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In today’s agriculture and the food supply chain in general, there appears a history of quick adoption and assimilation of new technologies, especially cost reduction technologies. In the development process of electronic commerce of agricultural products, many new innovative technologies have been emerged. It connects the gap between the availability of agricultural input and delivery of agricultural outputs and agriculture infrastructure. E-commerce involves use of the Internet to market, buy and sell goods and services, exchange information, and create and maintain web-based relationships between contributor entities. Our project aims to help farmers as well as customers for buying and selling agricultural products across the country using a computerized approach. The application builds a platform for farmers to ensure greater profitability through end user communication. In developed markets, is the online bulk orders of fresh quality of the product is already a common practice among the facilities such as hotels and restaurants. The consumer market for on-line orders, it will also start to come into play, as it grows. This project allows viewing various products available, and enable users to purchase desire products instantly by online payment. Keywords: Ecommerce, Online shopping, Indian customers, Mobile Applications, E-Marketing strategies

Agriculture is the backbone of Asian nation and therefore the farmer may be a crucial component of it. Agriculture is primary and ancient occupation of Asian nation, and it's a supply of support for many of the population residing in India. Agriculture sector desires plenty of public sector support for a property growth. Government has issued varied schemes and incentives to the farmers to supply them social and monetary security. The introduction of contemporary techniques in agriculture sector has helped boost-up the productivity level, alongside an improvement in price and labor used. Trendy agricultural technique's area unit dynamic approach to agricultural innovations and farming practices that helps farmers increase potency and cut back the number of natural resources required to satisfy the world's food, fuel and fiber demands. Value prediction may be a huge issue for farmers WHO don't seem to be tuned in to the market costs. Foretelling value of agriculture commodities helps the farmers to foresee the market and grow appropriate crop to maximize profit. Forecasting weather API provides information regarding the longer term weather, so farmers will pre-plan their agricultural activities. For forecasting of weather, we tend to record the pattern of weather of past few days and so predict the longer-term weather. Farm Profit Calculation provides farmers a tool to grasp a way to maximize monetary potency for his or her operation. We wish farmers to urge the foremost bang for his or her buck, and learn wherever they'll cut back inputs while not touching their bottom line. Hoarding is an act of aggregation great amount of merchandise and keeping it to yourself to extend the market value. Farmers encounter high production prices in their efforts to spice up production however hardly get truthful rating of their merchandise from the middlemen. Therefore, farmers will keep track on activities of the middlemen. Thus, the system helps the farmers to ease their life. Keywords: Weather, Price Prediction, Hoarding, Profit.

BBXgenes are associated with photomorphogenesis, hormone response and seed gemination. Although,BBXgene family is reported inG. max, little is known about its classification and expansion. Similarly, no information is available for theBBXgene family in its closest relativeGlycine soja(Siebold & Zucc.). With extensive genome diversity,G. sojacan be used as an effective genetic reservoir for introgressing important agronomic traits inG. max. In the present study, we carried out a comprehensive comparative genome-wide analysis ofBBXgene family inG. maxandG. soja, to identify their evolutionary relationship and origin in plant lineage. Our results show an ancientBBXgene family expansion through segmental duplication, further suggesting, that theGmBBXmembers are the out-paralogs. These genes show lineage-specific evolution and expansion in the ancestralGlycinegenome supported by the incidences of microsynteny betweenG. maxandG. soja. The two genomes also showed interesting evidence of conserved linkages which might be due to their common ancestor descendance, with minimum horizontal expansion inG. maxafter its split fromG. soja. Our study suggests that theBBXgene family diverged before the split ofG. maxandG. soja. As the two genomes share several regions of synteny, the paralogous members inG. maxcould have been a result of segmental duplications.

Charcoal rot (CR) is a major disease of soybean, which is caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp). Increasing temperatures and low rainfall in recent years have immensely benefitted the pathogen. Hence, the search for genetically acquired resistance to this pathogen is essential. The pathogen is a hemibiotroph, which germinates on the root surface and colonizes epidermal tissue. Several surface receptors initiate pathogenesis, followed by the secretion of various enzymes that provide entry to host tissue. Several enzymes and other converging cascades in the pathogen participate against host defensive responses. β-glucan of the fungal cell wall is recognized as MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns) in plants, which trigger host immune responses. Kinase receptors, resistance, and pathogenesis-related genes correspond to host defense response. They work in conjunction with hormone-mediated defense pathway especially, the systemic acquired resistance, calcium-signaling, and production of phytoalexins. Due to its quantitative nature, limited QTLs have been identified in soybean for CR resistance. The present review attempts to provide a functional link between M. phaseolina pathogenicity and soybean responses. Elucidation of CR resistance responses would facilitate improved designing of breeding programs, and may help in the selection of corresponding genes to introgress CR resistant traits.

