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15. How are outcomes for learners judged in the further education and skills sector?

Author

Rees, Robert, Egan, Bridget, and Ball, Kerry

Subjects
374, inspection, further education, Ofsted, accountability, outcomes, accuracy, consistency, success rates
Abstract

My study analyses how inspectors use success rate, value added, attendance, progression and destination data to evaluate student performance and to make judgements on outcomes for learners in further education colleges. Ofsted (2017) acknowledges that there is little empirical evidence about the validity of inspection judgements. My previous experience suggests that inspectors approach and interpret data inconsistently. To date, hardly any research into this aspect of inspection has been published. I analysed 165 further education college inspection reports from inspections that took place between September 2012 and July 2015, along with the publicly available success rate data the inspectors would have used to evaluate student performance. For aspects where data is not collected centrally, this was obtained directly from colleges within the scope of this study. Data are analysed using approaches that reflect the ways in which Ofsted uses numerical information. My findings indicate that there is (often considerable) disparity between the success rate data and the judgements made by inspectors, and that the use of the national success rate average as a foundation from which student performance is assessed is inconsistent. I further suggest that, because most of the data (other than success rates) is generated by the individual colleges in the absence of any national guidance, inspectors are not able to compare one college with any other objectively. Moreover, not all inspection reports make judgements to the same criteria, with too many reports missing key judgements. This evidence indicates that there is a lack of transparency about which student groups are included or excluded from the data used by inspectors to inform their judgements. I therefore conclude that the consistency with which inspectors use data and information to evaluate student performance and make judgements on outcomes for learners, ‘requires improvement’, and suggest how this situation might be improved.

Published
2018

26. Albuterol–budesonide fixed-dose combination rescue inhaler for asthma: a plain language summary of the MANDALA study.

Author

Papi, Alberto, Chipps, Bradley E., Beasley, Richard, Panettieri Jr, Reynold A., Israel, Elliot, Cooper, Mark, Dunsire, Lynn, Jeynes-Ellis, Allison, Rees, Robert, Albers, Frank C., and Cappelletti, Christy

Subjects
INHALERS, ASTHMA, RESEARCH personnel, ALBUTEROL, BUDESONIDE
Abstract

What is this summary about? This summary describes the results of a clinical study called MANDALA that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2022. In the MANDALA study, researchers looked at a new asthma rescue inhaler that contains both albuterol and budesonide in a single inhaler (known as albuterol–budesonide, AIRSUPRA™). This summary describes the results for people aged 18 yearsand older who took part in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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34. Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture: Impacts on Sustainable Soil Management

Author

Rees, Robert Martin, Griffiths, Bryan S., McVittie, Alistair, Ginzky, Harald, Series Editor, Anderson, Jerry, Advisory Editor, Boer, Ben, Advisory Editor, Desrousseaux, Maylis, Advisory Editor, Dooley, Elizabeth, Advisory Editor, Hannam, Ian, Advisory Editor, Kibugi, Robert, Advisory Editor, Markus, Till, Advisory Editor, Morato Leite, José, Advisory Editor, Richardson, Jesse, Advisory Editor, Vanheusden, Bernard, Advisory Editor, Du, Qun, Advisory Editor, Heuser, Irene L., editor, Kasimbazi, Emmanuel, editor, and Qin, Tianbao, editor

Published
2018
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41. Impliance: A Next Generation Information Management Appliance

Author

Bhattacharjee, Bishwaranjan, Ercegovac, Vuk, Glider, Joseph, Golding, Richard, Lohman, Guy, Markl, Volke, Pirahesh, Hamid, Rao, Jun, Rees, Robert, Reiss, Frederick, Shekita, Eugene, and Swart, Garret

Subjects
Computer Science - Databases
Abstract

ably successful in building a large market and adapting to the changes of the last three decades, its impact on the broader market of information management is surprisingly limited. If we were to design an information management system from scratch, based upon today's requirements and hardware capabilities, would it look anything like today's database systems?" In this paper, we introduce Impliance, a next-generation information management system consisting of hardware and software components integrated to form an easy-to-administer appliance that can store, retrieve, and analyze all types of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured information. We first summarize the trends that will shape information management for the foreseeable future. Those trends imply three major requirements for Impliance: (1) to be able to store, manage, and uniformly query all data, not just structured records; (2) to be able to scale out as the volume of this data grows; and (3) to be simple and robust in operation. We then describe four key ideas that are uniquely combined in Impliance to address these requirements, namely the ideas of: (a) integrating software and off-the-shelf hardware into a generic information appliance; (b) automatically discovering, organizing, and managing all data - unstructured as well as structured - in a uniform way; (c) achieving scale-out by exploiting simple, massive parallel processing, and (d) virtualizing compute and storage resources to unify, simplify, and streamline the management of Impliance. Impliance is an ambitious, long-term effort to define simpler, more robust, and more scalable information systems for tomorrow's enterprises., Comment: This article is published under a Creative Commons License Agreement (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/.) You may copy, distribute, display, and perform the work, make derivative works and make commercial use of the work, but, you must attribute the work to the author and CIDR 2007. 3rd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR) January 710, 2007, Asilomar, California, USA

