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Elevated levels of anti-cardiolipin antibodies are associated with an increased risk for venous and arterial thrombosis. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease thrombosis is a well known complication. We determined the prevalence of elevated anti-cardiolipin antibodies in 136 patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with 136 healthy controls and analyzed thromboembolic complications in patients with increased anti-cardiolipin antibody levels. Anti-cardiolipin antibody titers were significantly elevated in patients with Crohn's disease (5.7 units/ml) and ulcerative colitis (5.3 units/ml) compared to the control group (2.5 units/ml). We found no correlation between disease activity and anti-cardiolipin antibody levels. Seven patients had deep venous thrombosis in their history, in three of them this was complicated by pulmonary embolism. In only two of the seven patients with deep venous thrombosis were anti-cardiolipin antibody levels increased. In conclusion, anti-cardiolipin antibody titers were significantly increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Elevated anti-cardiolipin antibody levels appear to play no role in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corticosteroids are used for induction of remission in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. However, up to one-third of patients fail to this therapy. We investigated if fecal microbial composition or its metabolic capacity are associated with response to systemic corticosteroids., Methods: In this prospective, multicenter study, patients with active ulcerative colitis (Lichtiger score ≥4) receiving systemic corticosteroids were eligible. Data were assessed and fecal samples collected before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Patients were divided into responders (decrease of Lichtiger Score ≥50%) and nonresponders. The fecal microbiome was assessed by the 16S rRNA gene marker and analyzed with QIIME 2. Microbial metabolic pathways were predicted using parsimonious flux balance analysis., Results: Among 93 included patients, 69 (74%) patients responded to corticosteroids after 4 weeks. At baseline, responders could not be distinguished from nonresponders by microbial diversity and composition, except for a subgroup of biologic-naïve patients. Within 4 weeks of treatment, responders experienced changes in beta diversity with enrichment of ascribed beneficial taxa, including Blautia, Anaerostipes, and Bifidobacterium, as well as an increase in predicted butyrate synthesis. Nonresponders had only minor longitudinal taxonomic changes with a significant increase of Streptococcus salivarius and a microbial composition shifting away from responders., Conclusion: Baseline microbial diversity and composition seem to be of limited use to predict response to systemic corticosteroids in active ulcerative colitis. Response is longitudinally associated with restoration of microbial composition and its metabolic capacity., (© 2023 Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.)

Background: Among patients with ulcerative colitis, 30-50% receive corticosteroids within the first five years after diagnosis. We aimed to reconsider their effectiveness in the context of the biologic era., Methods: In this prospective, multicenter study, patients with active ulcerative colitis (Lichtiger score ≥ 4) were eligible if initiating systemic corticosteroids. The primary endpoint was clinical response (decrease in the Lichtiger score of ≥50%) at week 4. Secondary endpoints included combined response defined as clinical response and any reduction in elevated biomarkers (CRP and/or calprotectin). Steroid dependence was assessed after three months., Results: A total of 103 patients were included. Clinical response was achieved by 73% of patients, and combined response by 68%. A total of 15% of patients were steroid-dependent. Activity of colitis did not influence short-term response to treatment but increased the risk for steroid dependence. Biologic-naïve patients responded better than biologic-experienced patients. Past smoking history (OR 5.38 [1.71, 20.1], p = 0.003), hemoglobin levels (OR 0.76 [0.57, 0.99] for higher levels, p = 0.045), and biologic experience (OR 3.30 [1.08, 10.6], p = 0.036) were independently associated with nonresponse., Conclusion: Disease activity was not associated with short-term response to systemic corticosteroids but was associated with steroid dependence in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Exposure to biologics negatively affects response rates.

