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Study Design: A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study of the atlantic part (V3) of the vertebral artery (VA). Purpose: This study aimed to bridge the research gap in the morphometry of the V3 segment of the VA in the South Indian population. Overview of Literature: The microsurgical anatomy of this segment of the VA has been explored in various populations, and a thorough understanding of the anatomy and course of the VA, particularly the V3 segment, is essential to prevent iatrogenic complications. Several computed tomography studies but a few cadaveric studies have explored the V3 segment of the VA in the South Indian population. Methods: This study examined 40 VAs from 20 embalmed cadavers that were obtained from the voluntary donation program, and Institutional Ethical Clearance was obtained before the study. The length, diameter, and angle of the vertical, horizontal, and exit parts of the V3 segment of the VA were documented after its exposure. Results: The mean lengths of the right and left VAs on each part were nearly similar, except for the mean length of the horizontal part (right: 38.937 mm, left: 40.237 mm) and total length of the V3 segment (right: 66.870 mm, left: 70.350 mm). Conclusions: These morphometric parameters are essential to spine surgeons who intend to operate on a small part (vertical, horizontal, or exit part) of the V3 segment of the VA. The mean values of the parameters obtained in this study give average measurements or safe limits to surgeons for safe surgical procedures such as the occipital condyle screw technique and C1 laminectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study of the atlantic part (V3) of the vertebral artery (VA). Purpose This study aimed to bridge the research gap in the morphometry of the V3 segment of the VA in the South Indian population. Overview of Literature The microsurgical anatomy of this segment of the VA has been explored in various populations, and a thorough understanding of the anatomy and course of the VA, particularly the V3 segment, is essential to prevent iatrogenic complications. Several computed tomography studies but a few cadaveric studies have explored the V3 segment of the VA in the South Indian population. Methods This study examined 40 VAs from 20 embalmed cadavers that were obtained from the voluntary donation program, and Institutional Ethical Clearance was obtained before the study. The length, diameter, and angle of the vertical, horizontal, and exit parts of the V3 segment of the VA were documented after its exposure. Results The mean lengths of the right and left VAs on each part were nearly similar, except for the mean length of the horizontal part (right: 38.937 mm, left: 40.237 mm) and total length of the V3 segment (right: 66.870 mm, left: 70.350 mm). Conclusions These morphometric parameters are essential to spine surgeons who intend to operate on a small part (vertical, horizontal, or exit part) of the V3 segment of the VA. The mean values of the parameters obtained in this study give average measurements or safe limits to surgeons for safe surgical procedures such as the occipital condyle screw technique and C1 laminectomy.

Abstract Objective To investigate the anatomic risk factors of knee in patients with acute non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (aACL) ruptures to develop ramp lesions. Methods A total of 202 subjects were retrospectively divided into three groups: (1) aACL ruptures combined with ramp lesions group (n = 76); (2) isolated ACL ruptures group (n = 56) and (3) normal controls group (n = 70). Quantitative morphological parameters on MRI were measured including: diameter of medial femoral condyle (MFC), anterior-posterior length and depth of medial tibial plateau (MTP AP length and depth), lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS) and medial posterior tibial slope (MTPS), asymmetry of LPTS and MPTS (LMPTS), lateral meniscal slope (LMS), and medial meniscal slope (MMS). Results The MTP AP length, MTP AP length/MFC diameter ratio, MTP depth, LPTS and the asymmetry of LMPTS showed significant differences among the three groups (p

Objective: To investigate the anatomic risk factors of knee in patients with acute non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (aACL) ruptures to develop ramp lesions. Methods: A total of 202 subjects were retrospectively divided into three groups: (1) aACL ruptures combined with ramp lesions group (n = 76); (2) isolated ACL ruptures group (n = 56) and (3) normal controls group (n = 70). Quantitative morphological parameters on MRI were measured including: diameter of medial femoral condyle (MFC), anterior-posterior length and depth of medial tibial plateau (MTP AP length and depth), lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS) and medial posterior tibial slope (MTPS), asymmetry of LPTS and MPTS (LMPTS), lateral meniscal slope (LMS), and medial meniscal slope (MMS). Results: The MTP AP length, MTP AP length/MFC diameter ratio, MTP depth, LPTS and the asymmetry of LMPTS showed significant differences among the three groups (p < 0.001). The risk factors associated with the ramp lesions including a longer MTP AP length (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.44, p = 0.044), increased MTP depth (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.22–3.00, p = 0.005) and lager ratio (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22, p = 0.036). The highest AUC was the MTP AP length/MFC diameter ratio (0.74; 95% CI, 0.66–0.82). The combination model increased higher accuracy (0.80; 95% CI, 0.72–0.88). Conclusion: Several bony anatomic characteristics of the knee, especially the morphology of medial tibia plateau, are additional risk factors for aACL ruptures to develop ramp lesions. Critical relevance statement: Predictive anatomic risk factors of the knee for patients with acute non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (aACL) ruptures to develop ramp lesions, especially the morphology of medial tibia plateau, are detectable by MRI. Key Points: Ramp lesion development can complicate aACL ruptures and requires specific treatment. Longer AP length and increased MTP depth are risk factors for concurrent ramp lesions. Identification of ramp lesions allows for the most appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The Self-Directed Learning (SDL) approach is an important component of the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum. However, learning independently can be challenging, even for the brightest and most motivated students. Moreover, self-evaluation is quite difficult. If SDL is used in combination with formative assessment and constructive feedback for individual topics, it would facilitate self-modulation by learners and guide them towards higher academic achievement. Aim: To compare the academic