We further hypothesized that any reduction in negative asynchrony occurs to a lesser degree for vocalization than for finger tapping. Method: A total of 30 participants took part in this study. We compared SMS in a single sensory modality (vocalizations (or auditory) to auditory pacing signal) to a dual sensory modality (fingers (or tactile) to auditory pacing signal). The task was combined with a stop signal task in which stop signals were relevant in some blocks and irrelevant in others. Response-to-pacing signal asynchronies and stop signal reaction times were compared across modalities and across the two types of stop signal blocks. Results: In the blocks where stopping was irrelevant, we found that vocalization (-61.47 ms) was more synchronous with the auditory pacing signal compared to finger tapping (-128.29 ms). In the blocks where stopping was relevant, stop signals induced proactive inhibition, shifting the response times later. However, proactive inhibition (26.11 ms) was less evident for vocalizations compared to finger tapping (58.06 ms). Discussion: These results support the interpretation that relatively large negative asynchrony in finger tapping is a consequence of inter-modal integration, whereas smaller asynchrony is associated with intra-modal integration. This study also supports the interpretation that intra-modal integration is more sensitive to synchronization discrepancies compared to inter-modal integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Early response competition over the motor cortex underlies proactive control of error correction
- Author
-
Borja Rodríguez-Herreros, Julià L. Amengual, Jimena Lucrecia Vázquez-Anguiano, Silvio Ionta, Carlo Miniussi, and Toni Cunillera
- Subjects
Motivation ,Escorça cerebral ,Multidisciplinary ,Proactive Inhibition ,Inhibició ,Brain stimulation ,Motor Cortex ,Reaction Time ,Reactive Inhibition ,Estimulació del cervell ,Cerebral cortex ,Inhibition - Abstract
Response inhibition is a fundamental brain function that must be flexible enough to incorporate proactive goal-directed demands, along with reactive, automatic and well consolidated behaviors. However, whether proactive inhibitory processes can be explained by response competition, rather than by active top-down inhibitory control, remains still unclear. Using a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task, we examined the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates elicited by manipulating the degree of inhibitory control in a task that involved the fast amendment of errors. We observed that restraining or encouraging the correction of errors did not affect the behavioral and neural correlates associated to reactive inhibition. We rather found that an early, sustained and bilateral activation, of both the correct and the incorrect response, was required for an effective proactive inhibitory control. Selective unilateral patterns of response preparation were instead associated with defective response suppression. Our results provide behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of a simultaneous dual pre-activation of two motor commands, likely underlying a global operating mechanism suggesting competition or lateral inhibition to govern the amendment of errors. These findings are consistent with the response inhibitory processes already observed in speed-accuracy tradeoff studies, and hint at a decisive role of early response competition to determine the success of multiple-choice action selection.
- Published
- 2022
35. Prepared and reactive inhibition in smokers and non-smokers
- Author
-
Kelsey E, Schultz, Bryan, Mantell, Elliot T, Berkman, and Nicole C, Swann
- Subjects
Nicotine ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Smokers ,Humans ,Reactive Inhibition ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Non-Smokers - Abstract
Models of addiction have identified deficits in inhibitory control, or the ability to inhibit inappropriate or unwanted behaviors, as one factor in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Current literature supports disruption of the prefrontal circuits that mediate reactive inhibitory control processes (i.e., inhibition in response to sudden, unplanned changes in environmental demands) in substance use disorders. However, the relationship between disorders of addiction, such as nicotine dependence, and planned inhibitory processes (i.e., inhibition that occurs after advance warning) is unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which reactive and planned inhibitory processes are differentially disrupted in nicotine dependent individuals.We employed an internet-based novel stop signal task wherein participants were instructed to stop a continuous movement at either a predictable or unpredictable time. This task explicitly separated planned and reactive inhibitory processes and assessed group differences in task performance between smokers (N = 281) and non-smokers (N = 164). The smoker group was defined as any participant that identified as a smoker and reported an average daily nicotine consumption of at least 2 mg. The non-smoker group was defined as any participant that identified as a non-smoker and had not been a former smoker that quit within the last year. The smoker group also completed a questionnaire regarding smoking behaviors which included the Fägerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We used these data to assess the continuous relation between planned stopping, unplanned stopping, and smoking behaviors.We found significant differences in stop times for both reactive and planned stopping between groups as well as within the smoker group. Additionally, in the smoker group, dependence as measured by the FTND was associated with longer stop times on planned stop trials. Surprisingly, greater daily average consumption of nicotine was related to faster stopping for both trial types.These results indicate the relevance of measuring both reactive and planned inhibitory processes for elucidating the relationship between nicotine addiction and mechanisms of inhibitory control.
