Search

Measurements of target asymmetries and double-polarization observables for the reaction $\gamma p\to p\pi^0\pi^0$ are reported. The data were taken with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the ELSA facility (Bonn University) using the Bonn frozen-spin butanol (C$_4$H$_9$OH) target, which provided transversely polarized protons. Linearly polarized photons were produced via bremsstrahlung off a diamond crystal. The data cover the photon energy range from $E_{\gamma}$=650 MeV to $E_{\gamma}$=2600 MeV and nearly the complete angular range. The results have been included in the BnGa partial wave analysis. Experimental results and the fit agree very well. Observed systematic differences in the branching ratios for decays of $N^*$ and $\Delta^*$ resonances are attributed to the internal structure of these excited nucleon states. Resonances which can be assigned to SU(6)$\times$O(3) two-oscillator configurations show larger branching ratios to intermediate states with non-zero intrinsic orbital angular momenta than resonances assigned to one-oscillator configurations., Comment: 21 pages, 27 figures

Supplemental Material for A Meta-Regression of Racial Disparities in Wellbeing Outcomes During and After Foster Care by Reeve S. Kennedy, Marina H. Potter, and Sarah A. Font in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

The current study used meta-regression to establish trends in bullying from 1998 to 2017, to identify factors that help explain variation in bullying trends, and to determine differences in the trends by gender and grade. This study focused on trends of face-to-face (FTF) bullying victimization and perpetration, cyberbullying victimization, relational bullying victimization, verbal bullying victimization, and physical bullying victimization, as well as characteristics of the youth involved. It also explored methodological and survey differences to help determine which factors contribute to variation from study to study. A systematic search found 91 studies reporting trends of bullying, from 1998 to 2017, that met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings illustrate no significant time trend when looking at FTF bullying victimization, yet an increasing time trend for cyberbullying victimization. Additional trends begin to emerge when stratifying the findings by grade and gender, with FTF bullying victimization among boys declining, while FTF bullying victimization among girls is increasing. Across both FTF bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization, younger adolescents report significantly more bullying than older adolescents, and this is consistent over time. Verbal and physical bullying victimization as well as FTF bullying perpetration have significantly declined over time. This study also identified key variables that contribute to the variation from trend study to trend study. The implications of these findings inform both policy and practice and provide insight into the overall scope of bullying within the United States.

Lunar regolith could be thermally treated to extract resources and build an outer habitat shell using additive manufacturing techniques (a.k.a. 3D printing) by robots [1]. Proof of concept experiments has demonstrated that microwaves couple efficiently with lunar regolith and sinter/melt it to build 3D structures and enable resource extraction [2]. However, there are still several questions that can only be answered through experiments on the Moon surface. Thus, the Open University (OU) initiated a collaborative project MARVEL (Microwave heating Apparatus for Regolith Variant Experiments for Lunar ISRU), with Added Value Solutions UK Ltd. and VIPER RF. The team aims to prepare the groundwork for the UK to lead the development of a Microwave Heating Demonstrator (MHD) payload on future missions to the Moon with the flight hardware being developed and built in the UK. The initial concept development of the MHD payload was completed with support from UKSA’s NSTP GEI funding (Figure 1 [3]). \ud In this presentation, we will report the current progress of the MHD development conducted through the NSTP Pathfinder grant, focusing on the challenges with cavity design and the concept of a 1 kW solid-state microwave generator that could be used for future lunar missions.

This work presents design upgrades and test results of XMET, a Xenon Microwave Electro-thermal Thruster. XMET uses a free-floating plasma discharge in a cylindrical resonant cavity operating at 2.45 GHz. It will be used as the reaction control system thruster for an integrated propulsion architecture for small GEO platforms in combination with a microwave based gridded ion engine. We discuss the theoretical background of METs, previous work and describe prototype optimisation done for XMET. Results from an extended test campaign characterising several breadboard configurations are given.

Children in foster care face heightened risk of adverse psychosocial and economic outcomes compared with children in the general population. Yet, the effects of foster care as an intervention are heterogeneous. Heterogeneity outcomes by race and ethnicity are of particular interest, given that Black and Indigenous youth experience foster care at higher rates than other racial/ethnic groups and experience group differences in setting, duration, and exits to permanency. This meta-regression explores racial disparities in education, employment, mental health, and behavioral outcomes during and following foster care. A systematic search of PsycINFO, ERIC, and Academic Search Complete using a series of search terms for studies published between January 2000 and June 2021 found 70 articles and 392 effect sizes that provided outcomes of US-based foster care by race/ethnicity. Findings reveal that Black foster care impacted persons (FCIPs) have 20% lower odds (95% CI: .68–.93) of achieving employment or substantial financial earnings and have 18% lower odds (95% CI: .68–1.00) of mental health concerns compared to White FCIPs. Hispanic FCIPs have 10% lower odds (95% CI: .84–.97) of achieving stable housing compared to non-Hispanic FCIPs. Moderator analyses revealed certain study features (i.e. publication type, timing of the study, location of the study, and placement status of the participants) have a significant impact on the gap between Black and non-Black and Hispanic and non-Hispanic FCIPs. The findings provide important implications for racial disparities in foster care outcomes, as well as highlight important gaps and missing information from published studies.