Introduction: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from various symptoms, impairing their quality of life and often affecting psychosocial issues. This may lead to the need for additional psychological care. This study investigated patients' subjective need for integrated psychosomatic support and psychotherapy and indicators for it., Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional multicentre study in Austrian IBD patients who were in routine care at 18 IBD outpatient clinics. Patients filled in an anonymous, validated questionnaire (Assessment of the Demand for Additional Psychological Treatment Questionnaire [ADAPT]) assessing the need for psychological care. The ADAPT gives two separate scores: the need for integrated psychosomatic support and for psychotherapy. In addition, health-related quality of life and the use of complementary and alternative medicine as well as clinical and socio-demographic variables were queried. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of the previously mentioned variables on the need for additional psychological care., Results: Of 1286 patients, 29.7% expressed a need for additional psychological care, 19.6% expressed a need for integrated psychosomatic support and 20.2% expressed a need for psychotherapy. In the multivariable analysis, the two strongest indicators for the need for both types of psychological care were the use of complementary and alternative medicine (for integrated psychosomatic support: odds ratio = 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.39, p = 0.010; for psychotherapy: odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.20-2.53, p = 0.004), and a low health-related quality of life score (for integrated psychosomatic support: odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.96, p < 0.001; for psychotherapy: odds ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.97, p < 0.001)., Discussion: About 30% of the Austrian IBD patients expressed a need for integrated psychosomatic support and/or psychotherapy. The most important indicators for this need were the use of complementary and alternative medicine and low quality of life., (© 2020 The Authors. United European Gastroenterology Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of United European Gastroenterology.)

Background: Basophilia of the peripheral blood (PBB) has rarely been described in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency of PBB in patients with UC and to examine a potential correlation of PBB with markers of inflammation. Methods: We compared retrospectively the basophil counts and the occurrence of basophilia (>200 basophils/µL) between 165 patients with UC and 35 controls, and analysed the correlation between the basophil count and the C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: Within the study period, data from 1750 leukocyte differential count determinations of UC patients and 158 results from control subjects were available in the medical records and were statistically analysed. The differences in the basophil counts between the UC and the control group were not statistically significant (60/µL (0-351) vs. 49/µL (0-184), p  = .26). Basophilia was apparent in 23 measurements of 10 patients with UC, but was not observed in the controls ( p  = .30). The basophil count was not significantly correlated with the CRP ( p  = .065, r  = 0.04). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PBB represents an uncommon and not disease-specific laboratory feature of UC. It is not correlated with the CRP and may not represent a useful biomarker for disease monitoring in UC.

Objective: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) seems to be frequently used among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to determine the prevalence and indicators of CAM use in Austrian IBD patients., Methods: In a multicentre cross-sectional study, adult patients with IBD attending 18 Austrian outpatient clinics completed a multi-item questionnaire that recorded use of CAM as well as medical and socioeconomic characteristics. Patients were recruited between June 2014 and June 2015. The study outcome was the prevalence of CAM use and its socioeconomic and disease-related associations., Results: A total of 1286 patients (Crohn's disease 830, ulcerative colitis 435, IBD unclassified 21; females 651) with a median age of 40 years (interquartile range 31-52 years) and a median disease duration of 10 years (4-18 years) were analysed. The prevalence of previous and/or current CAM use was 50.7%, with similar results for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In the multivariable analysis, female gender and a university education were independent socioeconomic indicators of CAM use. IBD-related indicators were longer duration of the disease and previous and/or current treatment with steroids and TNF-α inhibitors., Conclusion: CAM use for IBD is frequent in Austrian IBD patients and associated with female gender, higher educational level of university degree, longer duration of the disease, and treatment with steroids and TNF-α inhibitors.

Background: Delayed diagnosis seems to be common in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The study was carried out to investigate the diagnostic delay and associated risk factors in Austrian IBD patients., Methods: In a multicenter cross-sectional study adult patients with IBD attending 18 Austrian outpatient clinics completed a multi-item questionnaire that recorded medical and socioeconomic characteristics. The study outcome was diagnostic delay defined as the period from symptom onset to diagnosis of IBD., Results: A total of 1286 patients (Crohn's disease 830, ulcerative colitis 435, inflammatory bowel disease unclassified 21; females 651) with a median age of 40 years (interquartile range 31-52 years) and a median disease duration of 10 years (4-18 years) were analyzed. The median diagnostic delay was 6 months (2-23 months) in Crohn's disease and 3 months (1-10 months) in ulcerative colitis (p < 0.001). In the multivariable regression analysis Crohn's disease, greater age at diagnosis and a high educational level (compared to middle degree level) were independently associated with longer diagnostic delay., Conclusion: The diagnostic delay was longer in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis patients and was associated with greater age at diagnosis and a higher educational level.