- Published
- 2023
36. Two sides of the same coin: ADHD affects reactive but not proactive inhibition in children
- Author
-
Isabel Suarez, Carlos De los Reyes Aragón, Aurelie Grandjean, Ernesto Barceló, Moises Mebarak, Soraya Lewis, Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema, and Laurence Casini
- Subjects
Proactive inhibition ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Congruency sequence effect ,Simon task ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Children with ADHD ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Proactive Inhibition ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Impulsive Behavior ,Reaction Time ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Reactive inhibition ,Child - Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a deficit in inhibitory control. Still, it remains unclear whether it comes from a deficit in reactive inhibition (ability to stop the action in progress), proactive inhibition (ability to exert preparatory control), or both. We compared the performance of 39 children with ADHD and 42 typically developing children performing a Simon choice reaction time task. The Simon task is a conflict task that is well-adapted to dissociate proactive and reactive inhibition. Beyond classical global measures (mean reaction time, accuracy rate, and interference effect), we used more sophisticated dynamic analyses of the interference effect and accuracy rate to investigate reactive inhibition. We studied proactive inhibition through the congruency sequence effect (CSE). Our results showed that children with ADHD had impaired reactive but not proactive inhibition. Moreover, the deficit found in reactive inhibition seems to be due to both a stronger impulse capture and more difficulties in inhibiting impulsive responses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how ADHD affects inhibitory control in children.
- Published
- 2022
37. 'Free won't' of food in overweight and normal-weight adults: Comparison of neurocognitive correlates of intentional and reactive inhibitions
- Author
-
Xinyuan Liu, Yong Liu, Shiqing Song, Guangcan Xiang, Xiaoli Du, Qingqing Li, Mingyue Xiao, Ying Ling, and Hong Chen
- Subjects
Adult ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Food ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Reactive Inhibition ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Electroencephalography ,Overweight ,Evoked Potentials - Abstract
Food-related inhibition plays a critical role in the manifestation of overweight. Previous research has focused exclusively on stimulus-driven (reactive) inhibition, which is different from intentional inhibition that refers to an internally generated decision to "stop". This study investigated the food-related neurophysiological correlates of intentional and reactive inhibitions in overweight and normal-weight adults. We compared 35 overweight participants (OWs) and 34 normal-weight participants (NWs) on performance and electroencephalography-based measures during a food-related go/no-go/choose task. In this task, participants made reactive responses to an instructed go/no-go target or made intentional choices whether to execute or inhibit a keypress when presented with a free-choice target. Our results mainly showed, 1) for group-difference, N2a amplitudes of OWs were less negative than that of NWs in the intentional trials; 2) for source difference, N2a amplitudes were less negative in reactive condition than in intentional condition uniquely in OWs. Moreover, comparison across intentional responses revealed that P2 amplitudes in no-go trials were lower than in go trials. Additionally, a greater body mass index correlated with lower intentional no-go-P2 and reactive go/no-go-P2 amplitudes. These findings suggest that overweight is associated with deficits in food-related intentional inhibition, which is segregated from reactive inhibition. The individual differences in premotor inhibition during free-choice situations might provide an explanation for overeating behaviors in overweight adults' daily life. Further, our results refine the ERP marker of intentional inhibition from N2 to N2a, which could be an essential neural mechanism underlying the "free won't" of food in OWs.