performance of first-year medical students in Anatomy Practical class using SDL with formative assessment and feedback versus conventional teaching methods. Materials and Methods: A comparative evaluation was conducted using a longitudinal study design in the Department of Anatomy, Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from November 2022 to June 2023. During Anatomy Practical classes, 250 first-year medical students, (Batch 2022-2023), were divided into two equal groups using simple random sampling through a lottery method. One group (study group) was taught by implementing SDL followed by formative assessment with immediate feedback, and the other group was taught by the traditional method (control group). Following the completion of each of the first three consecutive regions (superior extremities, inferior extremities, and thorax) during Anatomy Practical classes, summative assessments were conducted. The collected data were calculated in an Excel sheet and computed using JAMOVI software (free version). Independent t-test statistics for the three summative assessments were evaluated, and the p-value of each assessment was determined. A p-value

The flipped classroom teaching model has been widely used in anatomy education to embrace a blended learning strategy. However, the impact that a continuous flipped classroom teaching model exerts on student learning of human topographic anatomy remains unclear. To address this question, student learning experience and performance were compared between third‐year undergraduate students who participated in a continuous flipped anatomy classroom teaching since their first year (n = 65, experimental group) and those under the flipped anatomy teaching model only in their third year (n = 45, control group). A five‐point Likert scale learning and teaching survey was conducted to evaluate students' perceptions of the flipped classroom model. Students under a continuous flipped classroom teaching model rated significantly higher on the impact of the flipped model on learning difficult anatomy concepts than the control group (*p = 0.0346). The rating on independent learning remained not statistically different between the two groups, although a trend difference was detected (p = 0.0604). Analysis of learning performance revealed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group when answering questions focusing on regional anatomy (*p = 0.0207). No significant difference was identified in students' marks of case‐based studies between the two groups. In summary, the results of this study indicate that the flipped classroom model implemented over a long term continues to advance students' learning experience and performance in anatomy, indicating a "dose" effect on active learning. The findings of this study will assist the best practices of the flipped anatomy classroom and develop evidence‐informed approaches to advance anatomy education in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Self-Directed Learning (SDL) approach is an important component of the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum. However, learning independently can be challenging, even for the brightest and most motivated students. Moreover, self-evaluation is quite difficult. If SDL is used in combination with formative assessment and constructive feedback for individual topics, it would facilitate self-modulation by learners and guide them towards higher academic achievement. Aim: To compare the academic performance of first-year medical students in Anatomy Practical class using SDL with formative assessment and feedback versus conventional teaching methods. Materials and Methods: A comparative evaluation was conducted using a longitudinal study design in the Department of Anatomy, Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from November 2022 to June 2023. During Anatomy Practical classes, 250 first-year medical students, (Batch 2022-2023), were divided into two equal groups using simple random sampling through a lottery method. One group (study group) was taught by implementing SDL followed by formative assessment with immediate feedback, and the other group was taught by the traditional method (control group). Following the completion of each of the first three consecutive regions (superior extremities, inferior extremities, and thorax) during Anatomy Practical classes, summative assessments were conducted. The collected data were calculated in an Excel sheet and computed using JAMOVI software (free version). Independent t-test statistics for the three summative assessments were evaluated, and the p-value of each assessment was determined. A p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Additionally, students' feedback was documented and analysed. Results: It was observed that there was an improvement in academic scores in both groups. However, higher academic performance was progressively attained in the group which was provided SDL sessions and formative assessment with immediate feedback. A total of 55 (80%) students passed the third summative assessment in comparison to 40 (59.7%) students of the control group who passed the same exam. Differences between the means of the control and study group were found to be statistically significant (p-value≤0.001 and 0.023 in two summative assessments). Conclusion: The present study revealed that SDL with formative assessment followed by immediate feedback during Anatomy Practical classes had a remarkable positive impact on students' academic performance compared to those students taught using conventional teaching methods and might be implemented in the future for better learning and improved academic achievement of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the clinical anatomy of the head is essential for performing proper inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block anesthesia to facilitate invasive dental procedures in camels. However, osteometric data related to the IAN in camels are lacking. This study was carried out to accurately locate the mandibular foramen (MF) and the course of the IAN in the camel head and to establish an approach for its localization in clinical practice. To achieve these aims, eight osteometric measurements were used to determine the location of the MF in relation to its surrounding structures in six cadaveric skulls of adult camels. Four camel heads were dissected, and the course of the IAN inside the mandibular canal was studied. In addition, four heads were used as a trial for the extraoral approach to the IAN block using contrast radiographs based on established metric indices. Dissection of the four camel heads revealed that the MF was located near the intersection of two lines passing through the occlusal surface of the mandibular cheek teeth and at the midpoint of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Significant differences were not observed