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Malakoplakia is a rare inflammatory disorder which typically occurs in immunocompromised patients secondary to impaired bactericidal activity of macrophages. While this entity commonly arises in the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, lesions of the head and neck have been reported only rarely, with oral cavity involvement reported in 3 cases. The most common presentation of head and neck malakoplakia is that of a cutaneous flesh-colored papule or nodule. This case report, however, illustrates the first time malakoplakia is identified affecting the maxilla and maxillary alveolar ridge mucosa. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains are presented and include positivity for PAS, von Kossa stain, iron stain, and CD68 and negativity for GMS and Gram stains, indicating an inability to demonstrate microbial infection. Thus, clinicians and pathologists alike should be aware of malakoplakia as a pathologic entity when forming differential diagnoses, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Dysgenetic polycystic disease, also known just as polycystic disease, is a very rare developmental abnormality affecting the salivary gland duct system. This entity has been reported in only 21 patients previously, although a careful review suggests only 16 patients have histological evidence of the disease. In previously reported cases, this lesion most commonly presents as either an incidental finding or as a swelling affecting the parotid glands bilaterally, or rarely the submandibular glands bilaterally. This case report details the first time dysgenetic polycystic disease is found affecting the minor salivary glands of the tongue in a 55-year-old male. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains are presented and include positivity for AE1/AE3 and p63, and negativity for progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, mammaglobin, S100 and BRAF V600E. PAS-D and Congo Red highlight special microamyloid spheroliths structures intraluminally., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Differential diagnosis between the non-calcifying variant of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (NCLC-CEOT) and amyloid-rich central odontogenic fibroma (AR-COdF) has become a debate, particularly regarding the frequency of CD1a positivity in both entities. This has led to the growing consensus that CD1a-positive staining in AR-NC lesions confirms the diagnosis of AR-COdF. Here, we assess the validity of this consensus., Study Design: We collected the data of a case series of histopathologically distinct CEOTs, NCLC-CEOTs, and COdFs and stained them for CD1a and amyloid. Of the 9 CEOTs and NCLC-CEOTs, we diagnosed 4 as classic, 3 as associated with a dentigerous cyst, and 2 as combined CEOT/adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. Of the 9 COdFs, we diagnosed 3 as epithelial poor, 3 as epithelial rich (lacking amyloid), 2 as hyalinized with amyloid, and 1 as hyalinized without amyloid and assessed the staining results., Results: Of the 9 CEOTs and NCLC-CEOTs, 7 stained positively for CD1a, 5 diffusely and 2 focally. Notably, 2 classic NCLC-CEOTs stained strongly CD1a positive. All 3 of the epithelial-poor COdFs were predictably CD1a negative. Of the 6 remaining COdFs, 2 were CD1a positive, 1 hyalinized-with-amyloid COdF diffusely and 1 epithelial-rich-without amyloid focally., Conclusions: CD1a positivity, which occurs in classic CEOT and NCLC-CEOT, does not help distinguish between NCLC-CEOT and AR-COdF and is inconsistent in all AR-COdFs. The diagnosis of CEOT and AR-COdF should be guided by appropriate histopathologic criteria irrespective of CD1a staining or the presence of amyloid or calcifications., Competing Interests: Declarations of interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to characterize the histology and the clinicodemographic features of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), showing continuity with the oral surface mucosa., Study Design: We reviewed 138 cases of intraoral MEC to identify cases that showed continuity with the surface mucosa and compared their clinicodemographic findings with those of MECs not showing continuity. We compared the sex ratio using the 2-sample Z-test and compared the age distribution using the 2-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test., Results: Of the 138 cases examined, 14 showed continuity with the surface mucosa. Their histology showed surface mucosa with an apparent transition to an infiltrating tumor with mucous, intermediate, and epidermoid tumor cells growing in solid and cystic patterns. Their clinical appearance ranged from firm submucosal nodules to erythematous to ulcerated lesions. They showed a strong female predilection (6:1) and sharply bimodal age distribution, with sharp peaks in the fourth and seventh decades., Conclusions: Mucoepidermoid carcinomas that show continuity have a demographic pattern distinct from that of conventional MECs, showing a striking female predilection and bimodal age distribution and suggesting a difference in etiology. Pathologists should remain aware that MEC in the oral cavity can have a histologic appearance of surface origin to reach the correct diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Electronic cigarettes are increasing in popularity, but there is only little information on their biologic effects on the oral epithelium, the initial site exposed to electronic cigarette smoke., Methods: We assessed the oral epithelium response to electronic cigarettes by comparing the histology and RNA transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) of healthy electronic cigarette vapers to nonsmokers. mRNA was assessed based on: (1) genome-wide; (2) genes previously identified as dysregulated in the oral epithelium of electronic cigarette vapers versus nonsmokers; (3) immune and inflammatory-related genes previously identified as dysregulated in the nasal epithelium of electronic cigarette vapers compared to nonsmokers; (4) genes previously identified as dysregulated in the small airway epithelium of nonsmokers following an acute exposure to electronic cigarette; and (5) genes related to the initial steps of COVID-19 infection. In addition, miRNA was assessed genome-wide. Comparisons were performed using analysis of variance, and Benajmini-Hochberg corrected p < 0.05 was considered significant., Results: The histology of the epithelium, lamina propria and basal layer in electronic cigarette vapers appeared normal. Assessment of mRNA and miRNA, based on all gene lists, did not identify any genes significantly modified in the oral epithelium of electronic cigarette vapers in response to electronic cigarette use., Conclusion: An average history of 2 years of vaping results in no detectable histologic or transcriptome abnormalities in the buccal mucosa., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are exceedingly rare lesions. To our knowledge, only 2 cases have been reported in the oral cavity, with both examples occurring in infants. The current case is the third reported case of MRT of the oral cavity and the first reported case to occur in an adult at this location. The following report describes the clinical, histologic and immunohistochemical features of this tumor.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a subgroup of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is an uncommon tumor exhibiting CD30 positivity and a characteristic immunophenotypic profile. Histologically, ALCL is characterized by the proliferation of large, anaplastic lymphoid cells with eccentric horseshoe- or kidney-shaped nuclei and one or more prominent nucleoli. Rare cases have been cited in the literature of ALCL presenting primarily in the oral cavity. The purpose of this article was to present 2 instructive cases of CD30+, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative ALCL with oral and systemic involvement., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is an analytical technique used to determine the distribution of individual analytes within a given sample. A wide array of analytes and samples can be investigated by MSI, including drug distribution in rats, lipid analysis from brain tissue, protein differentiation in tumors, and plant metabolite distributions. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique capable of desorbing and ionizing a large range of compounds, and it is the most common ionization source used in MSI. MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) is generally considered to be a qualitative analytical technique because of significant ion-signal variability. Consequently, MSI is also thought to be a qualitative technique because of the quantitative limitations of MALDI coupled with the homogeneity of tissue sections inherent in an MSI experiment. Thus, conclusions based on MS images are often limited by the inability to correlate ion signal increases with actual concentration increases. Here, we report a quantitative MSI method for the analysis of cocaine (COC) from brain tissue using a deuterated internal standard (COC-d(3)) combined with wide-isolation MS/MS for analysis of the tissue extracts with scan-by-scan COC-to-COC-d(3) normalization. This resulted in significant improvements in signal reproducibility and calibration curve linearity. Quantitative results from the MSI experiments were compared with quantitative results from liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS results from brain tissue extracts. Two different quantitative MSI techniques (standard addition and external calibration) produced quantitative results comparable to LC-MS/MS data. Tissue extracts were also analyzed by MALDI wide-isolation MS/MS, and quantitative results were nearly identical to those from LC-MS/MS. These results clearly demonstrate the necessity for an internal standard for quantitative MSI experiments.

