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Purpose: This study was undertaken to establish the facial anthropometric discrepancies in epilepsy and normal population of both genders. Methods: This Retrospective study was done in School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). CT images weretaken from CT database archive from year 2010 to 2017 in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The study group consisted of 9 epileptics & 9 healthy volunteers (aged between 42-56 years) who had no history of mixed racial parentage. 13 linear measurements were taken from 13 facial anthropometric landmarks including mandibles were first identified on each image according to standard definitions. The attained images were analysed using the Mimics Materialize measurement software ((Mimics 17.02 Materialise Leuven, Belgium). Results: The current study consisting 3 females vs 6 males representing in epileptic population & 2 female & 7 males in control populations. The results revealed sexual dimorphism in all the dimensional features of face, ocular region and the nasal region. The males having higher mean values than the females.In comparison with control male vs epileptic male showed significant variation onxygomaxillary (zm-zm) parameters. With regards of females there were no significant differences present within control groups and epilepsy groups. In thecontrol male group, result showed significantly (p= 0.04) longer mean values of nasion_alveoli (71.88 ±2.80 mm) compared to the control female group (65.63±0.94 mm) and highly significant difference were found in nasion_alveoli (na-al) and nasion_subnasale (n-sn) in between the epilepsy population of both sexes. The study was not concerned about age and ethnicity. Conclusion: The main objective of this work is to provide the standard values of epileptic patients’ data of both genders.The differences between that of epileptic patients against the control population may provide clear standards of variation with regards to facial analysis. This may contribute to a more in depth and nuanced phenotypic evaluation in the future. It has a large application to construct Forensic Medicine, Plastic Surgery, Orthodontics, Archaeology in the study epileptic populations. The facial, nasal and ocular, measurements among the most important cephalometric results that have been used to describe sexual differences.This study showed gender as an important factor in the description of human physiognomy. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 01 January’23 Page : 97-104

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a common disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal that causes recurrent seizures or periods of jerky movement of the whole body. Immediately after a seizure, people are often transiently confused, weak and unable to communicate. OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of school teachers towards an epileptic child. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among primary and secondary school teachers from different schools in Sakaka, Domat Al-Jandal, Al-Qurayyat, Tabarjal Northern region of Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. They were assessed on their KAP toward students with epilepsy using a self-administrated questionnaire. RESULTS: 306 respondents participated and completed the questionnaire. The practice was poor among the teachers. Practice scores were significantly different among the male and female teachers. Teachers would do the following to the seizing child: 159 (52%) would pull the child’s tongue out (p-value 0.012), 66 (21.6%) would put a spoon in the mouth (p-value 0.055), 43 (14.1%) would remove any tight clothes (p-value 0.009) and 244 (79.7 %) would take the child to the hospital (p-value 0.029). There were significant differences among senior teachers and those with longer years of teaching experience: 83.6% of teachers with > 20 years of teaching experience think that the student with epilepsy has no need of a special classroom (P = 0.053), 89.6% of those with > 20 years of teaching experience said that they did not move the child during seizure in comparison with less years of teaching experience (p = 0.048), in which 97% of those with experience > 20 years said that they would ensure normal breathing (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The majority of Aljouf schoolteachers were adequately knowledgeable about students with epilepsy, but they need more information about the correct way of practice towards the student with epilepsy.

Objective: Intracranial volume (ICV) is one of the reliable indicators of neurodegenerative disease and premature brain size. Epilepsy is considered a neurological disorder. We aimed to measure ICV in epileptic male samples to identify the relation of ICV and epilepsy control status for their better treatment purpose. Methods: This retrospective study was done using CT images of age-matched control and epileptic male samples. All samples were collected from the archive of the Department of Radiology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) from the 2010-2017 period. A total of 34 male samples were used for this study in two groups, control (n=17) and epileptic (n=17) groups. Control males were those who came for the CT scan and no disease was found. And epileptic male patients were those who came for routine checkups due to epilepsy. MITK 3M3 software was used for the ICV measurement. 2D CT images were converted to 3D CT images to measure intracranial brain volume (ICV) in each group. Two reviewers measured ICV and a reliability test was done between reviewers. Results: According to first reviewer, there is no significant (p=0.455) difference between control, (1287.82 (151.79) mm) and epileptic (1283.28 (65.48) mm) male groups. Results of second reviewer also showed no significant difference (p=0.400) between control (1299.58(144.81)) mm and epileptic (1283.88 (76.08)) groups. Average measurements also did not reveal any significant difference between groups, control is 1293.7 (144.81) mm and the epilepsy group is 1283.58 (69.90) mm (p=0.114). Reliability test results revealed an acceptable internal consistency level in control (97%, p

