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Traumatische gebeurtenissen kunnen een mens breken. Maar ook de kleine, onontkoombare speldenprikken, liefdeloosheid en ambivalente relaties kunnen hem vernielen. De traumatische kwetsuur is onuitsprekelijk diep. Dit boek wil helpen de sprakeloosheid ten aanzien van het onuitsprekelijke te overwinnen. Het wil getraumatiseerden en hun begeleiders helpen, om mogelijke traumatisering te herkennen en te begrijpen. Het moedigt mensen aan de weg van de vele kleine stappen te gaan die mensen hun vrijheid en hun waardigheid laten ervaren; de weg naar een zelfbepaald leven.

Traumatische gebeurtenissen kunnen een mens breken. Maar ook de kleine, onontkoombare speldenprikken, liefdeloosheid en ambivalente relaties kunnen hem vernielen. De traumatische kwetsuur is onuitsprekelijk diep. Dit boek wil helpen de sprakeloosheid ten aanzien van het onuitsprekelijke te overwinnen. Het wil getraumatiseerden en hun begeleiders helpen, om mogelijke traumatisering te herkennen en te begrijpen. Het moedigt mensen aan de weg van de vele kleine stappen te gaan die mensen hun vrijheid en hun waardigheid laten ervaren; de weg naar een zelfbepaald leven.

Traumatische gebeurtenissen kunnen een mens breken. Maar ook de kleine, onontkoombare speldenprikken, liefdeloosheid en ambivalente relaties kunnen hem vernielen. De traumatische kwetsuur is onuitsprekelijk diep. Dit boek wil helpen de sprakeloosheid ten aanzien van het onuitsprekelijke te overwinnen. Het wil getraumatiseerden en hun begeleiders helpen, om mogelijke traumatisering te herkennen en te begrijpen. Het moedigt mensen aan de weg van de vele kleine stappen te gaan die mensen hun vrijheid en hun waardigheid laten ervaren; de weg naar een zelfbepaald leven.

This dissertation examined the long-term outcomes after CSA on domains related to the transition to adulthood: relationships, parenthood, criminal careers, and income and employment. First, a systematic review was conducted of the literature on the effect of CSA on education, employment, offending, relationships, and parenting. From the literature it appears that, in general, CSA victims differ from non-victims not so much in that they less often fulfill adult roles, but that they experience lower quality of some of these roles. Findings also showed that CSA victims on average end up at lower educational levels than non-victims. Additionally, CSA victims appear more likely to be arrested in adulthood. CSA was also consistently found to be related to more partner violence, increased risk of divorce or separation, and teenage parenthood. Furthermore, CSA victims tend to have less positive experiences as a parent. In a first empirical study, the effect of CSA characteristics on family outcomes was studied. For that, a prospective study design was employed, with data on CSA gathered from court files. The outcomes were measured from register data, 30 years after the abuse. Overall, it was found that the relationship to the offender and the age at which the abuse happened, impacted outcomes more than the specific nature of the abuse. More specifically, it was found firstly that the younger victims were at the time of abuse, the less likely they were to marry. Abuse by a nuclear family member increased the odds of early marriage. Secondly, CSA victims abused by a nuclear family member were more than twice as likely to divorce compared to victims of abuse by a stranger. Thirdly, victims of CSA perpetrated by a nuclear family member were more likely to become a teenage parent than victims of other perpetrators. In a second empirical study, the effect of CSA victimization on recorded offending was studied. A number of pre-existing child, family, and environmental factors was controlled for by including not only a control group comprised of people from the general population of similar age and gender as the victims, but also a control group of same-sex siblings. Offending rates among victims were found to be the highest, followed by siblings, while rates of offending were lowest among random controls. Male victims did not differ in their offending behavior from their brothers, while female victims were only slightly more likely to offend than their sisters. CSA victims who offended committed all sorts of offenses, instead of ‘specializing’ in one type of crime such as sex offenses. In a third empirical study, the effect of CSA victimization on income, employment and social benefits was studied. CSA victims were found to have been less often employed than random controls, but not less than their siblings. Victims had lower quality employment than controls, but again not significantly lower than their siblings. Victims had lower incomes than random controls, as well as lower incomes than their siblings. Victims were more often recipients of incapacity benefits than both random controls and siblings. Regarding unemployment benefits none of the groups differed. Victims depended more often on subsistence benefits than random controls, as previous research found, but not more so than their siblings. This dissertation is scientifically relevant as it overcame some important shortcomings in previous research on CSA and the adaptation of adult roles. First, by employing a sibling design, which enabled us to partly control for shared pre-existing characteristics. Second, by using prospective data, with, third, an independent assessment of CSA victimization. Fourth, prospectively gathered officially registered objective data on adult role outcomes, with, fifth, no loss to follow-up.