- Published
- 2022
38. Inhibitory control is not lateralized in Parkinson's patients.
- Author
-
Mirabella, G., Fragola, M., Giannini, G., Modugno, N., and Lakens, Daniel
- Subjects
- *
PARKINSON'S disease treatment , *INHIBITORY postsynaptic potential , *CEREBRAL hemispheres , *CEREBRAL dominance , *DOPAMINE analysis - Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is often characterized by asymmetrical symptoms, which are more prominent on the side of the body contralateral to the most extensively affected brain hemisphere. Therefore, lateralized PD presents an opportunity to examine the effects of asymmetric subcortical dopamine deficiencies on cognitive functioning. As it has been hypothesized that inhibitory control relies upon a right-lateralized pathway, we tested whether left-dominant PD (LPD) patients suffered from a more severe deficit in this key executive function than right-dominant PD patients (RPD). To this end, via a countermanding task, we assessed both proactive and reactive inhibition in 20 LPD and 20 RPD patients, and in 20 age-matched healthy subjects. As expected, we found that PD patients were significantly more impaired in both forms of inhibitory control than healthy subjects. However, there were no differences either in reactive or proactive inhibition between LPD and RPD patients. All in all, these data support the idea that brain regions affected by PD play a fundamental role in subserving inhibitory function, but do not sustain the hypothesis according to which this executive function is predominantly or solely computed by the brain regions of the right hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Reactive and microbial inhibitory mechanisms depicting the panoramic view of pH stress effect on common biological nitrification.
- Author
-
Yue, Xuehai, Liu, Hong, Wei, Haotian, Chang, Lin, Gong, Zhengjun, Zheng, Lei, and Yin, Fengjun
- Subjects
- *
PH effect , *NITRIFICATION , *WASTEWATER treatment , *PHYSIOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
• Proposing comprehensive experiments investigating pH stress effect on nitrification. • Disclosing reactive inhibitory mechanism dominating in acid range. • Revealing hybrid pH stress effect with free ammonia. • Gaining a panoramic view understanding pH stress effect on nitrification. pH is a crucial factor of microbial nitrification, which often combines with high-strength ammonium to influence nitrogen removal pathway in wastewater treatment. However, the detailed inhibitory mechanisms of pH stress are not sufficiently disclosed yet. In this study, the pH stress effect on nitrification was comprehensively studied by a set of experiments which identified the reactivity of nitrification processes and activity of nitrifiers, the time dependence of inhibition effect and the hybrid pH stress effect with ammonium. The results revealed two distinct inhibitory mechanisms dominating in alkaline and acid ranges. In alkaline range (pH > 8), pH stress causes physiological damages on microorganisms which is named as microbial inhibition. It has the features of less recoverability of nitrifiers, time-dependent inhibition effect and low pH-tolerance of nitrite oxidation bacteria. Free ammonia enhanced microbial inhibition and greatly promoted nitrite accumulation. A novel reactive inhibition mechanism dominated in acid range (pH < 7) was disclosed. It only impedes ammonia oxidation process (AOP) but not impair microbial activity obviously and the effect is time-independent. The mechanism was clarified from H+ transport because AOP involved H+ production. The H+ transport was impeded under acid stress owing to the decrease of pH gradient across cell membrane. The two mechanisms formed a panoramic view of pH stress effect on nitrification advancing the understanding of nitrifier adaptability and nitritation regulation in wastewater treatment processes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Prepared and reactive inhibition in smokers and non-smokers.
- Author
-
Schultz, Kelsey E., Mantell, Bryan, Berkman, Elliot T., and Swann, Nicole C.
- Subjects
- *
COMPULSIVE behavior , *RESPONSE inhibition , *NICOTINE addiction , *NON-smokers , *SUBSTANCE abuse - Abstract
Models of addiction have identified deficits in inhibitory control, or the ability to inhibit inappropriate or unwanted behaviors, as one factor in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Current literature supports disruption of the prefrontal circuits that mediate reactive inhibitory control processes (i.e., inhibition in response to sudden, unplanned changes in environmental demands) in substance use disorders. However, the relationship between disorders of addiction, such as nicotine dependence, and planned inhibitory processes (i.e., inhibition that occurs after advance warning) is unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which reactive and planned inhibitory processes are differentially disrupted in nicotine dependent individuals. We employed an internet-based novel stop signal task wherein participants were instructed to stop a continuous movement at either a predictable or unpredictable time. This task explicitly separated planned and reactive inhibitory processes and assessed group differences in task performance between smokers (N = 281) and non-smokers (N = 164). The smoker group was defined as any participant that identified as a smoker and reported an average daily nicotine consumption of at least 2 mg. The non-smoker group was defined as any participant that identified as a non-smoker and had not been a former smoker that quit within the last year. The smoker group also completed a questionnaire regarding smoking behaviors which included the Fägerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We used these data to assess the continuous relation between planned stopping, unplanned stopping, and smoking behaviors. We found significant differences in stop times for both reactive and planned stopping between groups as well as within the smoker group. Additionally, in the smoker group, dependence as measured by the FTND was associated with longer stop times on planned stop trials. Surprisingly, greater daily average consumption of nicotine was related to faster stopping for both trial types. These results indicate the relevance of measuring both reactive and planned inhibitory processes for elucidating the relationship between nicotine addiction and mechanisms of inhibitory control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Proactive and reactive response inhibition of individuals with high schizotypy viewing different facial expressions: An ERP study using an emotional stop-signal task.