Background: Oral cancer (OC) is serious health concerning issue that has a high fatality rate. The oral cavity has seven kinds of OC, including the lip, tongue, and floor of the mouth, as well as the buccal, hard palate, alveolar, retromolar trigone, and soft palate. The goal of this study is to look into new biomarkers and important pathways that might be used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic candidates in OC. Methods: Publicly available repository the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was responsible to collect OC-related datasets. GSE74530, GSE23558, and GSE3524 microarray datasets were collected to apply analysis. Minimum cut-off criteria of |log fold-change (FC)| > 1 and adjusted p < 0.05 were applied to figure out the up-regulated and down-regulated differential expression genes (DEGs) from the three datasets. After that only common DEGs in all three datasets were collected to apply further analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and Pathway analysis were implemented to explore the functional behaviors of DEGs. Then protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were built to identify the most performed genes, clustering algorithm was also implemented to identify complex parts of PPI. TF-miRNA networks were also constructed to study deeply about OC-associated DEGs. Finally, top gene performers from PPI networks were used to apply drug signature analysis. Results: After applying filtration and cut-off criteria 2508, 3377, and 670 DEGs were found for GSE74530, GSE23558, and GSE3524 respectively, and 166 common DEGs were found in every dataset. The GO annotation remarks that most of the DEGs were associated with the terms of type I interferon signaling pathway. The pathways of KEGG reported that the common DEGs are related to the Cell cycle and Influenza A. The PPI network holds 88 nodes and 492 edges and CDC6 had the highest number of connections. 4 clusters were identified from the PPI. Drug signatures doxorubicin and resveratrol showed high significance according to the hub genes. We anticipate that our bioinformatics research will aid in the definition of the pathophysiology and the development of new therapies for OC.

Stroke is a key cerebrovascular disease that is related to high morbidity and mortality in the globe. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is not an exception where stroke is fast developing into a serious challenge due to the high mortality rate. Additionally, stroke presents a tremendous economic burden and has a devastating effect on the quality of lives of individuals. The number of stroke cases are increasing yearly, thus posing a major challenge to the health care system. Therefore, it is crucial to implement primary and secondary prevention strategies in the KSA. Nevertheless, as compared with developed countries, information on the prevalence, socio-demographic properties and prevention of stroke remains scarce that could be attributed to the shortage of research conducted in this specified region. The review is written to address the various aspects of stroke in the KSA, based on current literatures search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases, to identify studies published since inception to Dec 2020.

Background: All human faces are unique and contribute to individual identity. The face is oneof the most fundamental parts of the body for self-recognition. Objectives: To measure the facialgolden ratio (FGR) and facial appearance (FA) of medical students of Jouf University, SaudiArabia. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study, facial height (FH) and facial width (FW)of each participant were measured by digital verniercalliper. All measurements were done bytwo researchers, if the measurements are equal or nearby, then mean value are considered andassessment of facial awareness are done by a validated structured questionnaire. Data analysiswas carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago,IL, USA). Results: Mean FGR value of the males and females are 1.64 and 1.55 respectively.This study revealed highly significant disparities among genders. The male participant has closeresembles with FGR in comparison to females. There was no significant difference betweenupper FH (57.74), Middle FH (55.16) and Lower FH (56.65) among Saudi, Jordan and Syrianparticipant. The females were significantly more satisfied with their eyelids and eyes than males,and their significant different was p=0.014 and 0.002, respectively. Conclusions: Majoritypopulation, both male and female having a normal face and satisfied with their face’s variables.The male participant has close resembles with the FGR. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.334-341

