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PurposeMuch of the existing literature note how students' academic difficulties result from their background and lack of cultural capital. This paper aims to focus on internal structural inequality where people with particular backgrounds are disadvantaged within an institution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a case study approach to understand how an in-built faculty programme, Business for Success (B4S), mitigates institutional inequalities.FindingsThe study’s findings demonstrate that students need services to get accustomed to university, settle in and transition to professional work. Student services are both dependent (such as bridging courses, peer mentoring and internships) and independent (such as ongoing communication, resource loans) on the stage of their studies.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to theory and practice by developing a process framework that policymakers could use to design holistic support programmes and improve students' transition to university, learning and professional work.

Objectives: Postoperative pain after modified radical mastectomy ranges from moderate to severe. Pectoralis block in comparison to Erector Spinae block have been found better in reducing pain scores and reducing consumption of rescue analgesic in postoperative period. This study aimed to compare the effect of Erector Spinae block and Pectoralis block on quality of recovery after Modified Radical Mastectomy using QoR-40 score. Methods: After general anaesthesia, patients were given block according to computer generated randomization. Group-I-Pectoralis block including PEC I AND PEC II(PECS), Group-II-Erector spinae block(ESP) and Group III-Control Group (No intervention). Quality of recovery (QoR-40) score was observed on morning of surgery and at 24 hrs. Time to rescue analgesia and total consumption of rescue analgesia in first 24 hrs. were also observed. Results: In the postoperative period at 24 hrs. Global QoR-40 scores were 183.64±6.36 in PECS group, 179.68± 6.38 in ESP group and 171.37±6.88 in control group. (p

Context The oral pregabalin administration preoperatively has been reported to reduce acute postoperative pain and prolong the duration of anesthesia produced by single-injection peripheral nerve blockade. Aim To study the effect of single dose pregabalin on duration of brachial plexus block Settings and design Prospective, randomised, double blind, comparative study Material and methods Patients were divided into two groups (groups A and B), with each group having 50 patients. In group A, the patient received a pregabalin capsule of 300 mg orally two hours before surgery with a sip of water. Group B received a placebo (vitamin B complex capsule) orally two hours before surgery. Brachial plexus block was performed, and data was collected. Statistical analysis Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0 statistical analysis software. Demographic data and clinical variables were compared using the student's t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results The requirement of the first dose of analgesia was significantly earlier in group B as compared to group A (4:56±0:20 vs. 8:01±0:30 hours). Group B patients, as compared to group A patients, had significantly higher levels of pain after two hours of surgery (0.32±0.47 vs. 0.00±0.00) and at four hours of surgery (2.42±0.50 vs. 0.34±0.59). Conclusions Oral pregabalin prolongs analgesia from brachial plexus block without significant effect on the motor block. In addition, premedication with oral pregabalin increases the sensory block of brachial plexus block.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of continuous epidural infusion with intermittent bolus doses for labour analgesia using ropivacaine 0.2% and opioids. Methods In this study, 70 primigravida patients were randomly divided into two groups of 35 each. Both groups received a loading dose of 10ml of 0.2% ropivacaine and 1μg/ml fentanyl in 5ml incremental doses while monitoring blood pressure and heart rate. Subsequently, Group I received a continuous epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl at 10ml/hr, while Group II received 10 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl in bolus form every hour manually, with the first dose given after one hour of the initial loading dose. A rescue bolus dose of 5ml of 0.2% ropivacaine was given in both groups when they complained of breakthrough pain (VAS score3). An additional 5ml bolus dose was given in both groups at the time of crowning. The blood pressure, heart rate, and severity of pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS) were assessed. Total drug volume utilized, the number of bolus doses, duration of the first and second stage of labour, rate of instrumental delivery and cesarean section, and neonatal Apgar scores were also recorded. Results The total volume of drugs consumed and the number of boluses required for breakthrough pain were both significantly lower in Group II. There was a similar decrease in hemodynamic parameters (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure) from baseline in both the groups with no significant difference between them. The onset of analgesia was significantly faster in Group I with both groups achieving optimum analgesia (VAS ≤ 3) within 20 minutes of the loading dose. Maternal motor blockade scores, the duration of the first and second stage of labour, the rate of instrumental delivery, cesarean section, and neonatal Apgar scores, did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion Both techniques, i.e. continuous epidural infusion and intermittent epidural boluses are effective for providing labour analgesia. But consumption of drugs and episodes of breakthrough pain was higher in the continuous infusion group (Group I).