between the right and left mandibles. Successful deposition of the contrast medium near the MF was observed in all examined specimens. This study reports a new, simple approach to reaching the IAN at the MF. However, further clinical validation of the proposed technique is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The popularity of internet memes these days, especially amongst young generation raises a question, whether memes can be used for enhancing interest and learning of students in lectures or not? This study shows the effectiveness of memes as a teaching tool in Anatomy subject. Aims and Objectives: To determine the effects of using memes as a teaching tool in order to enhance interest and understanding of students. Place and Duration of study: The study was conducted at Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College over 6 months duration between June to December 2023 Material and Methods: A group of 100 students was selected and divided into two groups. Both groups were taught using traditional method. A pre-experiment test related to musculoskeletal system was conducted. Then in revision classes the experimental group reinforced the concepts through power points presentations in which the memes were incorporated. A post experiment test of anatomy was taken from both groups A self-constructed survey was also conducted to register the students’ experience regarding memes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 27 paired T-test, for comparison of means in both groups pre and post experimental test scores . P value ? 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Results of the test taken before the experiment showed that students of both control and experimental group had equal level of understanding of the topic p value ? .217, but the results of the pre and post experimental test of the experimental group showed significant difference. (P value ? 0.018) signifying their improved understanding of concepts. The survey results showed that memes can be used as a vector to enhance students’ participation, interest, attention span and ability to memorize concepts. Conclusion: Memes are an effective tool for teaching anatomy. Similar research can be done in other subjects too.

Objective: Blood supply to the meniscus determines its recovery and is a reference for treatment planning. This studyaimed to apply tissue clearing and three-dimensional (3D) imaging in exploring the quantitative distribution of bloodvessels in the mouse meniscus.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, tissue clearing was performed to treat the bilateral knee joints oftransgenic mice with fluorescent vascular endothelial cells. Images were acquired using a light sheet microscope andthe vascular endothelial cells in the meniscus was analysed using 3D imaging. Quantitative methods were employedto further analyse the blood vessel distribution in the mouse meniscus.Results: The traditional three-equal-width division of the meniscus is as follows: the outer one-third is the red-red zone(RR), the inner one-third is the white-white zone (WW), and the transition area is the red-white zone (RW). The divisionrevealed significant signal differences between the RW and WW (P

Understanding the clinical anatomy of the head is essential for performing proper inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block anesthesia to facilitate invasive dental procedures in camels. However, osteometric data related to the IAN in camels are lacking. This study was carried out to accurately locate the mandibular foramen (MF) and the course of the IAN in the camel head and to establish an approach for its localization in clinical practice. To achieve these aims, eight osteometric measurements were used to determine the location of the MF in relation to its surrounding structures in six cadaveric skulls of adult camels. Four camel heads were dissected, and the course of the IAN inside the mandibular canal was studied. In addition, four heads were used as a trial for the extraoral approach to the IAN block using contrast radiographs based on established metric indices. Dissection of the four camel heads revealed that the MF was located near the intersection of two lines passing through the occlusal surface of the mandibular cheek teeth and at the midpoint of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Significant differences were not observed between the right and left mandibles. Successful deposition of the contrast medium near the MF was observed in all examined specimens. This study reports a new, simple approach to reaching the IAN at the MF. However, further clinical validation of the proposed technique is required.

Copyright of China Medical Education Technology is the property of China Medical Education Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The face for many centuries, has represented the focus of appearance. The middle facial third is its most important area and is therefore extremely vulnerable to facial deformities. Within it, the nose is the most important facial prominence. From years ago, his deformities were considered a curse, so many men were condemned to death. From this moment, the nasal reconstruction boom increases, and, currently, the evolution of techniques in nasal reconstruction is an extremely useful option to repair facial defects of any size. This review intends to update information on non-rhinoplastic techniques for the reconstruction of trans-surgical defects on the nasal dorsum. An evaluation of the available bibliography and previous research on the topic was carried out in the period from May 2018 to May 2023. 31 popular science magazines were considered. Articles published in English, Italian and Spanish were prioritized. The Pubmed, Ebsco, SciELO y Scopus databases were consulted. Of the 95 articles reviewed, the study was limited to 43 of them. Among the non-rhinoplasty techniques reviewed were healing by secondary intention, primary closure, grafts and flaps. There are factors that influence the selection of one or the other, such as: the diameter of the defect, its depth, location, texture and contour of the skin, mastery and professionalism of the surgeon, among others. There is no consensus on a technique of choice. With all of them, favorable results can be achieved by making a good selection and application of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice, the teaching of regional anatomy for international students which has changed to an online format and faces various challenges. The challenges include creating online education homogeneous/equivalent to offline education, introducing local culture to international students, and educating students in medical humanities and ethics. Methods: To address these problems, the teaching staff integrated medical humanities and local culture into nonsynchronous online teaching of regional