Background: Plagiarism (Plg) is an unacceptable practice since it affects the integrity of scientific literature. Aim and objectives: To seek students’ knowledge and attitude regarding Plg and solicit suggestions to prevent Plg in our institute. The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain whether students’ knowledge and attitudes about Plg differ by their demographic characteristics and academic years. Methodology: A 32 item questionnaire was given to all the undergraduate (UG) students of the College of Medicine and Dentistry, Jouf University, KSA. The research questions focused on demographic information, knowledge and attitude regarding Plg, and suggestions to curb Plg. Results: A total of 134 UG students filled out the survey. The samples consisted of 97 males and 37 females. Most of the students displayed adequate knowledge regarding Plg in terms of copying words or ideas, quoting references, and copying words without changing the matter. As compared to female students, male students had better awareness regarding meaningful and harmful effects of practicing Plg (p < 0.05). Additionally, our results indicate that as students climb the academic ladder, their awareness on Plg tends to rise. Common reasons for plagiarizing are discussed here together with suggestions to combat Plg. Conclusion: The results of this study can be mainly taken as an eye opener which demonstrates the vital factors pertaining to the level of students’ knowledge about Plg, and to eradicate the problem, there is a need for more discussions and training on this topic for students.

The paper proposes a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor utilizing MXene and a Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) material layer, placed on the Ag metal-based conventional biosensor to detect disease in human teeth. The SPR biosensor works on the principle of attenuated total reflection. The transverse matrix method was utilized for the reflectivity calculation. The thickness of the Ag layer, MXene, and MoS2 were taken as 45, 0.993, and 0.375 nm, respectively. Single-layer MoS2 and two layers of MXene were taken, and the highest sensitivity of the sensor for the enamel, dentin, and cementum was obtained at 83.219 deg/RIU, 91.460 deg/RIU, and 104.744 deg/RIU. MoS2 was used to enhance the biocompatibility of the analyte with the sensing layer. The aqueous solution had been considered as sensing medium.

Objective: To determine the DUSP6 gene mutation in three generations of Malaysian Malay subjects having Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: Genetic analyses of DUSP6 gene were carried out in 30 subjects by selecting three individuals representing three generations, respectively, from ten Malaysian Malay families having Class III malocclusion and 30 healthy controls. They were submitted Clinical Evaluation to clinical examination, lateral cephalometric radiographs, dental casts, and/ or facial and intra-oral photographs. Buccal cell was taken from each participant of Class III malocclusion and control groups. DNA extractions from buccal cell were carried out using Gentra puregene buccal cell kit. Bio Edit Sequence Alignment Editor software was used to see the sequencing result. Results: A heterozygous missense mutation c.1094C>T (p. Thr 365 Ile) was identified in DUSP6 gene in three members of one family with Class III malocclusion, whereas no mutation was found in the control group. Conclusion: Current study successfully identified a missense mutation in DUSP6 gene among one Malaysian Malay family affected by Class III malocclusion. The outcome of this study broadened the mutation spectrum of Class III malocclusion and the importance of DUSP6 gene in skeletal functions.

Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with a high prevalence. Epilepsy is a brain disorder which is characterized by recurrent seizures. This study was done to assess the knowledge, awareness and attitude on epilepsy among undergraduate health care students in Jouf University. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted through questionnaire among 523 participants of health care students in Jouf university and studied in five different specialties: Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy and Physiotherapy and Laboratory Assistants. Results: The knowledge about epilepsy was high among participants. Around 82.6% had heard or read about epilepsy. Majority of participants of all specialties (39.4%) reported that epilepsy is a brain disease and only 3.4% thought it was acquired through accident. Regarding treatment of epilepsy, majority reported treatment by medication (59.7%) in all specialties. 69.4% of all participants believed that epilepsy is not a contagious disease, the proportion was observed highest in medicine students (16.6%), as compared to nursing (15.7%), physiotherapy (14%), pharmacy (14%), and laboratory assistants (9.2%) (p=0.042). In attitude towards epilepsy, 60.4% said that there was no need of special classes for epileptic children. Where 56.4% would employ someone with epilepsy. However, 58.5% of them would not marry someone with epilepsy. Conclusion: The knowledge and awareness of participants of the study was of favorable level and the attitude was good. However, there is still a need to improve certain aspects of attitude and understanding of epilepsy among university students.