Recently, opoids are linked with cancer recurrence. Duloxetine hydrochloride (DH), an anxiolytic may reduce total opoid requirement after cancer surgery.We assessed the efficacy of a single dose of DH in reducing the total morphine requirement after open radical cholecystectomy. We also calculated the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, patient satisfaction score (PSS), and time taken to the use of the first rescue analgesic.This is a prospective, randomized, double blind, controlled study conducted in the patients aged 20-70 years (American Society of Anaesthesiologists classes I-III) undergoing open radical cholecystectomy under general anesthesia for carcinoma gall bladder.The patients were divided into two groups of 32 patients each by computer-generated randomization. Group A received oral DH (60 mg); Group B received identical placebo capsules 2 h before surgery with a sip of water. Postoperatively, intravenous morphine was given using a patient-controlled analgesia pump. After 24 h, total morphine consumption, the VAS score, time to the first rescue analgesia, and PSS were recorded.Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS version 22.0, IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA 2013).The total morphine consumption and VAS score were significantly lower in Group A. No significant effects was observed on PSS.A single 60 mg dose of DH administered 2 h before open radical cholecystectomy reduced total morphine consumption and improved VAS score postoperatively with no effect on PSS.

Background The epidural analgesia technique is effective for labor analgesia and combinations of various local anesthetics with lipophilic opioids like fentanyl are used. However, fentanyl can cause an increased incidence of pruritus, urinary retention, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, shivering, and respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine and clonidine are selective alpha 2 agonists with analgesic properties and have been used via the neuraxial route with local anesthetics for the same without the side effects of fentanyl. Thus, the primary objective was to assess and compare the analgesic efficacy of the two-drug combinations by the visual analog scale (VAS) score. Methods Fifty-four primigravida women were randomly allocated in two groups of 27 each and were given an initial bolus of 10 mL of 0.125% levobupivacaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5 ug/kg in Group A and with clonidine 1 μg/kg in Group B. Subsequently, each patient received a background infusion rate of 10 mL/h, a bolus dose of 5 ml, and a lock-out interval of 10 min via a patient-controlled-analgesia (PCA) pump. The blood pressure, heart rate, and severity of pain using VAS were assessed. Durations of the stages of labor, rate of instrumental delivery, and cesarean section, side effects, maternal sedation, and neonatal Apgar scores were also recorded. Results VAS scores in both the groups progressively decreased to

Millets are recently being recognized as emerging food ingredients with multifaceted applications. Whole grain flours made from millets, exhibit diverse chemical compositions, starch digestibility and physicochemical properties. A food matrix can be viewed as a section of food microstructure, commonly coinciding with a physical spatial domain that interacts or imparts specific functionalities to a particular food constituent. The complex millet-based food matrices can help individuals to attain nutritional benefits due to the intricate and unique digestive properties of these foods. This review helps to fundamentally understand the binary and ternary interactions of millet-based foods. Nutritional bioavailability and bioaccessibility are also discussed based on additive, synergistic, masking, the antagonistic or neutralizing effect of different food matrix components on each other and the surrounding medium. The molecular basis of these interactions and their effect on important functional attributes like starch retrogradation, gelling, pasting, water, and oil holding capacity is also discussed.

Introduction: Chronic lumbar radiculopathy is defined as a clinical syndrome of back and leg pain companied by sensory, reflex, or motor deficits in a nerve root distribution lasting for more than 12 weeks. Lumbar radiculopathy mostly occurs due to a prolapsed disc. Both surgical and non-surgical treatments are available. This prospective analytic study was designed to assess the efficacy of selective nerve root block with corticosteroids in the management of pain associated with prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc that didn’t get relief from non-surgical pharmacological treatment. Materials and Methods: 40 Known cases of lumbar PIVD not responding to pharmacological treatment were given c- arm guided root block for respective nerve root and the results were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Scale (ODI)and straight leg raising (SLR) test over the period of 1,3,6, and 12 months. Results: Total of 40 patients were included in the study out of which 29 (72.5%) were male and 11 (27.5%) were female. Average Age was 36.73±10.8 ranging 18–62 years. The average duration of pain was 13.08±4.1 months. The initial VAS was 7.65±0.5 which was reduced to 4.07±0.9 at final follow up after 1 year of treatment. The average SLR was increased to average 65.8 ± 5.3% t final follow up from average 41 ± 12.8% at initiation of treatment. The initial ODI score was78.20±2.8 which was reduced to 41.70±5.5 at final follow up. All the parameters taken to assess the therapeutic effects of SNRB showed statistically significant change from initial values to final values. Conclusion: Our study has shown that selective nerve root block is an easy and safe method with better short-term, mid- term, and long-term pain relief and improvement in functional disability in cases of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. It can be given by a trained interventionist /orthopedic surgeon. Keywords: Lumbar PIVD, Root block, ODI.