This paper considers alternative ways of teaching Romantic poetry to post-sixteen English Literature pupils in England. It explores how practitioners can value tangents developed by pupils’ independent thinking when pupils are given the freedom to develop their own ideas. It reflects on a lesson planned to respond to a tangent developed by the class in a previous session; that William Blake’s “The Tyger”, to a contemporary reader, explores the 21st century preoccupation of climate change. The lesson outlined in this report built\ud upon these ideas further, valuing the pupils’ tangential thinking.\ud Approaches like these are particularly important now as the performativity agenda in schools, promoted by league tables as a measure of effectiveness, can result in some schools teaching to the test, at the exclusion of encouraging personal and creative responses to texts.

For an extended stay on the Moon, humans will require habitation with substantial shielding for protection from radiation and micrometeorites. Lunar regolith (soil) is a readily available in-situ resource, which can be thermally treated to extract oxygen and water, as well as for construction. For example, lunar habitats and infrastructure can be built by robots using additive manufacturing techniques. Due to the volumetric heating characteristic, intrinsic to microwave heating, it is a more energy-efficient process than solar or laser sintering for large-scale manufacturing and construction purposes. Proof of concept experiments have demonstrated that microwaves couple efficiently with lunar regolith simulants; therefore, microwaves could be an efficient mechanism to sinter and melt lunar regolith to build 3D structures and also enable the extraction of volatiles.\ud These experiments are based on simulated conditions and materials; thus, there is missing information on microwave heating of lunar regolith, which includes the effects of nanophase iron (np-Fe0) produced via space weathering, the highly electrostatic nature of the particles, and irregular particle geometries of the real lunar soil. Through a UK Space Agency (UKSA) grant (NSTP GEI) we are developing a conceptual design of the Microwave Heating Demonstrator (MHD) payload that could be delivered to the lunar surface for in-situ experiments via the ESA’s HERACLES mission or NASA’s CLPS programme. Here, we provide further details of our conceptual design of a MHD payload.

Background Limited prior research has examined the rates or predictors of re-perpetration of child maltreatment. Yet, perpetrators may have multiple victims, and perpetrators, rather than their victims, are often the primary focus of child welfare services. Objective We examine rates of child maltreatment re-perpetration of repeat and new victims, and test perpetrator demographics and maltreatment index incident case characteristics as predictors of re-perpetration. Participants and setting We use a sample of 285,245 first-time perpetrators of a substantiated maltreatment incident in 2010 from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. Methods We use linear probability models with full information maximum likelihood to test new victim and same victim perpetration by the end of FY 2018. Results Fifteen percent of perpetrators re-maltreated one or more of their original victims (“same victim re-perpetration”); 12% maltreated a new victim. Overall, re-perpetration was more common among younger, female, and White perpetrators. Perpetrators who were the biological or adoptive parent of their initial victim(s) had higher rates of same victim re-perpetration; new victim re-perpetration was more common among perpetrators who initially victimized an adoptive or stepchild. Same victim re-perpetration was less common among perpetrators of physical abuse than other types of maltreatment, and new victim re-perpetration was more common among perpetrators of sexual abuse and neglect than physical abuse. Conclusions Child welfare agencies should track re-perpetration in addition to revictimization as part of agency evaluations and risk assessments.

Bully-victims are often found to be the most high-risk group involved in bullying, yet limited prior research has explored differences among bully-victims. This study aims to fill that gap by exploring within-group differences of youth involved in both bullying perpetration and victimization. In a nationally representative sample of 165 youth ages 5 to 17, four bully-victim types were created using cutoff points based on the amount of perpetration and victimization reported: high bully-victims ( n = 38), aggression predominant bully-victims ( n = 67), victimization predominant bully-victims ( n = 23), and moderate bully-victims ( n = 37). Analyses revealed distinct differences among the groups, particularly relating to traumatic symptoms, types of bullying involvement, and nonvictimization adversity. The findings confirm that there is heterogeneity among bully-victims. The most substantial difference was found between the high group and the moderate group, with the high group significantly more likely to report depression ( p < .05) and anxiety symptoms ( p < .05), and more than two times more likely to experience past-year adversity than the moderate group. The findings from this study indicate that youth involved in high amounts of both perpetration and victimization are considerably more at risk of traumatic symptoms and nonvictimization adversity than youth involved in fewer bullying behaviors. These findings can be used to inform both research and practice, particularly in regard to targeted evidence-based interventions that meet the unique needs of each type.