Objective. This pre-post study is aimed at determining the effects of masticatory muscle activity (masseter and temporalis) measured via sEMG between conventional, self-ligating, and ceramic bracket after six months of orthodontic treatment. Methods. A total of eighteen (18) malocclusion patients were identified. Malocclusion patients were subdivided into 3 groups based on the bracket selection (conventional, self-ligating, and ceramic bracket) with 6 patients for each group. sEMG of muscles were done using a two-channel electromyography device, where pregelled and self-adhesive electrodes (bilateral) were applied. Chewing and clenching of masseter and temporalis muscle activity were recorded for 20 s pre and 6 months of orthodontic treatment using sEMG (frequency 60 Hz). The data were analysed by using repeated measures ANOVA in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24.0. Results. Chewing and clenching for masseter muscle showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) in sEMG activity of three types of the brackets. However, for temporalis muscle, there was a significant difference found in sEMG activity during chewing ( P < 0.05 ) and clenching ( P < 0.05 ) between these three brackets. Conclusion. The activity of temporalis muscle showed significant changes in chewing and clenching, where the conventional group demonstrated better muscle activity pre and at six months of fixed appliances.

Objective: To reconnoiter the IL-1A (-889) and IL-1RN (+2018) gene polymorphisms and their association with EARR . Material and Methods: The Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus databases were comprehensively searched by two independent reviewers. In addition, the bibliographies of all relevant publications and textbooks were searched manually. A meta-analysis was performed using data available up to May 9, 2020. Results: A total of 13 and 9 publications were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively for both IL-1A and IL-1RN genes. Odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the association of the gene polymorphism and the risk of EARR. The risk of EARR was estimated using the overall OR from the published studies. No association was found for IL-1A gene for the risk of EARR. However, the dominant and co-dominant models of IL-1RN gene polymorphism were associated with the risk of EARR . Conclusion: More studies are warranted to determine the relationship between IL-1A and IL-1RN gene polymorphisms and EARR for a clearer understanding of their interactions.

Objective: To obtain the standardized values of individuals of Malaysian Malay and Chinese for further relevant research, such as treatment planning and aesthetical considerations. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 440 (305 were Malays and 135 were Chinese) standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients selected through simple random sampling are profiled using Holdaway’s analysis. The independent t-test was used to assess the disparities in race and gender. The significant level was p

Objective To date, only a few studies have investigated the relationships between genetic polymorphisms and external apical root resorption (EARR). Hence, the aim of this systematic review was to explore the relationship between different gene polymorphisms and their association with EARR. Methods A complete literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers. The PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched. In addition, the bibliographies of all textbooks and relevant articles were searched manually. A meta-analysis was performed using data entered into the electronic databases until February 28, 2017. Results On the basis of the search, we identified 17 and 7 publications for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the association of the interleukin 1B (+3954) polymorphism and the risk of EARR. The overall OR from the studies was used to estimate the risk of EARR. However, no association was found and no publication bias was apparent for the risk of EARR in patients receiving orthodontic treatment. Conclusions More research on the relationship between gene polymorphism and EARR is necessary to determine better specificity of possible interactions.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to review the uses of electromyography (EMG) in dentistry in the last few years in related research. EMG is an advanced technique to record and evaluate muscle activity. In the previous days, EMG was only used for medical sciences, but now EMG playing a tremendous role in medical as well as dental sector. Materials and Methods: Several electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies published until July 2015. Results: EMG can be used in both diagnosis and treatment purpose to record neuromuscular activity. In dentistry, we can utilize EMG to evaluate muscular activity in function such as chewing and biting or parafunctional activities such as clenching and bruxism. In case of TMJ and myofascial pain disorders, EMG widely is used in the last few years. Conclusions: EMG is one of biometric tests that occur in the modern evidence-based dentistry practice.