This dissertation examined the long-term outcomes after CSA on domains related to the transition to adulthood: relationships, parenthood, criminal careers, and income and employment. First, a systematic review was conducted of the literature on the effect of CSA on education, employment, offending, relationships, and parenting. From the literature it appears that, in general, CSA victims differ from non-victims not so much in that they less often fulfill adult roles, but that they experience lower quality of some of these roles. Findings also showed that CSA victims on average end up at lower educational levels than non-victims. Additionally, CSA victims appear more likely to be arrested in adulthood. CSA was also consistently found to be related to more partner violence, increased risk of divorce or separation, and teenage parenthood. Furthermore, CSA victims tend to have less positive experiences as a parent. In a first empirical study, the effect of CSA characteristics on family outcomes was studied. For that, a prospective study design was employed, with data on CSA gathered from court files. The outcomes were measured from register data, 30 years after the abuse. Overall, it was found that the relationship to the offender and the age at which the abuse happened, impacted outcomes more than the specific nature of the abuse. More specifically, it was found firstly that the younger victims were at the time of abuse, the less likely they were to marry. Abuse by a nuclear family member increased the odds of early marriage. Secondly, CSA victims abused by a nuclear family member were more than twice as likely to divorce compared to victims of abuse by a stranger. Thirdly, victims of CSA perpetrated by a nuclear family member were more likely to become a teenage parent than victims of other perpetrators. In a second empirical study, the effect of CSA victimization on recorded offending was studied. A number of pre-existing child, family, and environmental factors was controlled for by including not only a control group comprised of people from the general population of similar age and gender as the victims, but also a control group of same-sex siblings. Offending rates among victims were found to be the highest, followed by siblings, while rates of offending were lowest among random controls. Male victims did not differ in their offending behavior from their brothers, while female victims were only slightly more likely to offend than their sisters. CSA victims who offended committed all sorts of offenses, instead of ‘specializing’ in one type of crime such as sex offenses. In a third empirical study, the effect of CSA victimization on income, employment and social benefits was studied. CSA victims were found to have been less often employed than random controls, but not less than their siblings. Victims had lower quality employment than controls, but again not significantly lower than their siblings. Victims had lower incomes than random controls, as well as lower incomes than their siblings. Victims were more often recipients of incapacity benefits than both random controls and siblings. Regarding unemployment benefits none of the groups differed. Victims depended more often on subsistence benefits than random controls, as previous research found, but not more so than their siblings. This dissertation is scientifically relevant as it overcame some important shortcomings in previous research on CSA and the adaptation of adult roles. First, by employing a sibling design, which enabled us to partly control for shared pre-existing characteristics. Second, by using prospective data, with, third, an independent assessment of CSA victimization. Fourth, prospectively gathered officially registered objective data on adult role outcomes, with, fifth, no loss to follow-up.