- Author
-
Jia, Lu-xia, Zheng, Qi, Cui, Ji-fang, Shi, Hai-song, Ye, Jun-yan, Yang, Tian-xiao, Wang, Ya, and Chan, Raymond C.K.
- Subjects
- *
FACIAL expression , *SCHIZOTYPAL personality disorder , *AFFECT (Psychology) , *PICTURE frames & framing , *PEOPLE with schizophrenia , *FACIAL expression & emotions (Psychology) , *RESPONSE inhibition - Abstract
[Display omitted] • High schizotypy individuals exhibited greater P3 amplitude for proactive inhibition in the neutral condition. • No group difference was found in P3 amplitude for proactive inhibition in the angry condition. • High schizotypy individuals showed smaller P3 amplitude for reactive inhibition in both emotion conditions. • Angry emotion impaired both proactive and reactive inhibition. The present study aimed to examine whether impairments in reactive (outright stopping) and proactive (preparation for stopping) response inhibition are affected by negative emotions in individuals with high schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, as well as the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. Twenty-seven participants with high schizotypy and 28 matched low-schizotypy individuals completed an emotional stop-signal task in which they responded to facial emotions (neutral or angry) or inhibited their responses (when the frame of the picture turned red). Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were also recorded during the task. At the neural level, analysis of go trials revealed that viewing angry faces impaired proactive inhibition. In addition, the high-schizotypy group exhibited a greater P 3 amplitude in go trials in the neutral condition than the low-schizotypy group; however, no group difference was found in the angry condition. For stop trials (reactive inhibition), a smaller P 3 amplitude was found in the angry condition than in the neutral condition. Moreover, high-schizotypy individuals showed smaller P 3 amplitudes than low-schizotypy individuals. The current findings suggest that, at the neural level, viewing negative emotions impaired both proactive and reactive response inhibition. Individuals with high schizotypy exhibited impairments in proactive response inhibition in the neutral condition but not in the angry condition; they exhibited impaired reactive response inhibition in both emotion conditions. The present findings deepen our understanding of emotional response inhibition in individuals on the schizophrenia spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A proactive task set influences how response inhibition is implemented in the basal ganglia.
- Author
-
Leunissen, Inge, Coxon, James P., and Swinnen, Stephan P.