anatomy. Results: The nonsynchronous online teaching with interpreted videos of dissections does not significantly affect the experimental and total scores of regional anatomy courses for international students. Integrating medical humanities and local culture into this teaching model is appreciated by them and also has a good teaching effect. Conclusion: Students not only gained professional knowledge but also obtained enhanced exposure to local culture and professional spirit from this regional anatomy education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomy is shifting toward a greater focus on adopting digital delivery. To advance digital and authentic learning in anatomy, a flipped classroom model integrating multimodal digital resources and a multimedia group assignment was designed and implemented for first‐year neuroanatomy and third‐year regional anatomy curricula. A five‐point Likert scale learning and teaching survey was conducted for a total of 145 undergraduate health science students to evaluate students' perception of the flipped classroom model and digital resources. This study revealed that over two‐thirds of participants strongly agreed or agreed that the flipped classroom model helped their independent learning and understanding of difficult anatomy concepts. The response showed students consistently enjoyed their experience of using multimodal digital anatomy resources. Both first‐year (75%) and third‐year (88%) students strongly agreed or agreed that digital tools are very valuable and interactive for studying anatomy. Most students strongly agreed or agreed that digital anatomy tools increased their learning experience (~80%) and confidence (> 70%). The third‐year students rated the value of digital anatomy tools significantly higher than the first‐year students (p = 0.0038). A taxonomy‐based assessment strategy revealed that the third‐year students, but not the first‐year, demonstrated improved performance in assessments relating to clinical application (p = 0.045). In summary, a flipped anatomy classroom integrating multimodal digital approaches exerted positive impact upon learning experience of both junior and senior students, the latter of whom demonstrated improved learning performance. This study extends the pedagogy innovation of flipped classroom teaching, which will advance future anatomy curriculum development, pertinent to post‐pandemic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the students' psychological well‐being, experiences, performance, and perception of learning regional anatomy remotely. A regional anatomy remote learning curriculum was designed and learning materials were delivered virtually to 120 undergraduate medical students at Jinan University, China. All the students consented and voluntarily participated in this study by completing self‐administered online questionnaires including the Zung's Self‐Rating Anxiety and Depression Scales at the beginning and end of the learning session. A subset participated in focus group discussions. Most of the students (90.0%) positively evaluated the current distance learning model. More than 80% were satisfied with the content arrangement and coverage. Many students preferred virtual lectures (68.2%) and videos showing dissections (70.6%) during the distance learning sessions. However, writing laboratory reports and case‐based learning were the least preferred modes of learning as they were only preferred by 23.2% and 14.1% of the students, respectively. There was no significant lockdown‐related anxiety or depression reported by students using depression and anxiety scales as well as feedback from focus group discussions. The surveyed students' confidence scores in distance learning were significantly higher after 5 weeks than at the beginning of the session (3.05 ± 0.83 vs. 3.70 ± 0.71, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the present results showed no significant differences between the current group's academic performance in the unit tests as well as the final overall evaluation for different parts of the course compared to that of the previous year's cohort. The findings above were congruent with focus group discussion data that the use of the online teaching platform for regional anatomy significantly improved the students' confidence in virtual and self‐directed learning and did not negatively affect their academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has forced anatomists to perform non-face-to-face education using lecture videos. A Korean anatomist has given (white and black) board lectures and distributed lecture videos to the public for many years. This study was to verify the effects of open board lecture videos in the anatomy field. A questionnaire survey was carried out with the help of medical students who were exposed to the board lecture videos. The video provider uploaded the lecture videos on YouTube, where the viewing numbers were counted. At a medical school where the video provider belonged, the students mainly watched the lecture videos before the anatomy class. The watching hours of the lecture videos were related to the written examination scores. Students gave positive and negative comments on the board lectures. At the other two medical schools, students partly watched the lecture videos regardless of the teacher who delivered the lectures. The results suggested that students understood the board lectures themselves. On YouTube, the lecture videos were viewed by approximately 1,000 students. This paper introduces the desirable aspects of open board lecture videos on anatomy. The videos could enhance the quality of both students and teacher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The dorsal scapular artery angiosome (DSAA) has aroused growing interest among repairing surgeons, although the most common applications of the trapezoid muscle (TM) are by the arc of rotation of the transverse cervical artery (TCA) and its angiomoses, more cephalic, sufficient for reconstruction purposes in the head and neck. The possibility of obtaining flaps of large cutaneous territory for reconstructions on the back stimulates the study of DSAA angiomoses. Methods: Eight sides of four fresh cadavers were dissected for DSAA investigation, and 60 sides of 30 volunteers were examined by color Doppler echo in search of DSAA. Results: Two patterns were described in the course of DSAA in dissections, both irrigating the region of the lower third of the TM. Doppler echo-examination detected emergence and course of DSAA for the lower third of The TM bilaterally in 27 of the volunteers, in two only on the left and was not identified anywhere in one of the volunteers. Conclusion: There may be two patterns in the course of DSAA irrigating the region of the lower third of the TM. The color Doppler echo-examination determined the emergence and the Path of the DSAA on 56 of the 60 sides examined.