Objective: Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is state-of-the-art therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia worldwide. However, little is known about the perception of patients with AF and how it correlates with risk scores used by their physicians. Therefore, we correlated patients' estimates of their own stroke and bleeding risk with the objectively predicted individual risk using CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED scores., Design: Cross-sectional prevalence study using convenience sampling and telephone follow-up., Settings: Eight hospital departments and one general practitioner in Austria. Patients' perception of stroke and bleeding risk was opposed to commonly used risk scoring., Participants: Patients with newly diagnosed AF and indication for anticoagulation., Main Outcome Measures: Comparison of subjective risk perception with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED scores showing possible discrepancies between subjective and objective risk estimation. Patients' judgement of their own knowledge on AF and education were also correlated with accuracy of subjective risk appraisal., Results: Ninety-one patients (age 73±11 years, 45% female) were included in this study. Subjective stroke and bleeding risk estimation did not correlate with risk scores (ρ=0.08 and ρ=0.17). The majority of patients (57%) underestimated the individual stroke risk. Patients feared stroke more than bleeding (67% vs 10%). There was no relationship between accurate perception of stroke and bleeding risks and education level. However, we found a correlation between the patients' judgement of their own knowledge of AF and correct assessment of individual stroke risk (ρ=0.24, p=0.02). During follow-up, patients experienced the following events: death (n=5), stroke (n=2), bleeding (n=1). OAC discontinuation rate despite indication was 3%., Conclusions: In this cross-sectional analysis of OAC-naive patients with AF, we found major differences between patients' perceptions and physicians' assessments of risks and benefits of OAC. To ensure shared decision-making and informed consent, more attention should be given to evidence-based and useful communication strategies., Trial Registration Number: NCT03061123., Competing Interests: Competing interests: NB reports personal fees from Bayer, Medtronic, Daiichi-Sankyo, Servier, AstraZeneca, other from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bayer, Lilly outside the submitted work. HM, PK, GR, SM, MS, VS, EW, DZ and GZ have nothing to disclose. NW reports personal fees from Lectures and Consulting outside the submitted work. RZ reports grants from Lilly, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer and Daiichi-Sankyo outside the submitted work., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Background: The proteinogenic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) valine, leucine and isoleucine might play an unrecognised crucial role in the development of depression through their activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) pathway. The aim of this research project is to evaluate whether BCAAs are altered in patients with major depression and might thus be appropriate biomarkers for major depression., Methods: The concentrations of valine, leucine and isoleucine were determined in 71 in-patients with major depression and 48 healthy controls by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Psychiatric and laboratory assessments were obtained at the time of in-patient admittance., Results: The BCAAs are significantly decreased in patients with major depression in comparison with healthy subjects (valine: Mann-Whitney-U: 968.0; p <0.0001, leucine: Mann-Whitney-U: 1246.5; p = 0.013, isoleucine: Mann-Whitney-U: 1252.5; p = 0.014). Furthermore, as shown by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, there is a significant negative correlation between valine, leucine and isoleucine concentrations and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) as well as Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scores., Conclusions: Our study results are strong evidence that in patients with major depression, BCAAs might be appropriate biomarkers for depression. Reduced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) due to a reduction of BCAAs might play a crucial unrecognised factor in the etiology of depression and may evoke depressive symptomatology and lower energy metabolism in patients with major depression. In the future, mTor and its up- and downstream signalling partners might be important targets for the development of novel antidepressants.