Detection of drugs in tissue typically requires extensive sample preparation in which the tissue is first homogenized, followed by drug extraction, before the extracts are finally analyzed by LC/MS. Directly analyzing drugs in intact tissue would eliminate any complications introduced by sample pretreatment. A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS(n)) method as been developed for the quantification of cocaine present in postmortem brain tissue of a chronic human cocaine user. It is shown that tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2) and MS(3) increase selectivity, which is critical for differentiating analyte ions from background ions such as matrix clusters and endogenous compounds found in brain tissue. It is also shown that the use of internal standards corrects for signal variability during quantitative MALDI, which can be caused by inhomogeneous crystal formation, inconsistent sample preparation, and laser shot-to-shot variability. The MALDI-MS(n) method developed allows for a single MS(3) experiment that uses a wide isolation window to isolate both analyte and internal standard target ions. This method is shown to provide improved precision [approximately 10-20 times reduction in percent relative standard deviation (%RSD)] for quantitative analysis compared to using two alternating MS(3) experiments that separately isolate the target analyte and internal standard ions., (2010 American Society for Mass Spectrometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To determine the presence or absence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in oral inverted ductal papillomas (IDPs) using in situ hybridisation (ISH), and to analyse all cases for histological features of HPV infection., Methods: Six cases were retrieved from archival material and paraffin wax blocks were submitted for the detection of HPV DNA by means of ISH. A wide spectrum probe for HPV subtypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 51, and 52 was used initially. Cases that were positive using this wide spectrum probe were further subtyped using HPV type specific probes (6/11, 16/18, and 31/33). The histological features of all tumours were analysed using routine microscopy., Results: Of the six cases of oral IDP identified, three were positive for HPV subtypes 6/11. All positive cases showed histological features of HPV infection (koilocytosis, papillomatosis, binucleated keratinocytes, and abnormal mitosis) in both the surface and the inverted epithelium. The three cases that tested negative for HPV DNA also exhibited focal histological features of HPV infection (two in the surface epithelium and one in the endophytic epithelium)., Conclusions: These are the first documented cases of oral IDP to demonstrate positivity for HPV DNA and also to show histological features of HPV infection.