The profession of physical therapy has undergone an evolution since its inception. Since the early 1900s it has grown from a technical training program to a doctorate level degree. Human anatomy courses remain a requirement for physical therapist educational curricula. However, changes in anatomy pedagogy have been trending within health profession educational models, leading to questions regarding which method is best for student learning. The objective of this study was to determine if anatomy instructional method used within physical therapist educational curricula impacted current anatomy knowledge. Licensed physical therapists were recruited to complete a demographic survey and a questionnaire to demonstrate their knowledge of anatomy topics. Anatomy topics included six regional components: (1) upper limb; (2) lower limb; (3) thorax and abdomen; (4) pelvis; (5) spine; and (6) head. Each regional component contained five questions regarding systemic subsets related to joints and osteology, muscles, nervous system, vasculature, and special areas (e.g., spatial orientations, structures within spaces, pathways of nerves). Within the thorax and abdominal region, data analysis indicated that the dissection instruction method, when compared to no laboratory instruction, led to statistically significant greater anatomical knowledge (P = 0.02). Dissection also showed greater means when compared to the no laboratory method (P = 0.02) and the prosection method in the head region (P = 0.01). However, the variance explained by instructional method was small. This study adds empirical evidence regarding current anatomy knowledge exhibited by physical therapists as the level of anatomical knowledge exhibited small differences based on instructional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analogous to the situation in other disciplines, digital ENT teaching made significant progress during the pandemic. Most ENT clinics nationwide were able to offer a complete virtual teaching program in time. Innovative teaching methods were also used early on. This was recognized in student teaching evaluations. Due to the expansion of virtual reality (VR) in medical teaching, even greater satisfaction should be expected through improved teaching quality., Materials and Methods: Surveys were performed with students (n = 180) of the ENT block internship in the summer semester of 2023. The aim of the evaluation was to determine the students' satisfaction with and subjective effectiveness of the newly implemented VR digital teaching method for teaching ear anatomy and coniotomy. A survey was also carried out among resident physicians., Results: The ENT teaching was perceived favorably by the students, with an average rating of 11.7 out of 15. The learning effectiveness and the value of VR in the ENT learning portfolio was evaluated varyingly by the students. The physicians' assessment was different, with a more positive perception., Conclusion: Virtual reality represents an innovative component in the teaching portfolio of otolaryngology. This new teaching method is viewed and accepted as a future-oriented tool. Remarkably, the physicians involved voted consistently positively, while the students gave more critical assessments and pointed out limitations in the individual and subjective areas. These findings are in contrast to the further development of innovative teaching methods demanded by student interest groups., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the sensory and motor innervation of "Taichong" (LR3) and "Ququan" (LR8) in the rat and provide an insight into the neural relationship between the different acupoints in the same meridian. Methods: The LR3 and LR8 were selected as the representative acupoints from the Liver Meridian and examined by using the techniques of regional anatomy and neural tract tracing in this study. For both acupoints, their local nerves were observed with regional anatomy, and their sensory and motor pathways were traced using neural tract tracing with single cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and dual Alexa Fluor 594/488 conjugates with CTB (AF594/488-CTB). Results: Using the regional anatomy, the branches of the deep peroneal nerve and saphenous nerve were separately found under the LR3 and LR8. Using single CTB, the sensory neurons, transganglionic axon terminals, and motor neurons associated with both LR3 and LR8 were demonstrated on the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, Clarke's nucleus, gracile nucleus, and spinal ventral horn corresponding to their own spinal segments and target regions, respectively. Using dual AF594/488-CTB tracing, it was shown that the sensory and motor neurons associated with LR3 were separated from that of LR8. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that LR3 and LR8 are innervated by different peripheral nerves, which originated from or terminated in their corresponding spinal segments and target regions independently through the sensory and motor pathways. These results provide an example for understanding the differential innervation between the different acupoints in the same meridian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the sensory and motor innervation of “Taichong” (LR3) and “Ququan” (LR8) in the rat and provide an insight into the neural relationship between the different acupoints in the same meridian.MethodsThe LR3 and LR8 were selected as the representative acupoints from the Liver Meridian and examined by using the techniques of regional anatomy and neural tract tracing in this study. For both acupoints, their local nerves were observed with regional anatomy, and their sensory and motor pathways were traced using neural tract tracing with single cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and dual Alexa Fluor 594/488 conjugates with CTB (AF594/488-CTB).ResultsUsing the regional anatomy, the branches of the deep peroneal nerve and saphenous nerve were separately found under the LR3 and LR8. Using single CTB, the sensory neurons, transganglionic axon terminals, and motor neurons associated with both LR3 and LR8 were demonstrated on the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, Clarke’s nucleus, gracile nucleus, and spinal ventral horn corresponding to their own spinal segments and target regions, respectively. Using dual AF594/488-CTB tracing, it was shown that the sensory and motor neurons associated with LR3 were separated from that of LR8.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that LR3 and LR8 are innervated by different peripheral nerves, which originated from or terminated in their corresponding spinal segments and target regions independently through the sensory and motor pathways. These results provide an example for understanding the differential innervation between the different acupoints in the same meridian.

Trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations, which account for more than half of total cases of perilunate injuries, are common in young patients and occur as a result of high-energy injuries, and improper management can impair wrist alignment and function. Understanding the related wrist anatomy and pathomechanics may help surgeons evaluate and diagnose patients. Early operation to reduce and fix the injuries should be considered to achieve optimal clinical and radiological outcomes. In this review article, we present an overview of wrist pathoanatomy, the pathomechanics of trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations, operative treatment options including an arthroscopic procedure, and reported clinical and radiological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summative and formative assessments are two overlapping complementary ways of assessing student progress in regional anatomy teaching and learning. Our present study was designed to create a new holistic assessment system that embraces both summative and formative assessments, and evaluate its impacts on student performance of regional anatomy. A collection of five formative assessment tests were designed and introduced into the teaching process of regional anatomy, and their performances were combined with scores of the summative assessment taken at the end of the semester to form the holistic assessment. And an anonymous survey was conducted to gather student perceptions regarding the assessments. We found, compared to summative assessment scores, students' overall average points are higher by 4.67 points (P<0.05) and 9.23 points (P<0.01) when evaluated by the holistic and formative assessment; formative assessment scores are positively correlated to summative assessment scores, and the Pearson correlation is 0.624. Questionaire investigation showed 57.65 % of the students wishes to be assessed by the holistic assessmen, and 97.9 % of the students think that the holistic assessment can promote the frequency of student-teacher communication, which helps them form the right learning attitude and improve the performance. The results indicated that holistic assessment is a more reflective and practical approach of evaluating student performance in regional anatomy teaching, which can increase studentteacher communication and enhance the self-directed learning among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To determine the correlation between patellar tendon-lateral femoral condyle friction syndrome (PLFFS) and the morphological characteristics of the antero-inferior part of the lateral femoral condyle (ALFC) to explore the potential pathogenesis.Methods: A total of 170 knees of 140 patients with PLFFS (PLFFS group) were retrospectively analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for a 4-year period from our database. The Insall-Salvati ratio, shape of the ALFC (SALFC, defined as two subtypes: sharp versus blunt), lateral femoral condyle angle (LFCA), lateral trochlear length (LTL), and lateral trochlear height (LTH) were measured on MRI. Two groups were enrolled as controls: pure patella alta group (n = 192) and normal group (n = 172). All the parameters of the PLFFS group were compared with those of the two control groups.Results: The LFCA was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the PLFFS group than in the pure patella alta group. The SALFC was significantly different (p < 0.001) in these two groups, whereas the Insall-Salvati ratio, LTH, and LTL showed no significant difference. The LFCA, LTH, SALFC, and the Insall-Salvati ratio in the PLFFS group were also significantly different (p < 0.001) with the normal group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the efficacy of the Insall-Salvati ratio and SALFC was better than that of the other parameters.Conclusions: The morphological characteristics of ALFC are correlated with PLFFS. The sharp shape of ALFC may be an important causative co-factor along with patella alta in the pathogenesis of PLFFS.Key Points: • A sharp margin of the antero-inferior lateral femoral condyle is an important risk factor for the development of PLFFS in patients with patella alta. • Antero-inferior femoral condyle shape can easily be assessed with high intra- and inter-reader reliability PLFFS. • PLFFS is more common in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Our purpose was to determine whether ultrasound (US)‐aided instruction and practice on musculoskeletal anatomy would improve first‐year medical students' ability to locate and identify specific soft tissue structures by unaided palpation in the upper and lower extremities of healthy human models. Methods: This study was a randomized crossover design with 49 first‐year medical students randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Each group was provided expert instruction and hands‐on practice using US to scan and study soft tissue structures. During session 1, group A learned the anatomy of the upper extremities, whereas group B learned the lower. Students were then tested on their proficiency in locating 4 soft tissue structures (2 upper and 2 lower extremities) through palpation of a human model. During session 2, group A learned lower extremities, and group B learned upper. At the end of session 2, students repeated the assessment. Results: After the first instructional session, neither group performed significantly better on identifying and locating the soft tissue landmarks they learned aided by US. After the second instructional session, however, scores for both groups increased approximately 20 percentage points, indicating that both groups performed significantly better on palpating and identifying both the upper and lower extremity soft tissue landmarks (Cohen d = 0.89 and 0.82, respectively). Conclusions: Time and practice viewing soft tissue structures with US assistance seems to have a "palpation‐with‐eyes" effect that improves students' abilities to correctly locate, palpate, and identify limb‐specific soft tissue structures once the US assistance is removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of Kambin's safe zone to calculate maximum cannula diameter permissible for safe percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Methods Fifty 3D MRIs of 19 males and 31 females (mean, 47 years) were analysed. Oblique, axial and sagittal views were used for image analysis. Three authors calculated the inscribed circle (cannula diameter) individually, within the neural (original) and bony Kambin's triangle in oblique views, disc heights on sagittal views and root to facet distances at upper and lower end plate levels on axial views and their averages were taken. Results The mean root to facet distances at upper end plate level measured on axial sections increased from 3.42±3.01 mm at L12 level to 4.57±2.49 mm at L5S1 level. The mean root to facet distances at lower end plate level measured on axial sections also increased from 6.07±1.13 mm at L12 level to 12.9±2.83 mm at L5S1 level. Mean maximum cannula diameter permissible through the neural Kambin's triangle increased from 5.67±1.38 mm at L12 level to 9.7±3.82 mm at L5S1 level. The mean maximum cannula diameter permissible through the bony Kambin's triangle also increased from 4.03±1.08 mm at L12 level to 6.11±1 mm at L5S1 level. Only 2% of the 427 bony Kambin's triangles could accommodate a cannula diameter of 8mm. The base of the bony Kambin's