The etiology of developing class III malocclusion and the role of craniofacial structures in this phenotype remain indistinct. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative relationship of craniofacial structures of DUSP6 gene mutation and non-mutation groups in class III malocclusion of Malaysian Malay families and their three generations. Thirty class III cephalometric radiographs of ten Malaysian Malay families including three generations with an average age 23, 54 and 79 years of each generation respectively were studied. All landmarks were positioned, determined and consequently tracings were completed Romexis software (Planmeca, Finland) to accomplish craniofacial morphology investigation. The statistical comparisons of the mutation and non-mutation group were conducted with independent t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to evaluate the values for three generations in class III malocclusion among all measurements. The result of the current study revealed that in mutation group, there are significant differences in Co-Gn-B and SN-MDP variables compare to non-mutation group. However, almost all craniofacial variables show no significant differences among three generations. This study may suggest that in mutation group mandible is more deviated from cranial base compare to non-mutation group and there are virtually no skeletal changes among three generations with age in case of growing class III malocclusion.

To describe the clinical characteristics and the risk factors associated with mortality in patients with meningitis. This is a retrospective review of patients diagnosed to have meningitis with positive culture of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen. All cases aged 19 > years who were admitted to Hospital USM between January 2004 and December 2011 were included in the study. The CSF results database were obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Hospital USM, Kelantan. A checklist was used to record the clinical characteristics. A total of 125 cases met the inclusion criteria. The age of patients ranged between newborn and 19 years old (Mean±SD, 74.5±80.6 months). The majority of them were males (65.6%). Fever was the most common presentation (73.6%) followed by poor oral intake (48.0%), seizure (36.0%) and headache (24.8%). The mortality rate was 31.2%. Coagulase negative staphylococcus was the most frequent pathogens isolated (21.6%), followed by Acinetobacter spp. (17.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.6%), Streptococcus spp. (11.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.4%). There were significant association of in-hospital death with age (p=0.020) and conscious level (p=0.001). Infectious meningitis is a big health concern, especially among children. We found that coagulase negative staphylococcus, Acinetobacter species, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp and K. pneumoniae were prevalent in our hospital. These microorganisms were hospital associated pathogens. The 31% mortality linked to hospital acquired meningitis specifies the need for focused physician attention especially among younger aged patients.

It is supposed that the most frequent birth defect worldwide is clefts of the lip and/or palate (CL+-P). The frequency is non-syndromic where CL+-P happens in segregation of additional phenotypes; and syndromic clefts are referred when one or more additional features are involved. The etiologies of CL+-P is multifaceted and occupy both major and minor genetic influences with changeable relations from environmental factors. This study extends the involvement of various genes, which are responsible for both syndromic and non syndromic CL+-P patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v14i1.20928 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(1) 2015 p.113-116