This dissertation examined the long-term outcomes after CSA on domains related to the transition to adulthood: relationships, parenthood, criminal careers, and income and employment. First, a systematic review was conducted of the literature on the effect of CSA on education, employment, offending, relationships, and parenting. From the literature it appears that, in general, CSA victims differ from non-victims not so much in that they less often fulfill adult roles, but that they experience lower quality of some of these roles. Findings also showed that CSA victims on average end up at lower educational levels than non-victims. Additionally, CSA victims appear more likely to be arrested in adulthood. CSA was also consistently found to be related to more partner violence, increased risk of divorce or separation, and teenage parenthood. Furthermore, CSA victims tend to have less positive experiences as a parent. In a first empirical study, the effect of CSA characteristics on family outcomes was studied. For that, a prospective study design was employed, with data on CSA gathered from court files. The outcomes were measured from register data, 30 years after the abuse. Overall, it was found that the relationship to the offender and the age at which the abuse happened, impacted outcomes more than the specific nature of the abuse. More specifically, it was found firstly that the younger victims were at the time of abuse, the less likely they were to marry. Abuse by a nuclear family member increased the odds of early marriage. Secondly, CSA victims abused by a nuclear family member were more than twice as likely to divorce compared to victims of abuse by a stranger. Thirdly, victims of CSA perpetrated by a nuclear family member were more likely to become a teenage parent than victims of other perpetrators. In a second empirical study, the effect of CSA victimization on recorded offending was studied. A number of pre-existing child, family, and environmental factors was controlled for by including not only a control group comprised of people from the general population of similar age and gender as the victims, but also a control group of same-sex siblings. Offending rates among victims were found to be the highest, followed by siblings, while rates of offending were lowest among random controls. Male victims did not differ in their offending behavior from their brothers, while female victims were only slightly more likely to offend than their sisters. CSA victims who offended committed all sorts of offenses, instead of ‘specializing’ in one type of crime such as sex offenses. In a third empirical study, the effect of CSA victimization on income, employment and social benefits was studied. CSA victims were found to have been less often employed than random controls, but not less than their siblings. Victims had lower quality employment than controls, but again not significantly lower than their siblings. Victims had lower incomes than random controls, as well as lower incomes than their siblings. Victims were more often recipients of incapacity benefits than both random controls and siblings. Regarding unemployment benefits none of the groups differed. Victims depended more often on subsistence benefits than random controls, as previous research found, but not more so than their siblings. This dissertation is scientifically relevant as it overcame some important shortcomings in previous research on CSA and the adaptation of adult roles. First, by employing a sibling design, which enabled us to partly control for shared pre-existing characteristics. Second, by using prospective data, with, third, an independent assessment of CSA victimization. Fourth, prospectively gathered officially registered objective data on adult role outcomes, with, fifth, no loss to follow-up.

Measuring family caregivers’ experiences of collaboration with nurses is important in the context of health care reforms that advocate an increased role of families in care. The Family Collaboration Scale (FCS) measures collaboration between nurses and family caregivers, however, the scale has a broad scope. Thus, the aim of this study was to construct a measure that is focused on collaboration only. After revision, a 25-item version of the FCS was sent to 777 family caregivers of hospitalized patients (≥ 70 years). Psychometric evaluation was employed by the Non-Parametric Item Response Theory to evaluate how items of the revised FCS behave. In total, 302 (39%) family caregivers were found eligible, mean (SD) age 65 (13) and 71% female. A 20-item FCS is proposed showing good psychometric properties. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of measuring collaboration between family caregivers and nurses.

Social media hebben een belangrijke rol in het leven van jongeren, óók waar het gaat om relaties en seksualiteit. Een uiting hiervan is sexting, waarbij jongeren in vertrouwen seksueel getinte beelden van zichzelf met elkaar uitwisselen. Medio 2018 wezen berichten in de media ook op een ander fenomeen: dat van exposen, waarbij jongens dergelijke naaktbeelden van meisjes en jonge vrouwen verspreiden met het doel hen te ‘ontmaskeren’ en aan de schandpaal te nagelen. Valide onderzoek naar de aard, omvang en achtergronden van dit fenomeen was echter nog niet beschikbaar. Deze studie brengt de ervaringen met sexting en exposen en de gevolgen daarvan in beeld van jonge vrouwen met een migratieachtergrond in het hbo.

Social media hebben een belangrijke rol in het leven van jongeren, óók waar het gaat om relaties en seksualiteit. Een uiting hiervan is sexting, waarbij jongeren in vertrouwen seksueel getinte beelden van zichzelf met elkaar uitwisselen. Medio 2018 wezen berichten in de media ook op een ander fenomeen: dat van exposen, waarbij jongens dergelijke naaktbeelden van meisjes en jonge vrouwen verspreiden met het doel hen te ‘ontmaskeren’ en aan de schandpaal te nagelen. Valide onderzoek naar de aard, omvang en achtergronden van dit fenomeen was echter nog niet beschikbaar. Deze studie brengt de ervaringen met sexting en exposen en de gevolgen daarvan in beeld van jonge vrouwen met een migratieachtergrond in het hbo.