triangle taken in oblique view (3D MRI) was significantly higher than the root to facet distance at lower end plate level taken in axial view. Conclusion The largest mean diameter of endoscopic cannula passable through "bony" Kambin's triangle was distinctively smaller than the largest mean diameter of endoscopic cannula passable through "neural" Kambin's triangle at all levels. Although proximity of exiting root to the facet joint is always taken into consideration before PELD procedure, our 3D MRI based anatomical study is the first to provide actual maximum cannula dimensions permissible in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distal medial striate artery is part of the brain circulation, born from the anterior cerebral artery generally at the level of the anterior communicating artery, although according to different studies its origin varies, being thus difficult to determine with accuracy. Its clinical importance lies in the prevalence of aneurysms found in this artery, which could later cause complications due to the region they irrigate, these being the somatic-vital and neuropsychological sequelae, in addition to its inadequate surgical approach without foreseeing the alterations that may be caused; Because of the above it is of vital importance that health professionals have prior knowledge of the anatomy and prevalence of this artery in the population. An observational descriptive study was carried out in which the distal medial striated artery in 70 brain cells, pieces from the Medicine amphitheatres of the Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A. (Bogotá), the Universidad Científica del Sur UCSUR (Lima); fixed in 10% formalin, morphometric measurements were made by automatic calibrator and the photographic record was taken with a Canon camera. Subsequently, the statistical analysis was executed through the IBM SPSS Statistics program 24. A prevalence of 88.6% of at least one distal medial striate artery was found in the Colombian population and 97.1% of the Peruvian population. An average external diameter of 0.64 mm was identified in the Colombian population and 0.68 mm in the Peruvian population. An average length of 2.5 cm was observed in both populations. The largest place of origin was evidenced in the A2 portion of the ACA with 37.1% of the Colombian population and 51.4% of the Peruvian population. The anatomy and the corresponding anatomical variations of this artery must be adequately known to be able to perform an adequate neurological and neurosurgical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The infratemporal fossa (ITF) is located deep in the skull base. Recently, the endoscopic transoral approach has enabled maxillofacial surgeons to access the ITF using a less invasive approach compared to the traditional transfacial and endonasal endoscopic approaches. Objective: The present study aims to provide maxillofacial surgeons with new data concerning direct endoscopic measurement and precise anatomical topography features of the endoscopic trans-lateral molar approach to ITF by comparing the endoscopic and regional anatomy of ITF. A clinical case receiving the proposed surgical approach is used to determine the feasibility of this technique. Method: The anatomical data were obtained by measuring the bone anatomical landmarks and analyzing the CT imaging data using GE's Advance Windows 4.1 software on 25 subjects (50 sides). Morphological pictures of the regional anatomy and endoscopic anatomy were obtained from 6 (12 sides) adult cadaver heads, and the anatomical features were described. The present study reports the management of one case using the proposed surgical approach. Results: The proposed surgical approach clearly revealed neurovascular, muscular, and surgical landmarks in the ITF. The surgical case supports the minimally invasive treatment approach, which could rapidly access the ITF and completely excise benign tumors. Conclusion: The anatomical studies and surgical case presentation helps us understand the spatial relationship of surgical landmarks of the surgical approach to the ITF for the treatment of benign lesions in the deep cranial base area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this description is to provide step-by-step guidelines for performing an ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus nerve block. Methods: The brachial plexus in the supraclavicular fossa of sixty healthy volunteers was scanned in the horizontal/transverse plane. The relevant regional anatomy was studied to identify the muscular and vascular structures seen on the ultrasound screen. Results: The entire process was documented and a standard, step-by-step guide to performing ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks was developed. Conclusion: This description serves as a comprehensive guide to a technique for performing ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks safely and successfully. It also aims to provide the reader with the background knowledge of the technique and the surrounding regional anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal mammary vessels are commonly used for anastomosis in breast reconstruction. The anatomy when using the 2nd ICS has been shown to be predictable and hence preferentially used by the senior author. We present an unusual case of internal mammary vein bifurcation and immediate confluence forming a 'venous circle'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Blood supply to the meniscus determines its recovery and is a reference for treatment planning. This study aimed to apply tissue clearing and three-dimensional (3D) imaging in exploring the quantitative distribution of blood vessels in the mouse meniscus., Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, tissue clearing was performed to treat the bilateral knee joints of transgenic mice with fluorescent vascular endothelial cells. Images were acquired using a light sheet microscope and the vascular endothelial cells in the meniscus was analysed using 3D imaging. Quantitative methods were employed to further analyse the blood vessel distribution in the mouse meniscus., Results: The traditional three-equal-width division of the meniscus is as follows: the outer one-third is the red-red zone (RR), the inner one-third is the white-white zone (WW), and the transition area is the red-white zone (RW). The division revealed significant signal differences between the RW and WW (P<0.05) zones, but no significant differences between the RR and RW zones, which indicated that the division might not accurately reflect the blood supply of the meniscus. According to the modified division (4:2:1) in which significant differences were ensured between the adjacent zones, we observed that the width ratio of each zone was 38 ± 1% (RR), 24 ± 1% (RW), and 38 ± 2% (WW). Furthermore, the blood supply to each region was verified. The anterior region had the most abundant blood supply. The fluorescence count in the anterior region was significantly higher than in the central and posterior regions (P<0.05). The blood supply of the medial meniscus was superior to the lateral meniscus (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Analysis of the blood supply to the mouse meniscus under tissue clearing and 3D imaging reflect quantitative blood vessel distribution, which would facilitate future evaluations of the human meniscus and provide more anatomical references for clinicians.