Tinnitus, also known as phantom auditory perception, is an annoying symptom and 13-17% of population reports bothersome tinnitus. Cochlear synaptic tinnitus is the most common type. Many treatments have been tried but none is yet considered to be well established. To evaluate effect of Inj.Caroverine and Ginkgo Biloba extract in cochlear synaptic tinnitus in terms of improving tinnitus grading, tinnitus matching and quality of life of patient. It is Randomised controlled study, conducted in department of ENT, on 86 patients, who met inclusion criteria, divided into 4 groups. Gr1-Inj Caroverin, Gr2-Inj Placebo, Gr3-Ginkgo Biloba extract, Gr4-Placebo as extract. A single dose infusion of caroverine immediately improves tinnitus grading and matching and provides immediate relief in reducing severity of tinnitus in 54.54% cases but improvement was not sustained in caroverine group at 3 month and 6 month follow-up after infusion. Ginkgo biloba also is effective in improving tinnitus grading and matching in 31.8% cases and improvement was sustained in ginkgo biloba group even after 3 month of cessation of treatment i.e. at 6 month follow-up. It is suggested that Inj.Caroverine as intravenous infusion should be given in severe cases of tinnitus to reduce its severity immediately and then patient should be put on Tab.Ginkgo biloba for a period of 3 months to provide sustained and long lasting relief. Thus combination therapy of Inj.Caroverin and Tab.Ginkgo Biloba, appropriately tailored to the need of patient will provide better results in greater majority of patients.

Introduction: Equilibration point of an inhalational agent is the transition point when ratio of expired (Fe) to inspired (Fi) concentration of inhalational anaesthetic agent (Fe/Fi) reaches 0.8 or when uptake of volatile agent reaches 80%. It helps in reducing the duration of initial high gas flows before switching over to low flows. Aim: To compare Desflurane with Isoflurane for equilibration time, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and post extubation recovery parameters. Materials and Methods: Depending on the volatile anesthetic agent being used patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Group I (n =25) received Desflurane and Group II (n=25) received Isoflurane as inhalational anesthetic agent. In all patients low flow anaesthesia was given after achieving equilibration time and that time was noted. Other parameters measured were intraoperative heart rate, mean blood pressure, mean EtN2O, mean EtFe (End tidal volatile anesthetic agent concentration), recovery parameters (recovery time, recovery score and vitals) and any complications if any. Statistics: Analysis was performed on SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 17.0 Statistical Analysis Software. Result: The equilibration point for group I was achieved in 2.18 ± 0.84 min and for group II was achieved in 10.08 ± 2.36 min and this difference was statistically significant. The intraoperative heart rate and MAP did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between the two groups at all time periods. On comparing, post extubation vitals i.e. HR (8.1%) and recovery time (69.9%) they were found significantly (p Conclusion: Desflurane use results in shorter equilibrium time and earlier reduction of FGF with early and better recovery than Isoflurane. Keywords: Desflurane, Isoflurane, Low flow Anaesthesia, Equilibration time.