Published
2006

42. Are single global warming potential impact assessments adequate for carbon footprints of agri-food systems?

Author

McAuliffe, Graham A., Lynch, John, Cain, Michelle, Buckingham, Sarah, Rees, Robert M., Collins, Adrian L., Allen, Myles, Pierrehumbert, Raymond, Lee, Michael R. F., and Takahashi, Taro

Subjects
climate change, life cycle assessment, sensitivity analysis, greenhouse gas emissions, agriculture
Abstract

The vast majority of agri-food climate-based sustainability analyses use GWP100 as an impact assessment, usually in isolation; however, in recent years, discussions have criticised the 'across-the-board' application of GWP100 in Life Cycle Assessments (LCA), particularly of food systems which generate large amounts of methane (CH4) and considered whether reporting additional and/or alternative metrics may be more applicable to certain circumstances or research questions. This paper reports a sensitivity analysis using a pasture-based beef production system (a producer of high CH4 emissions) as an exemplar to compare various climate impact assessments: CO2-equivalents using GWP100 and GTP100, and 'CO2-warming-equivalents' using 'GWP Star', or GWP*. The inventory for this system was compiled using data from the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) National Capability, the North Wyke Farm Platform, in Devon, SW England. LCAs can have an important bearing on: (i) policymakers' decisions; (ii) farmer management decisions; (iii) consumers' purchasing habits; and (iv) wider perceptions of whether certain activities can be considered 'sustainable' or not; it is, therefore, the responsibility of LCA practitioners and scientists to ensure that subjective decisions are tested as robustly as possible through appropriate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. We demonstrate herein that the choice of climate impact assessment has dramatic effects on interpretation, with GWP100 and GTP100 producing substantially different results due to their different treatments of CH4 in the context of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents. Given its dynamic nature and previously proven strong correspondence with climate models, out of the three assessments covered, GWP* provides the most complete coverage of the temporal evolution of temperature change for different GHG emissions. We extend previous discussions on the limitations of static emission metrics and encourage LCA practitioners to consider due care and attention where additional information or dynamic approaches may prove superior, scientifically speaking, particularly in cases of decision support.

Published
2023

46. Defining the Critical Hurdles in Cancer Immunotherapy

Author

Fox, Bernard A, Schendel, Dolores J, Butterfield, Lisa H, Aamdal, Steinar, Allison, James P, Ascierto, Paolo, Atkins, Michael B, Bartunkova, Jirina, Bergmann, Lothar, Berinstein, Neil, Bonorino, Cristina C, Borden, Ernest, Bramson, Jonathan L, Britten, Cedrik M, Cao, Xuetao, Carson, William E, Chang, Alfred E, Characiejus, Dainius, Choudhury, A Raja, Coukos, George, de Gruijl, Tanja, Dillman, Robert O, Dolstra, Harry, Dranoff, Glenn, Durrant, Lindy G, Finke, James H, Galon, Jerome, Gollob, Jared A, Gouttefangeas, Cécile, Grizzi, Fabio, Guida, Michele, Håkansson, Leif, Hege, Kristen, Herberman, Ronald B, Hodi, F Stephen, Hoos, Axel, Huber, Christoph, Hwu, Patrick, Imai, Kohzoh, Jaffee, Elizabeth M, Janetzki, Sylvia, June, Carl H, Kalinski, Pawel, Kaufman, Howard L, Kawakami, Koji, Kawakami, Yutaka, Keilholtz, Ulrich, Khleif, Samir N, Kiessling, Rolf, Kotlan, Beatrix, Kroemer, Guido, Lapointe, Rejean, Levitsky, Hyam I, Lotze, Michael T, Maccalli, Cristina, Maio, Michele, Marschner, Jens-Peter, Mastrangelo, Michael J, Masucci, Giuseppe, Melero, Ignacio, Melief, Cornelius, Murphy, William J, Nelson, Brad, Nicolini, Andrea, Nishimura, Michael I, Odunsi, Kunle, Ohashi, Pamela S, O'Donnell-Tormey, Jill, Old, Lloyd J, Ottensmeier, Christian, Papamichail, Michael, Parmiani, Giorgio, Pawelec, Graham, Proietti, Enrico, Qin, Shukui, Rees, Robert, Ribas, Antoni, Ridolfi, Ruggero, Ritter, Gerd, Rivoltini, Licia, Romero, Pedro J, Salem, Mohamed L, Scheper, Rik J, Seliger, Barbara, Sharma, Padmanee, Shiku, Hiroshi, Singh-Jasuja, Harpreet, Song, Wenru, Straten, Per, Tahara, Hideaki, Tian, Zhigang, van Der Burg, Sjoerd H, von Hoegen, Paul, Wang, Ena, Welters, Marij JP, Winter, Hauke, Withington, Tara, Wolchok, Jedd D, Xiao, Weihua, and Zitvogel, Laurence