- Abstract
Increasing a participant's ability to prepare for response inhibition is known to result in longer Go response times and is thought to engage a 'top-down fronto-striatal inhibitory task set.' This premise is supported by the observation of anterior striatum activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses that focus on uncertain versus certain Go trials. It is assumed that setting up a proactive inhibitory task set also influences how participants subsequently implement stopping. To assess this assumption, we aimed to manipulate the degree of proactive inhibition in a modified stop-signal task to see how this manipulation influences activation when reacting to the Stop cue. Specifically, we tested whether there is differential activity of basal ganglia nuclei, namely the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and anterior striatum, on Stop trials when stop-signal probability was relatively low (20%) or high (40%). Successful stopping was associated with increased STN activity when Stop trials were infrequent and increased caudate head activation when Stop trials were more likely, suggesting a different implementation of reactive response inhibition by the basal ganglia for differing degrees of proactive response control. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4706-4717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders
- Author
-
Sachin Modi, Anna Latorre, Vishal Rawji, Kailash P. Bhatia, Lorenzo Rocchi, Eileen M. Joyce, John C. Rothwell, Leanne Hockey, and Marjan Jahanshahi
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Tic disorder ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Tics ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Synaptic Transmission ,Young Adult ,Repetition Priming ,Healthy volunteers ,Healthy control ,mental disorders ,transcranial magnetic stimulation ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Reactive inhibition ,business.industry ,Tourette ,tics ,Motor Cortex ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,nervous system diseases ,Transcranial magnetic stimulation ,body regions ,Inhibition, Psychological ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Case-Control Studies ,Tic Disorders ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,behavioural inhibition ,business ,Neuroscience ,human activities ,Psychomotor Performance ,Motor cortex ,Tourette Syndrome - Abstract
See Jackson and Jackson (doi:10.1093/brain/awaa050) for a scientific commentary on this article. What causes tics? Rawji et al. use a combination of behavioural tasks, mathematical modelling and non-invasive brain stimulation to show that voluntary inhibition is unimpaired in patients with primary tic disorders. Conversely, automatic inhibition is impaired, and this impairment correlates with motor tic severity., The defining character of tics is that they can be transiently suppressed by volitional effort of will, and at a behavioural level this has led to the concept that tics result from a failure of inhibition. However, this logic conflates the mechanism responsible for the production of tics with that used in suppressing them. Volitional inhibition of motor output could be increased to prevent the tic from reaching the threshold for expression, although this has been extensively investigated with conflicting results. Alternatively, automatic inhibition could prevent the initial excitation of the striatal tic focus—a hypothesis we have previously introduced. To reconcile these competing hypotheses, we examined different types of motor inhibition in a group of 19 patients with primary tic disorders and 15 healthy volunteers. We probed proactive and reactive inhibition using the conditional stop-signal task, and applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex, to assess movement preparation and execution. We assessed automatic motor inhibition with the masked priming task. We found that volitional movement preparation, execution and inhibition (proactive and reactive) were not impaired in tic disorders. We speculate that these mechanisms are recruited during volitional tic suppression, and that they prevent expression of the tic by inhibiting the nascent excitation released by the tic generator. In contrast, automatic inhibition was abnormal/impaired in patients with tic disorders. In the masked priming task, positive and negative compatibility effects were found for healthy controls, whereas patients with tics exhibited strong positive compatibility effects, but no negative compatibility effect indicative of impaired automatic inhibition. Patients also made more errors on the masked priming task than healthy control subjects and the types of errors were consistent with impaired automatic inhibition. Errors associated with impaired automatic inhibition were positively correlated with tic severity. We conclude that voluntary movement preparation/generation and volitional inhibition are normal in tic disorders, whereas automatic inhibition is impaired—a deficit that correlated with tic severity and thus may constitute a potential mechanism by which tics are generated.
- Published
- 2020
44. BOLD differences normally attributed to inhibitory control predict symptoms, not task-directed inhibitory control in ADHD
- Author
-
Andre Chevrier and Russell Schachar
- Subjects
Male ,Neurology ,Brain activity and meditation ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Stop signal ,Audiology ,Task (project management) ,Executive Function ,0302 clinical medicine ,Inhibitory control ,Child ,Inhibition ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,05 social sciences ,Healthy subjects ,Neuropsychology ,Brain ,Cognition ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Stop signal task ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Female ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Prefrontal Cortex ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,050105 experimental psychology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,03 medical and health sciences ,Reaction Time ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Reactive inhibition ,business.industry ,Research ,medicine.disease ,Hyperactivity ,Inattention ,Stop signal reaction time ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background Altered brain activity that has been observed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while performing cognitive control tasks like the stop signal task (SST) has generally been interpreted as reflecting either weak (under-active) or compensatory (over-active) versions of the same functions as in healthy controls. If so, then regional activities that correlate with the efficiency of inhibitory control (i.e. stop signal reaction time, SSRT) in healthy subjects should also correlate with SSRT in ADHD. Here we test the alternate hypothesis that BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) differences might instead reflect the redirection of neural processing resources normally used for task-directed inhibitory control, towards actively managing symptomatic behaviour. If so, then activities that correlate with SSRT in TD should instead correlate with inattentive and hyperactive symptoms in ADHD. Methods We used fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 14 typically developing (TD) and 14 ADHD adolescents performing the SST, and in a replication sample of 14 healthy adults. First, we identified significant group BOLD differences during all phases of activity in the SST (i.e. warning, response, reactive inhibition, error detection and post-error slowing). Next, we correlated these phases of activity with SSRT in TD and with SSRT, inattentive and hyperactive symptom scores in ADHD. We then identified whole brain significant correlations in regions of significant group difference in activity. Results Only three regions of significant group difference were correlated with SSRT in TD and replication groups (left and right inferior frontal gyri (IFG) during error detection and hypothalamus during post-error slowing). Consistent with regions of altered activity managing symptomatic behaviour instead of task-directed behaviour, left IFG correlated with greater inattentive score, right IFG correlated with lower hyperactive score and hypothalamus correlated with greater inattentive score and oppositely correlated with SSRT compared to TD. Conclusions Stimuli that elicit task-directed integration of neural processing in healthy subjects instead appear to be directing integrated function towards managing symptomatic behaviour in ADHD. The ability of the current approach to determine whether altered neural activities reflect comparable functions in ADHD and control groups has broad implications for the development and monitoring of therapeutic interventions.