Measuring family caregivers’ experiences of collaboration with nurses is important in the context of health care reforms that advocate an increased role of families in care. The Family Collaboration Scale (FCS) measures collaboration between nurses and family caregivers, however, the scale has a broad scope. Thus, the aim of this study was to construct a measure that is focused on collaboration only. After revision, a 25-item version of the FCS was sent to 777 family caregivers of hospitalized patients (≥ 70 years). Psychometric evaluation was employed by the Non-Parametric Item Response Theory to evaluate how items of the revised FCS behave. In total, 302 (39%) family caregivers were found eligible, mean (SD) age 65 (13) and 71% female. A 20-item FCS is proposed showing good psychometric properties. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of measuring collaboration between family caregivers and nurses.

In dit stuk wordt het onderzoeksprofiel van de Christelijke Hogeschool Ede gepresenteerd. De onderzoekshoofdvraag is: "Hoe kunnen professionals door het versterken van relationele verbanden bijdragen aan het bouwen van een gezonde samenleving waarin mensen een betekenisvol bestaan kunnen leiden?" Het onderzoek wordt in drie clusters verdeeld: zorgen in relatie, samenleven in relatie en werken in relatie.

Sinds de invoering van de Wet Passend onderwijs zijn leerkrachten in het regulier primair onderwijs verantwoordelijk voor het aanbieden van een passend onderwijsaanbod voor alle kinderen. Hiertoe behoren ook leerlingen met een autismespectrumstoornis (ASS). Kinderen met ASS hebben onder andere moeite met sociale interactie. Omdat onduidelijk is welke ondersteuningsvormen toepasbaar zijn in de klas en passen bij de specifieke behoeftes van ASS-leerlingen, richt deze thematische overzichtsstudie zich op de volgende onderzoeksvraag: Wat is er in de literatuur bekend over de ondersteuningsbehoeftes van kinderen met een autismespectrumstoornis en welke ondersteuningsvormen uit effectieve interventies gericht op het verbeteren van de sociale interactie op school sluiten aan bij deze ondersteuningsbehoeftes? Om tot een selectie van relevante literatuur te komen zijn twee search strings opgesteld waarmee in diverse databases is gezocht: één gericht op ondersteuningsbehoeftes en één op ondersteuningsvormen. De titels en abstracts van 994 artikelen zijn gescreend op basis van vooraf opgestelde inclusiecriteria (algemene criteria, zoals doelgroep én inhoudelijke criteria, zoals focus op ASS). De overgebleven artikelen zijn met leesschema’s gericht op de methode en ondersteuningsbehoeftes en -vormen, geanalyseerd. Hierbij zijn de kenmerken van ASS, zoals gedefinieerd in de DSM-V, gehanteerd: sociaal-emotionele wederkerigheid, non-verbale communicatie en relaties. 68 artikelen zijn uiteindelijk opgenomen in ons overzicht. Op het gebied van sociaal-emotionele wederkerigheid zijn de volgende behoeftes gevonden: sociale vaardigheid ontwikkelen, wederkerige interactie stimuleren, sociaal-emotioneel begrip vergroten en taalvaardigheid verbeteren. Met betrekking tot non-verbale communicatie kwam naar voren dat het nodig is om non-verbaal gedrag en de integratie van non-verbaal gedrag met verbaal gedrag te verbeteren. Op het gebied van relaties kwam naar voren dat het nodig is om te ondersteunen bij: het ontwikkelen en verbeteren van relaties, joint engagement/spel en sociaal gewenst gedrag. Meisjes en cognitief vaardige leerlingen en hun specifiekere ondersteuningsbehoeftes vallen minder op. Ook leerlingen met bijkomende problemen die meer op voorgrond liggen (bijvoorbeeld een angststoornis) en hun specifiekere ondersteuningsbehoeftes kunnen minder opvallen. De interventies die in de literatuur zijn gevonden zijn sociale vaardigheidstrainingen en interventies waarbij óf de leeftijdsgenoten, óf volwassenen óf beide doelgroepen getraind worden. Binnen deze interventies worden diverse ondersteuningsvormen genoemd en/of gecombineerd: directe instructie waarbij een vaardigheid of gedrag wordt uitgelegd, aanwijzingen worden gegeven, goed gedrag wordt aangespoord en bekrachtigd; video-modeling waarbij een sociale situatie wordt voorgedaan met behulp van een video of game; modeling door volwassenen of medeleerlingen waarbij vaardigheden worden voorgedaan; modeling door zichzelf waarbij kaarten worden gebruikt ter herinnering aan de geleerde vaardigheden; social stories waarbij specifiek sociaal gedrag met de gewenste reactie wordt omgeschreven. De interventies richten zich meestal niet op één enkele ondersteuningsbehoefte, maar op meerdere. De meeste interventies uit onze selectie die zich richten op wederkerige sociaal-emotionele interactie blijken sociale vaardigheidstrainingen te zijn. Hierbij is een veel voorkomende ondersteuningsvorm directe instructie. Ook interventies waarbij de leeftijdsgenoten worden getraind om gedrag voor te doen, komen veel voor. Wat betreft non-verbale communicatie blijken sociale vaardigheidstrainingen gericht op emoties, gebaren en richten van de blik het meeste voor te komen. Hierbij wordt modeling door volwassenen, medeleerlingen en/of video ingezet. De meeste interventies die zich richten op relaties zijn interventies waarbij medeleerlingen getraind worden en een sociaal netwerk rondom de ASS-leerling wordt gevormd. Vormen van ondersteuning zijn modeling door leeftijdsgenoten die bijvoorbeeld laten zien hoe je kunt spelen. Opvallend is dat de interventies niet gericht zijn op specifiekere ondersteuningsbehoeftes van doelgroepen die minder opvallen, zoals meisjes. Daarnaast richt ondersteuning zich met name op klachten en minder op krachten. Vanwege de inclusie in het regulier onderwijs van ASS-leerlingen is het van belang om de ondersteuning af te stemmen op de unieke behoeftes en de talenten van het individu in de natuurlijke setting van de klas.