Introduction: World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020, due to the constantly increasing number of cases outside China. Previously, India had global record of highest single day spike of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) cases, with 97,894 cases on 17thSeptember 2020. Aim: To find out the demographic and clinical characteristics of critically ill patients of SARS-CoV-2 and comparing the outcomes of patients admitted in COVID dedicated Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with and without co-morbidities and also in different age groups and sex. Material and Methods: This retrospective study from July 2020 to December 2020 was a single centre observational experience of management of COVID-19 patients at COVID dedicated ICU in Firozabad, India. The following data were recorded: age, sex, comorbidities and mode of oxygen delivery (invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, high flow nasal canula). Chi-square test was used to compare the outcomes of patients admitted in COVID dedicated ICU with and without co-morbidities and also in different age groups and sex. Results: In this study, the data of 120 severely ill COVID-19 patients were reviewed. The mean age of patients were (58±15.29) years and male to female ratio was 3:1. At least one comorbid condition was reported in 53.3% of patients-most common being Hypertension (36.6%) followed by Diabetes mellitus 2 (20%), COPD (15%). Then Cardiovascular Diseases, Renal, Liver diseases and ailments followed. All patients admitted to COVID ICU had moderate to severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Older age (61 years and above, mortality 17%), male sex (16.7% deaths among 90 critically ill male COVID patients) and presence of comorbid conditions appear to have higher mortality in this study. However apart from comorbid conditions (p=0.001) none was statistically significant. The overall mortality in this study of 120 critically ill COVID patients was 14.16%. Conclusion: From this study, it can be suggested that survival of critically ill COVID patients can further be improved by better management of their comorbid conditions and avoiding complications of invasive ventilation. However, further multicentric studies with large sample size are needed to confirm these findings.

Introduction: Patients admitted in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) experiences various discomforts which may be recognised or unrecognised. These discomforts may arise from the environment, may be related to the ICU care and discomfort related to the health status of the patient and critical care interventions. Aim: To identify the various discomforts in ICU patients, to classify them with respective causes, identify the most common cause among them and whether ICU sedation helps in reducing discomforts. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted from 15th July to 15th October 2018 on 120 mixed ICU patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Patients who were admitted to ICU for more than 24 hours, aged 18 years and above, those who gave written informed consent were observed and enquired for any discomfort. Discomforts have been identified and recorded by a fulltime intensivist by direct observation, by interacting with the patients and asking the family members and others (indirect approach). Through this study discomforts of critically ill patients were broadly classified into four categories 1. Due to existing illness, 2. Due to ICU interventions, 3. Due to improper nursing care and 4. Due to environmental factors. Results: Out of 120 patients studied, 84 patients (70%) reported some kind of discomfort during their ICU stay. Existing illness was the most common cause of discomfort, 80 patients (66.6%) suffered due to it. ICU interventions was the second most common cause, 71 patients (59.1%) had discomfort due to interventions. Thirty five patients (29.1%) suffered due to improper nursing care and 25 patients (20.8%) suffered due to the environmental factors. In this study, it was observed that sedation reduces all kind of discomforts. conclusion: In this study 70% of patients, who were admitted to ICU due to various illness reported some kind of discomfort. The most common cause of ICU discomforts was existing illness followed by ICU interventions. In this study it was observed that sedation reduces all kind of discomforts. Sedated patients tolerate the endotracheal tube better and they had less environmental and procedure related discomforts. With the present study observation it can be suggested that ICU charts of nurses and doctors can carry a separate column for mentioning discomforts in different duty shifts. However, with the use of appropriate analgesia and sedation discomfort can be reduced.

One of the more noticeable changes to tertiary teaching over the past decade has been the widespread adoption of digital technologies, in particular eLearning platforms and lecture capture technology. However, much of the current knowledge of how students utilise these new technologies and their effect on traditional lecture attendance is simply derived from student surveys rather than comprehensive independent analyses. In this study, we use cluster analysis to identify common lecture resource utilisation patterns for students in four large first-year business subjects. While common usage patterns with respect to lecture attendance, video lecture recording access and download of lecture notes are identified across our subjects, the proportion of students within each of the utilisation clusters varies widely. Business statistics students are much more likely to either attend lectures or view video recordings compared to economics students, many of whom rely solely on the download of lecture notes. In order to gain insight into how student characteristics may affect these utilisation patterns, we develop a predictive model, quantifying the influences of prior academic performance, gender, age, distance from campus and international student status using statistical modelling. We find a strong role for students’ previous academic performance in explaining lecture resource utilisation patterns. Students’ commuting distance to campus is also established as a factor dissuading physical lecture attendance. Contrary to initial expectations, we also found that females and older students tend to rely more heavily on digital resources rather than lecture attendance. It is hoped that these findings can help first-year instructors and University administrators understand the heterogeneity of student lecture engagement patterns within the first-year experience.

