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Resumo O levantamento taxonômico da Flora do estado do Rio de Janeiro revelou a presença de dois dos cinco gêneros que compõem a família de distribuição pantropical Trigoniaceae. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer, divulgar e caracterizar está representatividade na região. Como metodologia destaca-se o levantamento das obras principais, o exame das coleções nos Herbários; trabalho de campo em áreas de ocorrência para registro; identificação de espécies utilizando-se da metodologia clássica além da confecção de ilustração das espécies típicas. Os resultados apontaram que atualmente, está entidade botânica neste estado, está representada por onze táxons classificados nos gêneros Trigoniodendron que é monotípico, arbóreo, de filotaxia alternada; e os demais táxons em Trigonia. Caracterizado como arbustos e lianas, com filotaxia oposta. Ambos (Trigoniodendron e Trigonia) habitam a floresta ombrófila densa; o segundo também ocupa áreas de restingas e formações secundárias. Estes resultados corroboram com a importância dos levantamentos das floras regionais para o desenvolvimento da taxonomia vegetal. Abstract The taxonomic survey of Flora of the state of Rio de Janeiro revealed the presence of two of the five genera that make up the pantropical distribution family Trigoniaceae. The present study aimed to know, publicize and characterize this representativeness in the region. As a methodology, we highlight the survey of the principal works, the examination of the collections in the Herbarium; field work in areas of occurrence for registration; identification of species using the classical methodology as well as the illustration of the typical species. The results indicated that, currently, it is a botanical entity in this state represented is by eleven taxa classified in the genus Trigoniodendron that is monotypic, arboreal, of alternating phyllotaxis; and the other taxa in Trigonia. Characterized as shrubs and lianas, with opposite filotaxia. Both (Trigoniodendron and Trigonia) inhabit the dense ombrophilous forest; the second also occupies areas of restingas and secondary formations. These results corroborate the importance of regional floras surveys for the development of plant taxonomy.

The Wikiplantbase project, started in 2013, provides a framework where georeferenced floristic records from Italian administrative regions can be stored, updated and accessed through the Internet. The online software platform was designed to encourage data entry by non-academic collaborators: pull-down menus and auto-complete fields reduce the amount of typing required and the chances of typographical errors alike; geographic localities can be entered by point-and-click on a map. All records entered are checked by regional coordinators, who can validate, modify or reject them before making them accessible online. Both academic and amateur botanists have joined the projects which counts 114 collaborators – mostly non academic – from four Italian regions (Tuscany, Sardinia, Liguria and Sicily) as of 28 June 2017. As a result, the database now stores 211693 floristic records, 188657 georeferenced toponyms, 18273 taxonomic records, and 3910 bibliographical references. A fifth region, Friuli Venezia Giulia, is currently completing the steps to become a member of the project, with the collaboration of the regional Group for Floristic Research and Exploration (GREF). Besides data, within days of Wikiplantbase online launch, collaborators have started to provide an active feedback on issues arising from data entry, searching, and missing options. Their feedback spurred a progressive refinement of the software platform. The version 2.0 was launched in 2015, and contains several improvements suggested by the Wikiplantbase community. As regards communication and dissemination, Wikiplantbase community members has participated in the organisation of both traditional scientific meetings and social events, like Piant@Là – a science café organised in Sassari in 2015 – and Wikifestival, a meeting held in Pisa in 2017 where scientific communications mingled with quiz games, and participants received official Wikifestival t-shirts. Furthermore, each regional coordinator has created a Facebook page. Data from Wikiplantbase have been used to draft a paper on phylogenetic diversity of pteridophytes in Tuscany, which has been accepted for publication on a scientific journal. To benefit the wider scientific community, the Wikiplantbase dataset is being connected to data aggregator platforms like the Italian National Biodiversity Network, and the GBIF, by using the BIOCASE protocol. The online platform Wikiplantbase is ready to be replicated in other contexts, thus providing support to a network of regional floristic databases, suited to exploit the involvement – still largely untapped – of non-academic collaborators, as advocated by citizen science.

Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 483 mainland and 361 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, taxonomic, phylogenetic and life-history structure of the global naturalized flora as well 204 Preslia 89: 203–274, 2017 as levels of naturalization and their determinants. The mainland regions with the highest numbers of naturalized aliens are some Australian states (with New South Wales being the richest on this continent) and several North American regions (of which California with 1753 naturalized plant species represents the world’s richest region in terms of naturalized alien vascular plants). England, Japan, New Zealand and the Hawaiian archipelago harbour most naturalized plants among islands or island groups. These regions also form the main hotspots of the regional levels of naturalization, measured as the percentage of naturalized aliens in the total flora of the region. Such hotspots of relative naturalized species richness appear on both the western and eastern coasts of North America, in north-western Europe, South Africa, south-eastern Australia, New Zealand, and India. High levels of island invasions by naturalized plants are concentrated in the Pacific, but also occur on individual islands across all oceans. The numbers of naturalized species are closely correlated with those of native species, with a stronger correlation and steeper increase for islands than mainland regions, indicating a greater vulnerability of islands to invasion by species that become successfully naturalized. South Africa, India, California, Cuba, Florida, Queensland and Japan have the highest numbers of invasive species. Regions in temperate and tropical zonobiomes harbour in total 9036 and 6774 naturalized species, respectively, followed by 3280 species naturalized in the Mediterranean zonobiome, 3057 in the subtropical zonobiome and 321 in the Arctic. The NewWorld is richer in naturalized alien plants, with 9905 species compared to 7923 recorded in the Old World. While isolation is the key factor driving the level of naturalization on islands, zonobiomes differing in climatic regimes, and socioeconomy represented by per capita GDP, are central for mainland regions. The 11 most widely distributed species each occur in regions covering about one third of the globe or more in terms of the number of regions where they are naturalized and at least 35% of the Earth’s land surface in terms of those regions’ areas, with the most widely distributed species Sonchus oleraceus occuring in 48% of the regions that cover 42% of the world area. Other widely distributed species are Ricinus communis, Oxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleracea, Eleusine indica, Chenopodium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Bidens pilosa, Datura stramonium and Echinochloa crus-galli. Using the occurrence as invasive rather than only naturalized yields a different ranking, with Lantana camara (120 regions out of 349 for which data on invasive status are known), Calotropis procera (118), Eichhornia crassipes (113), Sonchus oleraceus (108) and Leucaena leucocephala (103) on top. As to the life-history spectra, islands harbour more naturalized woody species (34.4%) thanmainland regions (29.5%), and fewer annual herbs (18.7% compared to 22.3%). Ranking families by their absolute numbers of naturalized species reveals that Compositae (1343 species), Poaceae (1267) and Leguminosae (1189) contribute most to the global naturalized alien flora. Some families are disproportionally represented by naturalized aliens on islands (Arecaceae, Araceae, Acanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Malvaceae), and much fewer so on mainland (e.g. Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae). Relating the numbers of naturalized species in a family to its total global richness shows that some of the large species-rich families are over-represented among naturalized aliens (e.g. Poaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Pinaceae), some under-represented (e.g. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae), whereas the one richest in naturalized species, Compositae, reaches a value expected from its global species richness. Significant phylogenetic signal indicates that families with an increased potential of their species to naturalize are not distributed randomly on the evolutionary tree. Solanum (112 species), Euphorbia (108) and Carex (106) are the genera richest in terms of naturalized species; over-represented on islands are Cotoneaster, Juncus, Eucalyptus, Salix, Hypericum, Geranium and Persicaria, while those relatively richer in naturalized species on the mainland are Atriplex, Opuntia, Oenothera, Artemisia, Vicia, Galium and Rosa. The data presented in this paper also point to where information is lacking and set priorities for future data collection. The GloNAF database has potential for designing concerted action to fill such data gaps, and provide a basis for allocating resources most efficiently towards better understanding and management of plant invasions worldwide. published