Presentatie binnen symposium Gedrag en Passend Onderwijs

Sinds de invoering van de Wet Passend onderwijs zijn leerkrachten in het regulier primair onderwijs verantwoordelijk voor het aanbieden van een passend onderwijsaanbod voor alle kinderen. Hiertoe behoren ook leerlingen met een autismespectrumstoornis (ASS). Kinderen met ASS hebben onder andere moeite met sociale interactie. Omdat onduidelijk is welke ondersteuningsvormen toepasbaar zijn in de klas en passen bij de specifieke behoeftes van ASS-leerlingen, richt deze thematische overzichtsstudie zich op de volgende onderzoeksvraag: Wat is er in de literatuur bekend over de ondersteuningsbehoeftes van kinderen met een autismespectrumstoornis en welke ondersteuningsvormen uit effectieve interventies gericht op het verbeteren van de sociale interactie op school sluiten aan bij deze ondersteuningsbehoeftes? Om tot een selectie van relevante literatuur te komen zijn twee search strings opgesteld waarmee in diverse databases is gezocht: één gericht op ondersteuningsbehoeftes en één op ondersteuningsvormen. De titels en abstracts van 994 artikelen zijn gescreend op basis van vooraf opgestelde inclusiecriteria (algemene criteria, zoals doelgroep én inhoudelijke criteria, zoals focus op ASS). De overgebleven artikelen zijn met leesschema’s gericht op de methode en ondersteuningsbehoeftes en -vormen, geanalyseerd. Hierbij zijn de kenmerken van ASS, zoals gedefinieerd in de DSM-V, gehanteerd: sociaal-emotionele wederkerigheid, non-verbale communicatie en relaties. 68 artikelen zijn uiteindelijk opgenomen in ons overzicht. Op het gebied van sociaal-emotionele wederkerigheid zijn de volgende behoeftes gevonden: sociale vaardigheid ontwikkelen, wederkerige interactie stimuleren, sociaal-emotioneel begrip vergroten en taalvaardigheid verbeteren. Met betrekking tot non-verbale communicatie kwam naar voren dat het nodig is om non-verbaal gedrag en de integratie van non-verbaal gedrag met verbaal gedrag te verbeteren. Op het gebied van relaties kwam naar voren dat het nodig is om te ondersteunen bij: het ontwikkelen en verbeteren van relaties, joint engagement/spel en sociaal gewenst gedrag. Meisjes en cognitief vaardige leerlingen en hun specifiekere ondersteuningsbehoeftes vallen minder op. Ook leerlingen met bijkomende problemen die meer op voorgrond liggen (bijvoorbeeld een angststoornis) en hun specifiekere ondersteuningsbehoeftes kunnen minder opvallen. De interventies die in de literatuur zijn gevonden zijn sociale vaardigheidstrainingen en interventies waarbij óf de leeftijdsgenoten, óf volwassenen óf beide doelgroepen getraind worden. Binnen deze interventies worden diverse ondersteuningsvormen genoemd en/of gecombineerd: directe instructie waarbij een vaardigheid of gedrag wordt uitgelegd, aanwijzingen worden gegeven, goed gedrag wordt aangespoord en bekrachtigd; video-modeling waarbij een sociale situatie wordt voorgedaan met behulp van een video of game; modeling door volwassenen of medeleerlingen waarbij vaardigheden worden voorgedaan; modeling door zichzelf waarbij kaarten worden gebruikt ter herinnering aan de geleerde vaardigheden; social stories waarbij specifiek sociaal gedrag met de gewenste reactie wordt omgeschreven. De interventies richten zich meestal niet op één enkele ondersteuningsbehoefte, maar op meerdere. De meeste interventies uit onze selectie die zich richten op wederkerige sociaal-emotionele interactie blijken sociale vaardigheidstrainingen te zijn. Hierbij is een veel voorkomende ondersteuningsvorm directe instructie. Ook interventies waarbij de leeftijdsgenoten worden getraind om gedrag voor te doen, komen veel voor. Wat betreft non-verbale communicatie blijken sociale vaardigheidstrainingen gericht op emoties, gebaren en richten van de blik het meeste voor te komen. Hierbij wordt modeling door volwassenen, medeleerlingen en/of video ingezet. De meeste interventies die zich richten op relaties zijn interventies waarbij medeleerlingen getraind worden en een sociaal netwerk rondom de ASS-leerling wordt gevormd. Vormen van ondersteuning zijn modeling door leeftijdsgenoten die bijvoorbeeld laten zien hoe je kunt spelen. Opvallend is dat de interventies niet gericht zijn op specifiekere ondersteuningsbehoeftes van doelgroepen die minder opvallen, zoals meisjes. Daarnaast richt ondersteuning zich met name op klachten en minder op krachten. Vanwege de inclusie in het regulier onderwijs van ASS-leerlingen is het van belang om de ondersteuning af te stemmen op de unieke behoeftes en de talenten van het individu in de natuurlijke setting van de klas.