In last few years, SiPMs have emerged as a viable alternative to PMTs used in the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. In addition to their higher photon detection efficiency, SiPMs provide attractive features like possible increase in observation duty cycle owing to their safe operation under partial moonlight conditions. Design and development of 256 pixel SiPM based camera for a 4m class Cherenkov telescope is currently at an advanced stage. This camera is proposed to cover a field of view of 5 deg X 5 deg, with a pixel size of 0.3 deg. The camera being developed, is planned to be mounted in the focal plane of one of the vertex elements of TACTIC telescope system which is currently operational at Mt Abu, in the north-western part of India. The associated camera electronics will also be mounted in focal plane of telescope behind the SiPM pixels. The camera will have modular structure, with each module consisting of 16 pixel sensors and the associated front end electronics. The signal generated from the pixels on registration of a Cherenkov event will be passed to "back-end" electronics for trigger generation, digitization @1GSPS and the subsequent data recording. A 16-pixel prototype module has already been developed and tested in our laboratory. A "mini- camera" consisting of 64 pixels has also been assembled and is currently at advanced stage of testing. After completion of the successful testing of the "mini-camera", field tests at the telescope site will be conducted. Salient features of the SiPM based camera, results from the tests conducted by us and status report will be presented.

Genetically modified (GM) crops are genetically engineered to provide desirous trait, specifically designed in agricultural beneficial scenario. The traits like enhanced vitamin production, resistance against pests and herbicides, GM crops have now been an important part of agriculture productivity with low input and high output at field level. With the introduction of first field trial of tobacco crop for herbicide resistance in 1986, by USA and France, China became the first country to commercialize virus-resistant tobacco in 1990s. Since then several countries have adopted GM crops with diverse modified genetic makeup. Soybean is the most popularly grown GM crop, which comprises of 82% of total area of soybean cultivation. Engineering varied levels of biofortification for its oil properties and herbicide-resistance have been the most developed GMCs. Highly susceptible to most of the insects, GM cotton, resistant to pest is another most globally cultivated crop. Other GM crops like jatropha, rice, sugar beet, papaya, maize, and brinjal have been commercially cultivated in one or the other countries. However, contrary to several other countries allowing cultivation of GM crops, Bt cotton remains the only GM crop grown in India.

Charcoal rot is an economically important fungal disease of soybean. The molecular basis of charcoal rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina and soybean pathogenesis is largely unknown, limiting breeding programs to develop genetic resistance. Hence, the present study was targeted to study the transcriptome of susceptible (JS 95–60) and resistant (JS 20–29) soybean genotypes infected with M. phaseolina to identify the molecular basis of its host-pathogen interaction. Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform was used to generate an overall of 25560 paired end reads. A total of 1683 and 1219 differentially expressed genes were obtained in resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The expression of several signaling genes viz, calcium, kinases, pathogenesis related, etc. were differentially induced in both the genotypes. However, the expression of several leucine-rich repeat genes was differentially up-regulated in R6. Ca2+ ion-mediated basal defense response was observed in both the genotypes. Several WRKY-genes were up-regulated in resistant response, contributing to up-regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway genes. Several other genes differentially expressed in two contrasting genotypes, comprised those involved in hormone-signaling, biosynthesis of secondary metabolism and transcriptional reprogramming during infection. The charcoal rot resistance trait seems to be quantitative, and we propose that genes like WRKY, LysM-RLKs, NBS-LRR, flavonoid pathway genes can be effectively utilized to introgress resistance trait in soybean.

The mildew locus O (Mlo) gene family is ubiquitous in land plants. Some members of this gene family are involved in negative regulation of powdery mildew resistance, while others are involved in several other biological functions. Mlo proteins have characteristic seven transmembrane domains and a calmodulin-binding domain at their C-termini, and are associated with plasma membrane. The Mlo gene family has been studied in several economically important cereals, but little information is available on this gene family in the important legumes, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Cicer arietinum L. We carried out a comprehensive and comparative investigation of the Mlo gene family in these two species using the genome sequences available at the M. truncatula genome database (Mt v4.0) and NCBI (C. arietinum). A genome-wide homology-based search using Arabidopsis Mlo proteins as query identified 16 MtMlo (M. truncatula Mlo) and 14 CarMlo (C. arietinum Mlo) genes. The MtMlo and CarMlo genes had comparable gene structure, protein sequence and topology. Their chromosomal locations indicated the occurrence of extensive reorganization in the genomes of the two species after their divergence from the common ancestor. A multiple sequence alignment of 53 Mlo proteins from these two and several other species showed a highly conserved sequence block of seven amino acids, viz., L-ETPTW, towards their N-termini. The evolutionary phylogenetic analysis grouped the MtMlo and CarMlo members into four clusters, and most of the MtMlo and CarMlo members formed one-to-one ortholog pairs. The ka/ks analyses indicated that the MtMlo and CarMlo genes are subjected to intense purifying selection.