>Introduction: Spinal anaesthesia is the preferred technique for caesarean section. Around 80% of which is complicated by maternal hypotension. Vasopressors are currently the treatment of choice for spinal-induced hypotension but these may individually have significant maternal or foetal side effects. Aim: To compare ephedrine and phenylephrine infusion with ephedrine and phenylephrine combination for preventing the hypotension in patients undergoing emergency caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized double blind study of 90 parturients beyond 32 weeks of pregnancy for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Assuming a potency ratio of 80:1 ephedrine to phenylephrine, the patients were divided into the following three groups: Group E - received infusions of ephedrine 8 mg/ml, Group P - received infusions of 100 mcg/ml phenylephrine and Group E + P received infusion of ephedrine 4 mg/ml + phenylephrine 50 mcg/ml. A predefined algorithm was used to adjust the infusion rate according to the systolic blood pressure (SBP). After spinal injection, SBP, diastolic blood pressures (DBP), heart rate (HR) were recorded every one minute until the cord was clamped. Also, the vasopressor infusion rates were collected till clamping of umbilical cord in each group. Foetal parameters were analyzed from umbilical blood gas. Results: The incidence of hypotension was significantly higher in ephedrine group. The mean rate of infusion was higher for group E (P < 0.05). The foetal metabolism measured by mean pH, was significantly higher in group P(P > 0.05) as compared to others. Complications of bradycardia were observed in 30% of patients receiving phenylephrine.Conclusions: Combination of both phenylephrine and ephedrine is efficacious for spinal-induced hypotension with least maternal or foetal side effects.

The nutritional composition of 87 diverse Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) germplasm including landraces and commercial varieties was assessed through standard protocols. The results indicated a substantial variability in total carbohydrates [starch (50.37–63.25), amylose (19.26–27.90), sucrose (0.58–1.53), glucose (0.32–0.75), resistant starch (RS) (1.49–3.52), total soluble sugars (TSS) (1.53–3.22), expressed as g/100 g], protein (8.07–18.15 g/100 g), total dietary fibre (TDF) (7.68–16.18 g/100 g), lipids and fatty acids [total lipid (5.24–9.99), palmitic (20.30–32.49), linoleic (32.11–46.91), oleic (21.99–33.43) and stearic acid (3.28–7.91) expressed as g/100 g], antinutritional factors [phytic acid (0.54–1.43 g/100 g) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) (0.27–2.08 mmol/100 g)], phenols (0.04–0.21 g/100 g), and minerals. Multivariate analysis using hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to decipher the diversity of these attributes across germplasm. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) can be applied for deciphering the differences/ similarities between multiple nutritional attributes, sample types or for projecting the object in a two/ three-dimensional factor-plane, determined based on various distinct characteristics. HCA revealed that Cluster I, II and III showed higher content of amylose, starch, moisture, cluster III had higher lipid content. cluster I, II, III and IV showed higher RS. Cluster II and III had higher TSS, cluster III showed higher sucrose content. Cluster V and VII were indicated by higher glucose and protein content. Cluster II, III, IV and VI showed phytic acid content and cluster III showed higher mineral content. The germplasm displayed distinct regiospecific variations in their nutritional content. Those derived from Gujarat, Maharashtra and Uttarakhand showed higher protein content. Those derived from Haryana, Karnataka, New Delhi, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh showed high carbohydrates. Those from New Delhi, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand showed high Iron content and high copper was found in germplasm from Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. High zinc was found in germplasms from Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. More calcium was found in germplasm from Maharashtra, Punjab, New Delhi, and Tamil Nadu. The analysis can form the basis for the commercialization and utilization of pearl millet using efficacious breeding strategies.

Background Chronic lumbar radiculopathy has a lifetime prevalence of 5.3% in men and 3.7% in women. It usually resolves spontaneously, but up to 30% cases will have pronounced symptoms even after one year. Aims A prospective randomized single-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of caudal epidural steroid injection and selective nerve root block in management of pain and disability in cases of lumbar disc herniation. Methods Eighty patients with confirmed single-level lumbar disc herniation were equally divided in two groups: (a) caudal epidural and (b) selective nerve root block group, by a computer-generated random allocation method. The caudal group received three injections of steroid mixed with local anesthetics while selective nerve root block group received single injection of steroid mixed with local anesthetic agent. Patients were assessed for pain relief and reduction in disability. Results In SNRB group, pain reduced by more than 50% up till 6 months, while in caudal group more than 50% reduction of pain was maintained till 1 year. The reduction in ODI in SNRB group was 52.8% till 3 months, 48.6% till 6 months, and 46.7% at 1 year, while in caudal group the improvement was 59.6%, 64.6%, 65.1%, and 65.4% at corresponding follow-up periods, respectively. Conclusions Caudal epidural block is an easy and safe method with better pain relief and improvement in functional disability than selective nerve root block. Selective nerve root block injection is technically more demanding and has to be given by a skilled anesthetist.