De kern van hechte, duurzame relaties is, volgens de contextuele benadering, zorg dragen voor elkaar. Ieder mens heeft recht op zorg en heeft de verantwoordelijkheid voor anderen te zorgen. Een verstoring van die wederkerigheid is vaak de angel van veel familieconflicten en conflicten rond erfenissen. Jaap van der Meiden laat zien hoe je die angel kunt helpen verwijderen.

De kern van hechte, duurzame relaties is, volgens de contextuele benadering, zorg dragen voor elkaar. Ieder mens heeft recht op zorg en heeft de verantwoordelijkheid voor anderen te zorgen. Een verstoring van die wederkerigheid is vaak de angel van veel familieconflicten en conflicten rond erfenissen. Jaap van der Meiden laat zien hoe je die angel kunt helpen verwijderen.

Docentenboek met verantwoording methode (Burgerschapsvorming en de methode Standpunt, doelstellingen van het vak levensbeschouwing, het model voor begripsverwerving). Daarnaast hoofdstukbeschrijvingen en antwoorden bij vragen en opdrachten). Separaat toetsenbank.

Docentenboek met verantwoording methode (Burgerschapsvorming en de methode Standpunt, doelstellingen van het vak levensbeschouwing, het model voor begripsverwerving). Daarnaast hoofdstukbeschrijvingen en antwoorden bij vragen en opdrachten). Separaat toetsenbank.

Methode voor levensbeschouwing en godsdienst voor de basisvorming, klas 3. H1 Popmuziek H2 Humanisme H3 Relaties H4 Sport H5 Beroepsethiek H6 Beroepshouding

Methode voor levensbeschouwing en godsdienst voor de basisvorming, klas 3. H1 Popmuziek H2 Humanisme H3 Relaties H4 Sport H5 Beroepsethiek H6 Beroepshouding

Typologie van plattelandsontwikkeling en plattelandsvernieuwing, de verschillende visies op de gewenste richting van plattelandsvernieuwing (agri-ruraal; utilitair; hedonistisch), en de rol die bosbouw en vergroting van het bosareaal in Europees verband hierbij kan spelen

Aandacht voor onderwijsvernieuwing waarbij vragen van arbeidsmarkt en maatschappij om antwoord vragen

Er is iets grondig mis in de afzetketen van met name groente en fruit; de samenwerking komt maar moeilijk van de grond. Als gevolg daarvan liggen er producten van een lage kwaliteit in de winkel en verdient niemand iets. Dat het anders kan bewijzen schaarse voorbeelden. Hoogleraar tuinbouwketens Olaf van Kooten van Wageningen UR vertelt het met duidelijke woorden.