Background Lower abdominal soft tissue transfer is the standard procedure for breast reconstruction. However, abdominal wall weakness and herniation commonly occur postoperatively at the donor site. To reduce the morbidities of the donor site, the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap was introduced, but inconsistent anatomy of the SIEA has reduced its utility. In the present study, the anatomy of the superficial inferior epigastric vessels in Korean women was determined with regards to breast reconstructive surgery. Methods The vascular anatomies of the SIEA and superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV) were evaluated on 32 breast cancer patients receiving free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction after mastectomy. The existence, pulsation, location, external diameter, and depth of the SIEA and SIEV were measured at the lower abdominal incision level. Results SIEA and SIEV were present in 48/64 (75.00%) and 63/64 (98.44%) hemi-abdomens, respectively. Pulsation of the SIEA was found in 44/48 (91.67%) cases. The mean locations of SIEA and SIEV were +5.79 (±12.87) mm, and -8.14 (±15.24) mm from the midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and symphysis pubis, respectively. The mean external diameters of SIEA and SIEV were 1.20 (±0.39) mm and 1.37 (±0.33) mm, and they were found at a mean depth of 9.75 (±2.67) mm and 8.33 (±2.65) mm, respectively. Conclusions The SIEA was absent in 25% of Korean women and had a relatively small caliber. Therefore, careful preoperative assessment of the lower abdominal vasculature is required to achieve successful breast reconstruction using SIEA flaps.

Background and Objective. Rectus abdominis muscle usually have 3 tendinous intersections. The aims of high definition abdominal liposculpture is to delineate the musculature. One of its difficulties is to determine by the surface anatomy the number of metamers presents. The aim of this study is to describe the variations in the number of metamers of the rectus abdominis muscle in the Chilean population and determine if there is a pattern that helps to the surgical mark of the abdominis metamers. Methods. Randomized sample of 200 patients who met inclusion criteria: >18 years of age and under 65 years, tomographic study of the abdomen and pelvis with coronal sequence, performed at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile between January and May 2017; and exclusion: pathology of the abdominal wall, previous abdominal surgery or inadequate imaging study. Sex, number of tendinous intersections supra and infraumbilical, short costal angle, complete costal angle, xipho-umbilical distance and umbilico-pubic measures were described. The data were analyzed with STATA®v13, being considered statistically significant with p<0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Results. One hundred patients (50%) were women, mean age 40.9 ± 12.1 years, and 154 patients (77%) had 3 metamers. There were no significant differences by sex (p=0.393). Neither in the analysis of the xipho-umbilical distance (p=0.185) and the umbilical-pubic distance (p=0.327) by genders. The number of metamers is in inverse relation to its size. The angulation of the costal ridge relative to the xiphoid is significantly lower in women (69.4 ± 15.2 versus 80.2 ± 14.2). Conclusions. The most common rectus abdominis muscle pattern in the Chilean population corresponds to 3 supra umbilical metamers for each side (six-pack). The smaller the relationship between the xifo-umbilical distance / xifo-pubic distance, less number of metamers of the rectus abdominis. It was not possible to predict the number of metamers by another anthropometric measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superior radial collateral artery (SRCA) was described in well-established anatomy textbooks published in the 1800s. According to those textbooks, the SRCA originates from the brachial artery, passes transversely between the coracobrachialis and the humerus, and distributes to the most distal portion of the deltoid. The SRCA is not listed in the international standard on anatomical terminology, Terminologia Anatomica, or in modern anatomy textbooks. In the present study, we reevaluated the anatomical features of the SRCA by cadaveric dissection. We found that two kinds of SRCAs were consistently present in the upper arm. One was similar to the previous descriptions of the SRCA in terms of origin and course, but the distribution was somewhat different. The other was similar to the previous descriptions in terms of the distribution, although it differed in origin and course. The discrepancy between the description of the SRCA in classical textbooks and the actual morphologies of the SRCA presumably prompted previous anatomists to question the existence of the SRCA, resulting in its absence from anatomical textbooks after a particular time point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]