Introduction: Delirium is known as an acute mental disturbance characterised by confused thinking and disrupted attention that is usually accompanied by disordered speech and hallucination. Delirium often is seen in patients post-surgery. Use of Melatonin pre-operatively decreases the incidence of post-operative delirium. Ramelteon is an agonist of melatonin having longer half-life than melatonin. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Ramelteon for the prevention of post-operative delirium in elderly patients. Materials and Methods: In this randomised controlled double-blind (all places) study, 50 patients with ASA I and II were selected and randomly assigned to each group. Group I received one tablet of Ramelteon (8 mg) 12 hours before surgery and 1 tablet of Ramelteon (8 mg) 1 hour before surgery and Group II received placebo one tablet 12 hours before surgery and 1 tablet 1 hour before surgery. Incidence of delirium was assessed by Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) at 1st, 2nd and 3rd day. The SPSS Version 21.0 was used for the statistical analyses and p-value

Introduction: Supraclavicular brachial plexus block is a commonly used, reliable regional anaesthetic technique for surgery of the upper limb. An adjuvant such as fentanyl/ Nalbuphine is used to prolong the effect of bupivacaine. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of adding fentanyl/nalbuphine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in Ultrasound (US) guided supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade. Materials and Methods: A total 60 ASA I and II adult patients undergoing upper limb surgeries were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine with 2 mL fentanyl 100 µgm with 10 mL of normal saline and Group B received 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine with 2 mL of nalbuphine 20 mg with 10 mL Normal Saline (NS) for supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade. The two groups were compared for the time of onset, duration of sensory and motor blocks, hemodynamic stability, post-operative analgesia and complications. Student’s t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The onset time of sensory block (12.07±1.08 and 8.20±1.32 minutes) and motor block (16.80±1.27 and 14.03±1.22 minutes) were significantly different in between Group A and Group B. The duration of sensory block (466.87±39.84 and 719.23±19.45 minutes) and motor block (16.80±1.27 and 14.03±1.22 minutes) were significantly different in between Group A and Group B. The duration (min.) of analgesia was significantly different between Group A (660.67±31.77) and Group B (836.13±25.74). Conclusion: Nalbuphine 20 mg significantly prolongs the duration of analgesia of supraclavicular brachial plexus block as compared to fentanyl group.

Adequate nourishment and sustenance of human body rely on the intake and absorption of sufficient dietary nutrients. Proteins derived from plant source are recently gaining popularity due to its increased popularity among vegetarian diet. Moreover, the negative impact of animal protein production on the environment and awareness to produce protein through sustainable means are gaining pace. Plant proteins are mainly serve the purpose of providing good health/nutrition and is recommended in various disease conditions, including heart diseases, diabetes, obesity and cancer. This review aims to delineate the recent developments on the extraction of protein from plant sources using conventional (solvent and alkali-based) and advanced green extraction technologies viz. biochemical extraction (single and concoction of enzymes), and physical extraction (ultrasound-, pulse electric field-, microwave- and high pressure-assisted extraction). It is evident from the findings that novel cell disruptive techniques are proven to be more efficient with respect to protein recovery and posing minimal environmental pollution. Utilizing efficient, cost effective, and eco-friendly techniques for protein extraction can help to decipher the key challenges faced by food processing industries.

In India, the total of metropolitan cities around 1 million people and above has increased from 35 in 2001 to 53 in 2011. Around 43% of urban population resides in metropolitan cities. In 2030, India is predicted to increase its urban population a total of 163 million, relative to an increase in the rural population by 30.9 million (UN DESA 2014). Unplanned growth in urban population tends to put pressure on regional/urban disparities and rapidly increasing slum dwelling population. In 2011–2012, headcount ratio (HCR) based on the US$ 1.90 per person per day for India is around 21.3%, and overall people in poverty under this line is 260 million. The urban Gini index augmented nearly 5 points from 34.3 to 39.1, and the urban mean log deviation (MLD) index raised by over 6 points from 19.3 to 25.5 during 1993–1994 to 2011–2012 (World Bank 2015a, b). The figures show the rapid increase in urban poverty and inequality.