Background: We compared the Elia CTD Screen (ECS), a fluoroenzymeimmunoassay incorporating 17 human antinuclear antigens (ANA), with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on Hep-2 cells in order to determine the clinical utility of the ECS in additon to or without IIF., Methods: We examined 1708 consecutive serum samples submitted for ANA testing using the ECS and IIF in parallel. Positive screen results were further examined by quantitative fluoroenzymeimmunoassays and/or immunoblots for antibody identification. The medical records were evaluated for systemic rheumatic disorders., Results: Concordance between ECS and IIF was observed in 1344 (78.8%) samples. ECS had a better detection rate for anti-dsDNA, -SSA/Ro, -SSB/La, -U1RNP and -Jo-1 antibodies, whereas IIF was superior in the detection of anti-CENP-B antibodies as well as anti-histone, -nucleosome and -Pl-12 antibodies, which are not included in the ECS antigen panel. ECS had a 100% sensitivity for Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis and Sharp syndrome. The sensitivity for Sjögren's syndrome was slightly higher for ESC than for IIF (94%). IIF had a higher diagnostic sensitivity for systemic lupus erythematosus, indeterminated connective tissue disease, Raynaud's syndrome and limited scleroderma, compared to ESC (100% vs. 80%, 100 vs. 75%, 89 vs. 57%, 100 vs. 88.9%)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the ECS represents an appropriate diagnostic tool for ANA screening. However, since some antigens are not incorporated in the ECS panel, and some ANA can also be missed by IIF, sequential or parallel screening with ECS and IIF may be reasonable when the clinical suspicion for connective tissue disease is high.

Objectives: We determined primary and secondary resistance rates of H. pylori in different regions of Austria and potential bacterial and host factors associated with resistance., Methods: In a prospective multicentre study H. pylori was cultivated from biopsies and susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST. Resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin was determined by sequencing of the resistance-determining regions of 23S rRNA and gyrA genes. cagA, vacA and babA2 genotypes were determined., Results: A total of 1266 patients were included. 178 isolates were cultured: 128 from patients without prior eradication therapy, 50 from patients after failed eradication. Primary resistance to clarithromycin, levofloxacin and metronidazole were 17.2%, 9.4% and 10.2%, respectively. Secondary resistance to clarithromycin, levofloxacin and metronidazole were 64%, 18% and 44%, respectively. Prior eradication was associated with a higher risk of clarithromycin as well as metronidazole resistance (OR=8.1; 95% CI 3.8-17.1 and OR 5.7; 95% CI 2.5-13, respectively)., Conclusion: Primary resistance to both clarithromycin and levofloxacin was markedly lower in Southern Austria than recently reported., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Background: Major depression is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and increased mortality following myocardial infarction. However, biomarkers of depression and increased cardiovascular risk are still missing. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate, whether nitric-oxide (NO) related factors for endothelial dysfunction, such as global arginine bioavailability, arginase activity, L-arginine/ADMA ratio and the arginine metabolites asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) might be biomarkers for depression-induced cardiovascular risk., Methods: In 71 in-patients with major depression and 48 healthy controls the Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (GABR), arginase activity (arginine/ornithine ratio), the L-arginine/ADMA ratio, ADMA, and SDMA were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Psychiatric and laboratory assessments were obtained at baseline at the time of in-patient admittance and at the time of hospital discharge., Results: The ADMA concentrations in patients with major depression were significantly elevated and the SDMA concentrations were significantly decreased in comparison with the healthy controls. Even after a first improvement of depression, ADMA and SDMA levels remained nearly unchanged. In addition, after a first improvement of depression at the time of hospital discharge, a significant decrease in arginase activity, an increased L-arginine/ADMA ratio and a trend for increased global arginine bioavailability were observed., Conclusions: Our study results are evidence that in patients with major depression ADMA and SDMA might be biomarkers to indicate an increased cardiovascular threat due to depression-triggered NO reduction. GABR, the L-arginine/ADMA ratio and arginase activity might be indicators of therapy success and increased NO production after remission.