Abstract

Abstract Scientific discoveries that provide strong evidence of antitumor effects in preclinical models often encounter significant delays before being tested in patients with cancer. While some of these delays have a scientific basis, others do not. We need to do better. Innovative strategies need to move into early stage clinical trials as quickly as it is safe, and if successful, these therapies should efficiently obtain regulatory approval and widespread clinical application. In late 2009 and 2010 the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), convened an "Immunotherapy Summit" with representatives from immunotherapy organizations representing Europe, Japan, China and North America to discuss collaborations to improve development and delivery of cancer immunotherapy. One of the concepts raised by SITC and defined as critical by all parties was the need to identify hurdles that impede effective translation of cancer immunotherapy. With consensus on these hurdles, international working groups could be developed to make recommendations vetted by the participating organizations. These recommendations could then be considered by regulatory bodies, governmental and private funding agencies, pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions to facilitate changes necessary to accelerate clinical translation of novel immune-based cancer therapies. The critical hurdles identified by representatives of the collaborating organizations, now organized as the World Immunotherapy Council, are presented and discussed in this report. Some of the identified hurdles impede all investigators; others hinder investigators only in certain regions or institutions or are more relevant to specific types of immunotherapy or first-in-humans studies. Each of these hurdles can significantly delay clinical translation of promising advances in immunotherapy yet if overcome, have the potential to improve outcomes of patients with cancer.

Published
2011

50. Challenges of accounting nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural crop residues.

Author

Olesen, Jørgen E., Rees, Robert M., Recous, Sylvie, Bleken, Marina A., Abalos, Diego, Ahuja, Ishita, Butterbach‐Bahl, Klaus, Carozzi, Marco, De Notaris, Chiara, Ernfors, Maria, Haas, Edwin, Hansen, Sissel, Janz, Baldur, Lashermes, Gwenaëlle, Massad, Raia S., Petersen, Søren O., Rittl, Tatiana F., Scheer, Clemens, Smith, Kate E., and Thiébeau, Pascal

Subjects
*CROP residues, *AGRICULTURAL wastes, *CROPS, *NITROUS oxide, *SOIL fertility management
Abstract

Crop residues are important inputs of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to soils and thus directly and indirectly affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. As the current inventory methodology considers N inputs by crop residues as the sole determining factor for N2O emissions, it fails to consider other underlying factors and processes. There is compelling evidence that emissions vary greatly between residues with different biochemical and physical characteristics, with the concentrations of mineralizable N and decomposable C in the residue biomass both enhancing the soil N2O production potential. High concentrations of these components are associated with immature residues (e.g., cover crops, grass, legumes, and vegetables) as opposed to mature residues (e.g., straw). A more accurate estimation of the short‐term (months) effects of the crop residues on N2O could involve distinguishing mature and immature crop residues with distinctly different emission factors. The medium‐term (years) and long‐term (decades) effects relate to the effects of residue management on soil N fertility and soil physical and chemical properties, considering that these are affected by local climatic and soil conditions as well as land use and management. More targeted mitigation efforts for N2O emissions, after addition of crop residues to the soil, are urgently needed and require an improved methodology for emission accounting. This work needs to be underpinned by research to (1) develop and validate N2O emission factors for mature and immature crop residues, (2) assess emissions from belowground residues of terminated crops, (3) improve activity data on management of different residue types, in particular immature residues, and (4) evaluate long‐term effects of residue addition on N2O emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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