Oral melanoacanthoma (MA) is rare reactive mucosal lesion that, like cutaneous MA, demonstrates hyperplasia of spinous keratinocytes and melanocytes. Unlike MA of the skin, oral MA is unrelated to seborrheic keratosis. This series adds 10 cases to the limited number of previous reports of oral MA. The clinicopathologic features of the cases in this series are generally consistent with those previously reported in the literature; that is, although documented in various intraoral locations in patients of differing ethnicity, oral melanoacanthoma most often presents as an enlarging flat or slightly raised area of hyperpigmentation on the buccal mucosa of adult black women. The current series provides evidence of occurrence over a wider age range (5-77 years) than previously reported. Additionally, the reactivity of oral melanoacanthoma to HMB-45 was investigated. Strong HMB-45 reactivity was present in all cases, thus demonstrating its limited utility in distinguishing oral MA from malignant melanoma.

Odontogenic keratocyst displaying foci of cartilaginous metaplasia in the connective tissue wall has been previously reported but is considered rare. We report a case of a 66-year-old man with an odontogenic keratocyst of the mandible. Benign-appearing metaplastic cartilage was observed in the wall of this cyst, as well as in the recurrence. A benign clinical course is documented, and a review of the literature detailing 6 previously reported cases is presented.

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) occurring on the face, lips, and perioral region is a relatively common manifestation of this infectious disease. MC of the intraoral mucosa has been documented, but is rare. This report details the case of a 52-year-old HIV-seropositive man with MC of the gingiva. A review of the literature discloses only 4 previously reported cases of intraoral MC.

The presentation of a primary vascular tumor in a lymph node is a rare occurrence. Only 16 documented cases have been reported to date, with none described in the oral soft tissues. This case report presents the first occurrence of an intra-nodal hemangioma of the oral soft tissue in an 11-year-old girl. A review of the literature is also presented.

Linear gingival erythema (LGE) is part of the spectrum of periodontal disease that exists in the HIV-infected population. Here, a typical case of LGE is presented and described. The microbiology and therapeutics of LGE are discussed, as well as this condition's relationship to more severe, rapidly destructive infectious diseases--such as necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and necrotizing stomatitis.