Sleep disturbance is known to be associated with psychosis, but sleep disorders (eg, insomnia, nightmare disorder, sleep apnea) have rarely been investigated. We aimed to provide the first detailed assessment of sleep disorders and their correlates in patients with early psychosis. Sixty outpatients aged between 18 and 30 with nonaffective psychosis were assessed for sleep disorder presence, severity, and treatment using a structured diagnostic interview, sleep diaries, and actigraphy. Psychotic experiences, mood, and psychological wellbeing were also measured. Forty-eight patients (80%) had at least one sleep disorder, with insomnia and nightmare disorder being the most common. Comorbidity of sleep disorders within this group was high, with an average of 3.3 sleep disorders per patient. Over half of the sleep disorders had been discussed with a clinician but almost three-quarters had received no treatment. Treatment according to clinical guidelines was rare, occurring in only 8% of cases (n = 13). Sleep disorders were significantly associated with increased psychotic experiences, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and lower quality of life. Sleep disorders are very common in patients with psychosis, may have wide-ranging negative effects, and merit routine assessment and treatment in psychiatric practice.

Background Sleep dysfunction is extremely common in patients with schizophrenia. Recent research indicates that sleep dysfunction may contribute to psychotic experiences such as delusions and hallucinations. Objectives The review aims to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between sleep dysfunction and individual psychotic experiences, make links between the theoretical understanding of each, and highlight areas for future research. Method A systematic search was conducted to identify studies investigating sleep and psychotic experiences across clinical and non-clinical populations. Results 66 papers were identified. This literature robustly supports the co-occurrence of sleep dysfunction and psychotic experiences, particularly insomnia with paranoia. Sleep dysfunction predicting subsequent psychotic experiences receives support from epidemiological surveys, research on the transition to psychosis, and relapse studies. There is also evidence that reducing sleep elicits psychotic experiences in non-clinical individuals, and that improving sleep in individuals with psychosis may lessen psychotic experiences. Anxiety and depression consistently arise as (partial) mediators of the sleep and psychosis relationship. Conclusion Studies are needed that: determine the types of sleep dysfunction linked to individual psychotic experiences; establish a causal connection between sleep and psychotic experiences; and assess treatments for sleep dysfunction in patients with non-affective psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia., Highlights • The review assesses the link between sleep dysfunction and psychotic experiences, particularly delusions and hallucinations. • A systematic review is undertaken of 66 papers that assessed sleep and individual psychotic experiences. • Sleep dysfunction and psychosis clearly co-occur and sleep dysfunction may predict later psychotic experiences. • The effect of improving sleep on psychotic experiences remains to be tested in an adequately powered trial. • The mechanisms linking sleep dysfunction to psychotic experiences require testing.

During the slow neutron capture process in massive stars, reactions on light elements can both produce and absorb neutrons thereby influencing the final heavy element abundances. At low metallicities, the high neutron capture rate of $^{16}$O can inhibit s-process nucleosynthesis unless the neutrons are recycled via the $^{17}$O(α,n)$^{20}$Ne reaction. The efficiency of this neutron recycling is determined by competition between the $^{17}$O(α,n)$^{20}$Ne and $^{17}$O(α,γ)$^{21}$Ne reactions. While some experimental data are available on the former reaction, no data exist for the radiative capture channel at the relevant astrophysical energies.The $^{17}$O(α,γ)$^{21}$Ne reaction has been studied directly using the DRAGON recoil separator at the TRIUMF Laboratory. The reaction cross section has been determined at energies between 0.6 and 1.6 MeV Ecm, reaching into the Gamow window for core helium burning for the first time. Resonance strengths for resonances at 0.63, 0.721, 0.81 and 1.122 MeV Ecm have been extracted. The experimentally based reaction rate calculated represents a lower limit, but suggests that significant s-process nucleosynthesis occurs in low metallicity massive stars.

During the slow neutron capture process in massive stars, reactions on light elements can both produce and absorb neutrons thereby influencing the final heavy element abundances. At low metallicities, the high neutron capture rate of 16O can inhibit s-process nucleosynthesis unless the neutrons are recycled via the ¹⁷O(α,n)²⁰Ne reaction. The efficiency of this neutron recycling is determined by competition between the ¹⁷O(α,n)²⁰Ne and ¹⁷O(α,γ)²¹Ne reactions. While some experimental data are available on the former reaction, no data exist for the radiative capture channel at the relevant astrophysical energies. The ¹⁷O(α,n)²⁰Ne reaction has been studied directly using the DRAGON recoil separator at the TRIUMF Laboratory. The reaction cross section has been determined at energies between 0.6 and 1.6 MeV , reaching into the Gamow window for core helium burning for the first time. Resonance strengths for resonances at 0.63, 0.721, 0.81 and 1.122 MeV have been extracted. The experimentally based reaction rate calculated represents a lower limit, but suggests that significant s-process nucleosynthesis occurs in low metallicity massive stars.

Supplemental Material, Supplement_2 for Bullying Trends in the United States: A Meta-Regression by Reeve S. Kennedy in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

This paper presents the results from a meta-analytical review of the effectiveness of bullying prevention programs for boys and girls. A systematic search of three online databases was conducted of evaluations published between 1990 and 2018. The abstract review returned 352 articles, after full-text review the search yielded a final sample of 22 articles. The overall whole sample results suggest that bullying prevention programs are effective at reducing bullying among boys, but not girls; however, further analysis revealed that the programs are effective for both boys and girls outside of the United States, and ineffective for both boys and girls within the United States. Overall (both within and outside the United States), boys who participated in a bullying prevention program had 15% (95% CI: 1.01–1.31, p