Background: Dacryocytes are teardrop-shaped erythrocytes which are most frequently observed in peripheral blood smears of patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis as well as malignant infiltrative disorders of the bone marrow. Dacryocytes have rarely been described in blood smears of patients with autoimmune (AIHA) and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA). The clear prevalence of dacryocytes in AIHA and MAHA is unknown., Methods: We compared the dacryocyte counts in blood smears stained according to the May-Grünwald-Giemsa technique between 20 subjects with AIHA and MAHA with those from 21 controls. The dacryocytes, defined as erythrocytes tapered to a point at one end, were counted as cells per 20 high power fields (HPF) at 630-fold magnification., Results: In AIHA, MAHA and controls, dacryocytes were found in 89%, 91% and 19% of the slides, respectively. The rate of dacryocyte positivity and the dacryocyte counts between haemolytic anaemias and controls differed statistically highly significant (p<0.0001)., Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that dacryocytes are commonly apparent in blood smears of patients with AIHA and MAHA. Knowledge of this frequent feature may be beneficial in clinical routine diagnosis.

Background: In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), alterations of the intestinal microbiota, termed dysbiosis, have been postulated to contribute to intestinal inflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used as effective therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis also caused by dysbiosis. The aims of the present study were to investigate if patients with UC benefit from FMT and if dysbiosis can be reversed., Methods: Six patients with chronic active UC nonresponsive to standard medical therapy were treated with FMT by colonoscopic administration. Changes in the colonic microbiota were assessed by 16S rDNA-based microbial community profiling using high-throughput pyrosequencing from mucosal and stool samples., Results: All patients experienced short-term clinical improvement within the first 2 weeks after FMT. However, none of the patients achieved clinical remission. Microbiota profiling showed differences in the modification of the intestinal microbiota between individual patients after FMT. In 3 patients, the colonic microbiota changed toward the donor microbiota; however, this did not correlate with clinical response. On phylum level, there was a significant reduction of Proteobacteria and an increase in Bacteroidetes after FMT., Conclusions: FMT by a single colonoscopic donor stool application is not effective in inducing remission in chronic active therapy-refractory UC. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota were significant and resulted in a partial improvement of UC-associated dysbiosis. The results suggest that dysbiosis in UC is at least in part a secondary phenomenon induced by inflammation and diarrhea rather than being causative for inflammation in this disease.

The effect of cyclosporin was evaluated in six patients with severe ulcerative colitis not responding to at least 8 days of standard therapy with intravenous corticosteroids. Cyclosporin (5-7.5 mg/kg/day intravenously) was added while steroid therapy was continued. Five of 6 patients responded after a mean of 7 days and colectomy was not necessary. After 4 weeks three patients achieved clinical remission or had mild symptoms and were weaned from cyclosporin and corticosteroids without exacerbation within the next 7-15 months. Two patients improved and they were put on oral cyclosporin. One of them relapsed after 2 weeks and then responded to high dose corticosteroids. This patient is doing well at 8 months of followup on azathioprine and steroids. One patient stopped oral cyclosporin after 3 months abruptly and then had a relapse. He subsequently improved while refusing any medical therapy. Side effects of cyclosporin occurred in 2 patients but were mild and self limited and did not necessitate discontinuation of the drug. Cyclosporin appears to be effective in a large portion of patients with severe ulcerative colitis who failed to improve on corticosteroids and in whom colectomy would otherwise be considered.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often associated with anemia. Of 85 patients with IBD, 28 were anemic and had an inadequately low plasma erythropoietin (EPO) concentration. Three patients with a long-standing history of IBD and refractory chronic anemia (hemoglobin values < 10 g/dL, plasma EPO concentrations below 100 mU/mL) were treated with recombinant human EPO, which was administered subcutaneously three times per week at a dose of 200-300 U/kg of body weight. Bone marrow biopsy specimens taken before therapy showed slightly decreased erythropoiesis with a shift of erythroid precursors toward more immature stages. EPO treatment resulted in a marked increase in hemoglobin values in all 3 patients. Bone marrow biopsies after EPO therapy showed quantitatively and qualitatively normal erythropoiesis in all of them. Correction of anemia was followed by improved well-being, and all patients were able to cope much better with their IBD. In all three patients, there was an increase in body weight and their Karnofsky index improved. After a complete workup and exclusion of any other cause for anemia, erythropoietin treatment, although expensive, should be considered in patients with IBD and refractory anemia.