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the association and correlation between the overjet and muscle activity (the masseter and temporalis muscles) in patient with Class II malocclusion in different genders using surface electromyography (sEMG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The overjet (measured clinically) and electromyographical activity (rest, chew, post chew rest, clench and post clench rest) of the masseter and temporalis muscle of class II malocclusion patient were assessed in 18 patients (3 males and 15 females) from the School of Dental Science, Hospital University Sains Malaysia. RESULTS: The results were compared by simple linear regression test to evaluate the association between overjet and muscle activity in different genders. Class II malocclusion patients with increased overjet group showed significant association with masseter muscle activity on chewing stage (P = 0.005, F = 6.081 and adj-R2 = 0.473). Left temporalis muscle in class II malocclusion showed a significant linear association (P = 0.014, F = 0.812 and adj-R2= −0.034) with gender during clench. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, class II malocclusion patient with increased overjet can affect masticatory muscle function and as well as clench force may differ in gender.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT) is an inherited degenerative disorder of the peripheral nervous system that results in slowly progressive distal muscle weakness, atrophy and loss of proprioception in the affected areas. X-linked CMT (CMTX) has been localized to the pericentric region of the X chromosome. CMTX neuropathy is usually associated with mutations in exon 2 of the gap junction protein beta1 (GJB1) gene. GJB1 is a gap junction protein expressed in various cells including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and myelinating schwann cells. Here, we report a female case of CMTX with a GJB1 mutation. The patient was severely clinically affected and exhibited both the features of demyelination and axonopathy. This is the first female patient with CMTX who showed permanent atypical scattered lesions in cerebral white matter of the brain on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI), which is very rare. The existence of a female patient with severe clinical symptoms may show that gain of function mechanism also leads to the disorders seen in these patients.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by slowly progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. HSP is caused by failure of development or selective degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, which contain the longest axons in humans. The most common form of HSP is caused by mutations of the spastin gene (SPAST), located on chromosome 2p21-p22, which encodes spastin, one of the ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA). In this study, we detected four causative mutations of SPAST among 14 unrelated patients with spastic paraplegia. Two missense mutations (1447A-->G, 1207C-->G) and two deletion mutations (1465delT, 1475-1476delAA) were located in the AAA cassette region. Three of these four mutations were novel. Previous reports and our results suggest that the frequency of SPAST mutations is higher among Japanese patients with autosomal dominant HSP, although SPAST mutations are also observed in patients with sporadic spastic paraplegia.

Corresponds to: Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Senior Lecturer, Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia., Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Email: dralam@gmail.com, dralam@usm.my. 1.Shifat A Nowrin 2.Mohammad KhurshedAlam 3.RehanaBasri School of Dental Science, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 KubangKerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, genetic basis of a skeletal anomaly should think through. The collaboration of various genes has been shown to be the primary cause of an unbalanced malshaped craniofacial structure1. Facial profile and structure seems to have a familial trend. From population studies proof gained, that families and twin have shown a genetic factor is responsible for the etiology of malocclusions. A predicted value of more than 25,000 human genes adds contribution to the development of craniofacial structure2. With recent technological advances that allow the simultaneous characterization of entire genomes via high throughput genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)or sequencing of the genome to evaluate human genetic variation, future gene and gene-environment studies of malocclusion can be performed on precisely defined phenotypes. This will provide valuable insights into the etio-pathogenesis underlying malocclusion3. Tung Yuen et al.,4 surveyed class I occlusion with crowding in the Hong Kong Chinese population using MassArray technique for the first time and conclude that there is link of EDA and XEDAR genes in dental crowding in Chinese population (Table 1). Both genetic and environmental influences play a role in the development of Class II malocclusion. Studies of Class II division 1 patients have shown that this condition is heritable and is consistent with a polygenic mode of inheritance. A polygenic model implies that a number of genes with small additive effects provide genetic predisposition to the phenotypic expression observed in the class II division 2 malocclusion. Gutierrez et al.,5analyzed four Colombian families with Class II malocclusion and found the be homozygous for the rare allele in SNP on the Nog gene (Table 1). Evidence from previous studies also established that class III malocclusion is strongly influenced by the genetic factors. May be class III malocclusion had developed by polygenic or monogenic mode of inheritance. But the environmental factors also responsible for this trait. Few works has been done to evaluate the quantitative role of heredity in the etiology of this condition. Various studies discussed various susceptible loci and genes for the class III malocclusion. DUSP6, EPB41, IGF1, HOXC, COL2A, TGFB3, LTBP2 (Table 1)are the mostly founded genes for class III malocclusion6-9. Genetic analysis is an important tool in clinical Orthodontics. The etiological diversity is the main complicating factor for treatment and diagnosis in various types of malocclusions. But it still need time to be better accepted by dentists and explore the advantages. Conflict of Interest: None declared

Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in 1981 in USA. In 1983, human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) was isolated, and in the following year it was demonstrated clearly that it was the causative agent of AIDS. The disease is a major health problem in many parts of the world. The high prevalence and striking diversi‐ ty of neurological disorders complicating AIDS were recognized in 1983 (Snider et al., 1983). AIDS was associated with distinct neurological syndromes, such as dementia, myelopathy and painful neuropathy that appeared to result from the HIV itself. Over the last 30 years, there has been increasing recognition of the role that auto antibodies play in neurological disorders. Dur‐ ing the past decade, AIDS has become a global health problem with 182,000 000 cases reported from 152 countries. It is estimated that nearly five to ten million people are infected worldwide with HIV-1. With a mean incubation period from time of infection to the development of AIDS of eight to 10 years, it is projected that nearly all HIV-1-infected individual will develop AIDS within the next 15 years (Quinn, 1990). It has become increasingly evident that the vast majori‐ ty of HIV-1 infected people will eventually develop AIDS or an AIDS-related condition (De Wolf and Lange, 1991) with a median time of progression to AIDS of 7-10 years from infection in adults (Lui et al., 1988; Bacchetti and Moss, 1989) and shorter periods in infants and elderly patients (Medley et al., 1987; Auger et al., 1988; Lagakos & DeGruttola, 1989). In the United States alone, 104, 210 cases of AIDS and more than 61,000 deaths have been reported. Sexual, parenteral as well as perinatal transmission routes have remained the major modes of trans‐ mission, although the proportion of cases within each risk behaviour category has changed. Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the proportion of AIDS patients who have ac‐ knowledged as IV drug user or have heterosexual contact with other individuals at high risk for HIV infection (Quinn, 1990).

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Bangladesh. The World Health Organization ranks Bangladesh's mortality rate due to stroke as number 84 in the world. The reported prevalence of stroke in Bangladesh is 0·3%, although no data on stroke incidence have been recorded. Hospital-based studies conducted in past decades have indicated that hypertension is the main cause of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in Bangladesh. The high number of disability-adjusted life-years lost due to stroke (485 per 10 000 people) show that stroke severely impacts Bangladesh's economy. Although two non-governmental organizations, BRAC and the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed, are actively involved in primary stroke prevention strategies, the Bangladeshi government needs to emphasize healthcare development to cope with the increasing population density and to reduce stroke occurrence.

In this study, we examined the usefulness and validity of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) in assessing cerebellar ataxia in 27 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration. The inter-rater reliability of the SARA scores between the two neurologists was high. The scores on SARA correlated significantly with the Barthel index and scores on the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Scores on ICARS and SARA did not correlate with the total length traveled (TLT) or the root mean square area (RMS) of body sways measured by body stabilometry. The time required to examine each patient for SARA was approximately 4 min, one-third the time required for ICARS. Our results indicate that SARA is useful for the evaluation of cerebellar ataxic patients in daily examinations and that body sway analysis by stabilometry is influenced by factors other than cerebellar ataxia, such as muscle weakness, which should be taken into account when body sway analysis is used to evaluate the severity of cerebellar ataxia.

Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) is a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. To shed further light on the clinical and genetic spectrum of ADCA in Japan, we conducted a study to determine the frequency of a new variety of different subtypes of SCAs among ADCA patients. This current study was carried out from April 1999 to December 2006 on the basis of patients with symptoms and signs of ADCA disorders. PCR and/or direct sequencing were evaluated in a total of 113 families. Among them, 35 families were found to have the mutation associated with SCA6, 30 with SCA3, 11 with SCA1, five with SCA2, five with DRPLA, and one with SCA14. We also detected the heterozygous −16C → T single nucleotide substitution within the puratrophin-1 gene responsible for 16q22.1-linked ADCA in ten families. In this study, unusual varieties of SCA, including 27, 13, 5, 7, 8, 12, 17, and 16 were not found. Of the 113 patients, 14% had as yet unidentified ADCA mutations. The present study validates the prevalence of genetically distinct ADCA subtypes based on ethnic origin and geographical variation, and shows that 16q-linked ADCA has strong hereditary effects in patients with ADCAs in Japan.