- Published
- 2020
45. The effects of impulsivity and proactive inhibition on reactive inhibition and the go process: insights from the stop signal task of vocal and manual responses
- Author
-
Leidy Janeth Castro-Meneses, Blake Warren Johnson, and Paul Fredrick Sowman
- Subjects
impulsivity ,response inhibition ,Reactive Inhibition ,Proactive Inhibition ,dysfunctional impulsivity ,selective inhibition ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
This study measured proactive and reactive response inhibition and their relationships with self-reported impulsivity. We examined the domains of both vocal and manual responding using a stop signal task (SST) with two stop probabilities: high and low probability stop (1/3 and 1/6 stops respectively). Our aim was to evaluate the effect stop probability would have on reactive and proactive inhibition. We tested 44 subjects and found that for the high compared to low probability stop signal condition, more proactive inhibition was evident and this was correlated with a reduction in the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). We found that reactive inhibition had a positive relationship with dysfunctional but not functional impulsivity in both vocal and manual domains of responding. These findings support the hypothesis that proactive inhibition may pre-activate the network for reactive inhibition.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Self-regulation in the pre-adolescent brain
- Author
-
Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, Matthijs Vink, Mathijs Raemaekers, and Pascal Pas
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Neurophysiology and neuropsychology ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Pre adolescents ,Development ,Self-Control ,Developmental psychology ,Executive Function ,medicine ,Humans ,Child ,Children ,Original Research ,Inhibition ,Brain Mapping ,Reactive inhibition ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,QP351-495 ,fMRI ,Brain ,Cognition ,Executive functions ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Anticipation ,YOUth Cohort Study ,Proactive Inhibition ,Trait ,Self-regulation ,Female ,Psychology ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging - Abstract
Self-regulation refers to the ability to monitor and modulate emotions, behavior, and cognition, which in turn allows us to achieve goals and adapt to ever changing circumstances. This trait develops from early infancy well into adulthood, and features both low-level executive functions such as reactive inhibition, as well as higher level executive functions such as proactive inhibition. Development of self-regulation is linked to brain maturation in adolescence and adulthood. However, how self-regulation in daily life relates to brain functioning in pre-adolescent children is not known. To this aim, we have analyzed data from 640 children aged 8–11, who performed a stop-signal anticipation task combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to questionnaire data on self-regulation. We find that pre-adolescent boys and girls who display higher levels of self-regulation, are better able to employ proactive inhibitory control strategies, exhibit stronger frontal activation and more functional coupling between cortical and subcortical areas of the brain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pre-adolescent children show significant activation in areas of the brain that were previously only associated with reactive and proactive inhibition in adults and adolescents. Thus, already in pre-adolescent children, frontal-striatal brain areas are active during self-regulatory behavior., Highlights • Children with higher levels of self-regulation employ more proactive inhibition. • During proactive inhibition, children aged 8–11 show activation in frontal-cortical areas. • Children higher in self-regulation exhibit more cortical-subcortical coupling. • Children aged 8–11 show similar brain activation as adults during inhibition.