Mercury is ranked as the most toxic heavy metals. It enters into the environment due to some natural processes and anthropogenic activities. It has a property of bioaccumulation into the food chain through uptake by crop plants from the contaminated agricultural lands, leading to detrimental impact on human health. Mercury has the toxic effect on plants as it disturbs many biological processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, cell division and so on. Phytoremediation involves several plant species which have the ability to accumulate or degrade contaminants, including heavy metals. Another important strategy is the utilization of transgenic plants transformed with bacterial mer genes to increase phytoremediation of mercury. The mercury-resistant plant growth promoting microbes (PGPM) enhance plant growth under mercury stress as well as increase the mercury uptake by plants. This chapter summarizes the present understanding toward the mercury toxicity and their molecular responses in plants. It also illustrates the plethora of mechanism adapted by PGPM for plant growth promotion and detoxification of mercury. It also highlights the paradigms for synergistic use of PGPM for improved phytoremediation of mercury from agricultural lands.

Powdery mildew locus O (Mlo) gene family is one of the largest seven transmembrane protein-encoding gene families. The Mlo proteins act as negative regulators of powdery mildew resistance and a loss-of-function mutation in Mlo is known to confer broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, the Mlo gene family members are known to participate in various developmental and biotic and abiotic stress response-related pathways. Therefore, a genome-wide similarity search using the characterized Mlo protein sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana was carried out to identify putative Mlo genes in soybean (Glycine max) genome. This search identified 39 Mlo domain containing protein-encoding genes that were distributed on 15 of the 20 G. max chromosomes. The putative promoter regions of these Mlo genes contained response elements for different external stimuli, including different hormones and abiotic stresses. Of the 39 GmMlo proteins, 35 were rich (8.7-13.1 %) in leucine, while five were serine-rich (9.2-11.9 %). Furthermore, all the GmMlo members were localized in the plasma membrane. Phylogenetic analysis of the GmMlo and the AtMlo proteins classified them into three main clusters, and the cluster I comprised two sub-clusters. Multiple sequence alignment visualized the location of seven transmembrane domains, and a conserved CaM-binding domain. Some of the GmMlo proteins (GmMlo10, 20, 22, 23, 32, 36, 37) contained less than seven transmembrane domains. The motif analysis yielded 27 motifs; out of these, motif 2, the only motif present in all the GmMlos, was highly conserved and three amino acid residues were essentially invariant. Five of the GmMlo members were much smaller in size; presumably they originated through deletion following a gene duplication event. The presence of a large number of GmMlo members in the G. max genome may be due to its paleopolyploid nature and the large genome size as compared to that of Arabidopsis. The findings of this study may further help in characterization and isolation of individual GmMlo members.

Drought tolerance is the essential trait that needs to be incorporated in cereal crops, particularly those grown under the rainfed cultivation. Drought tolerance being contributed by several regions of the genome requires identification of these regions, using suitable molecular markers. Therefore, present investigation was aimed at analyzing the genetic diversity present among the cultivars of rainfed and the irrigated areas with respect to the drought tolerant trait. In all, 14 RAPD and 90 ISSR markers were used to identify these genomic regions. Out of 14 RAPD markers, one RAPD primer exhibited polymorphic banding pattern with 18.6 % polymorphism, clearly separating drought tolerant and drought susceptible genotypes. Out of 90 ISSR primers, only 3 ISSR primers revealed polymorphism in relation to the drought tolerance trait exhibiting 21.38 % polymorphism.

The custard apple (Annona squamosa) fruits were procured from local market, irradiated with radiation doses 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 kGy and then treated with benzyl adenine (50 and 100 part per million) and stored at ambient temperature (25 ± 5 °C, Relative Humidity 90 ± 2%) for 12 days. The treated fruits were evaluated for sensory (viz; flavour, texture, internal and external colour) and chemical constituents (viz; Total Soluble Solids, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, free soluble sugar, reducing sugar. non reducing sugar, carbohydrate) during storage. The study concluded that radiation dose of 1.5 kilo Gray along with 50 ppm benzyl adenine enhanced in shelf-life of custard apple fruits by 6 days at ambient temperature with good pulp texture, flavour, colour and nutritional quality as compared to control.