- Published
- 2021
47. Validation of an emotional stop-signal task to probe individual differences in emotional response inhibition: Relationships with positive and negative urgency
- Author
-
Christina Wu, Kenneth J. D. Allen, Jinhan Wu, Michael F. Armey, M. McLean Sammon, Sheri L. Johnson, Jill M. Hooley, Taylor A. Burke, Max A. Kramer, and Heather T. Schatten
- Subjects
neuropsychological tests ,self-control ,media_common.quotation_subject ,emotional regulation ,Stop signal ,urgency ,Task (project management) ,behavioural research ,cognitive control ,Association (psychology) ,Affective control ,stop-signal task ,media_common ,Reactive inhibition ,General Neuroscience ,Discriminant validity ,Self-control ,Negative urgency as a driver for psychopathology ,reactive inhibition ,executive function ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,Neurocognitive ,Psychopathology ,Clinical psychology ,Research Paper - Abstract
Performance on an emotional stop-signal task designed to assess emotional response inhibition has been associated with Negative Urgency and psychopathology, particularly self-injurious behaviors. Indeed, difficulty inhibiting prepotent negative responses to aversive stimuli on the emotional stop-signal task (i.e. poor negative emotional response inhibition) partially explains the association between Negative Urgency and non-suicidal self-injury. Here, we combine existing data sets from clinical (hospitalised psychiatric inpatients) and non-clinical (community/student participants) samples aged 18–65 years ( N = 450) to examine the psychometric properties of this behavioural task and evaluate hypotheses that emotional stop-signal task metrics relate to distinct impulsive traits among participants who also completed the UPPS-P ( n = 223). We specifically predicted associations between worse negative emotional response inhibition (i.e. commission errors during stop-signal trials representing negative reactions to unpleasant images) and Negative Urgency, whereas commission errors to positive stimuli – reflecting worse positive emotional response inhibition – would relate to Positive Urgency. Results support the emotional stop-signal task’s convergent and discriminant validity: as hypothesised, poor negative emotional response inhibition was specifically associated with Negative Urgency and no other impulsive traits on the UPPS-P. However, we did not find the hypothesised association between positive emotional response inhibition and Positive Urgency. Correlations between emotional stop-signal task performance and self-report measures were the modest, similar to other behavioural tasks. Participants who completed the emotional stop-signal task twice ( n = 61) additionally provide preliminary evidence for test–retest reliability. Together, findings suggest adequate reliability and validity of the emotional stop-signal task to derive candidate behavioural markers of neurocognitive functioning associated with Negative Urgency and psychopathology.
- Published
- 2021
48. Handedness Does Not Impact Inhibitory Control, but Movement Execution and Reactive Inhibition Are More under a Left-Hemisphere Control
- Author
-
Christian Mancini and Giovanni Mirabella
- Subjects
proactive inhibitory control ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Reactive inhibition ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Movement (music) ,General Mathematics ,Motor control ,Cognition ,Audiology ,Lateralization of brain function ,reactive inhibitory control ,handedness ,laterality ,stop-signal task ,reaching arm movements ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Proactive Inhibition ,Laterality ,Computer Science (miscellaneous) ,medicine ,QA1-939 ,Control (linguistics) ,Psychology ,Mathematics - Abstract
The relationship between handedness, laterality, and inhibitory control is a valuable benchmark for testing the hypothesis of the right-hemispheric specialization of inhibition. According to this theory, and given that to stop a limb movement, it is sufficient to alter the activity of the contralateral hemisphere, then suppressing a left arm movement should be faster than suppressing a right-arm movement. This is because, in the latter case, inhibitory commands produced in the right hemisphere should be sent to the other hemisphere. Further, as lateralization of cognitive functions in left-handers is less pronounced than in right-handers, in the former, the inhibitory control should rely on both hemispheres. We tested these predictions on a medium-large sample of left- and right-handers (n = 52). Each participant completed two sessions of the reaching versions of the stop-signal task, one using the right arm and one using the left arm. We found that reactive and proactive inhibition do not differ according to handedness. However, we found a significant advantage of the right versus the left arm in canceling movements outright. By contrast, there were no differences in proactive inhibition. As we also found that participants performed movements faster with the right than with the left arm, we interpret our results in light of the dominant role of the left hemisphere in some aspects of motor control.
- Published
- 2021
49. Long-Term Wu Qin Xi Exercise on Response Inhibition and Cortical Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease: Design and Implementation of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
- Author
-
Zhen Wang, Lan-Lan Zhang, Yin Wu, Jian Zhang, and Ke Liu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Parkinson's disease ,medicine.medical_treatment ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Quality of life ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Intervention (counseling) ,021105 building & construction ,medicine ,response inhibition ,cortical connectivity ,RC346-429 ,Reactive inhibition ,Rehabilitation ,business.industry ,Wu Qin Xi exercise ,medicine.disease ,Transcranial magnetic stimulation ,Clinical trial ,Neurology ,TMS ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background: Motor symptom disorders in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are closely related to reduced inhibitory ability. Although exercise has been shown to improve this ability in patients with PD, its effects on proactive and reactive inhibition have not been determined. Most previous studies of inhibitory control disorder in people with PD have been behavioral, and little attention has been paid to functional cortical connectivity. Wu Qin Xi, a low–medium-intensity qigong exercise that is safe and easy to do for elderly individuals, can support physical well-being and help prevent and alleviate disease. In this study, our aims were to explore the effects of a long-term Wu Qin Xi intervention on response inhibition and to examine how improved inhibition control relates to cortical connectivity using dual-site paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS), in patients with mild–moderate PD.Methods: A single-blind randomized controlled trial will be conducted. A total of 90 elderly subjects will be recruited and allocated randomly to Wu Qin Xi, balance exercise, and healthy control groups. The exercise interventions will be implemented in three 90-min sessions per week for 24 weeks; the healthy control group will receive no intervention. The primary assessments will be response inhibition metrics and task-based ppTMS. The secondary outcomes will include motor symptom severity, mobility, balance, emotional state, and quality of life. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, at the conclusion of the intervention period (week 24), and a few months after the intervention (week 36 follow-up).Discussion: This study is designed to provide insights into the effects of practicing Wu Qin Xi on response inhibition function in people with PD. The results will provide evidence on the value of traditional Chinese exercise as a therapeutic rehabilitation option for these patients. They will also provide data addressing how brain function–related cortical connectivity is related to reactive vs. proactive inhibition in people with PD participating in an exercise intervention.Clinical Trial Registration: This study has been registered prospectively in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2000038517, 18 January 2021).
- Published
- 2021
50. Electrophysiological correlates of proactive and reactive inhibition in a modified visual Go/NoGo task
- Author
-
Jiří Kutý, Daniela Rudišinová, Martin Bareš, Alena Damborská, Barbora Jeřábková, Tomáš Kašpárek, Martin Lamoš, and Pavla Linhartová
- Subjects
Reactive inhibition ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,medicine.disease ,050105 experimental psychology ,Impulse control ,Task (project management) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Electrophysiology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Proactive Inhibition ,Inhibitory control ,Healthy control ,Medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,business ,Borderline personality disorder ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Impulse control is crucial for everyday functioning in modern society. People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from impulse control impairment. According to the theory of dual mechanisms of control, motor impulse control can be divided into proactive and reactive modes. Proactive inhibition is involved before an event that might require inhibitory control. Reactive inhibition is initiated after the occurrence of an event that requires inhibitory control. Few studies have focused on proactive inhibition in relation to impaired impulse control, moreover electrophysiological evidence is scarce. Therefore, in the search for electrophysiological correlates of proactive and reactive inhibitions, we assessed event-related potentials elicited during a modified emotionally neutral visual Go/NoGo task in 28 clinically impulsive BPD patients and 35 healthy control (HC) subjects. In both groups, proactive inhibition was associated with enhanced late prestimulus activity and a suppressed poststimulus N2 component. In both groups, reactive inhibition was associated with enhanced poststimulus N2 and P3 components. We found no electrophysiological differences between HC subjects and BPD patients and both groups performed similarly in the task. Hence, the clinically observed impulse control impairment in BPD might act through different mechanisms other than altered inhibitory control in an emotionally neutral task.
- Published
- 2021
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.