Het versterken van de positie van Nederlandse champignonbedrijven is nodig om de afzetmogelijkheden te verruimen. Drie deelprojecten zijn genoemd die in het kader van de afzet worden uitgevoerd. Het eerste dat gaat over de karakterisering van smaak, geur en textuur van verse champignons is in dit artikel uiteengezet

Met een kosten-batenanalyse wordt nagegaan in welke mate bebossing van landbouwgronden in Nederland een kostenefficiente methode kan zijn om de CO2-concentratie te verlagen

Themavoordracht waarin twee manieren van kennismobiliteit worden besproken: de doorstromingsrelatie, waarbij kennis wordt gezien als product en doorstroomt van onderzoeksinstituten naar onderwijs en de netwerkrelatie, waarbij kennis wordt gezien als proces tussen onderzoek, onderwijs en bedrijfsleven

The arid zones of Argentina and India have been compared. In both regions run-off is often generated by the Hortonian infiltration surplus overland flow, and run-off response to precipitation input tends to be rapid. The sediment transport is governedby the transport capacity of run-off rather than by the availability of erodible material. The magnitude of hydrological processes is different in response to the different rainfall regimes.

The Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) is a physically based model incorporated in a raster geographical information system. This incorporation facilitates easy application in larger catchments, improves the user-friendliness by avoiding conversion routines and allows the use of remotely sensed data. Processes incorporated in this model are rainfall, interception, surface storage in microdepressions, infiltration and vertical movement of water in the soil, overland flow, channel flow, detachment by rainfall and through-fall, detachment by overland flow and transport capacity of the flow. Special attention has been paid to the influence of tractor wheeling, small roads and surface sealing.

Recent events in the agri-food sector increased the demand for quality attributes, from healthy and safe products to sustainable agricultural practices (Grunert, 2005). Particularly challenging is the connectedness of transactions between farmers, traders, processors, retailers and final customers in order to comply with quality requirements, which implies a need for value chain coordination. Combined with increased consumer demand for variety and convenience, these changes in sector have led to stronger sequential interdependencies, in which the output of one part is the input for another part. The increasing connectedness between transactions demands more vertical coordination. A major challenge for the agricultural cooperative is to combine horizontal coordination among the members with vertical coordination in the value chain (Bijman 2009; Hanf, 2009). Since they are member-oriented, agricultural cooperatives traditionally buy the farm products of its members regardless of its quality. Increasingly, however, cooperatives need to guarantee product quality towards their customers, and thus assure that members supply products of the right quality. The objective of this thesis is to disentangle the governance mechanisms that can be used by the cooperative to strengthen the member-cooperative relationship, and to assess the impact of the different governance mechanisms on the coordination of members’ adjustments to higher quality levels. The attempt to organize the participating farmers and firms along the food value chain generates transactional risks and coordination costs in the relationship between agricultural cooperative and farmer-member. This leads to the first research question of this thesis. R.Q. (1): What are the mechanisms for governing the member-cooperative relationship, and how do they affect transactional risks and coordination costs? This thesis (Chapter 2) poses that four governance mechanisms - market, hierarchy, community and democracy affect coordination costs and transactional risks through their effect on member commitment and cognitive heterogeneity. It is important that members of an agricultural cooperative are committed to customer orientation; otherwise the involved transactional risks would make vertical coordination more costly. It is necessary to disentangle two types of commitment: to collective action and to customer orientation. Member commitment to collective action prevents side selling, in particular, and free-riding behaviour in general. This leads to the second research question of this thesis. R.Q. (2): How do the four governance mechanisms - market, hierarchy, community and democracy - affect both types of commitment? One of the conclusions stemming from this thesis was that, on the one hand, a cooperative may assure members’ compliance in a less costly way if market incentives related to quality, productivity and effort are strengthened, as well as (hierarchy) input control and on-farm monitoring, since these mechanisms are positively related to commitment to customer orientation. On the other hand, democracy and community mechanisms do have an important role in enhancing commitment to collective action which is a sine qua non condition for the viability of the cooperative (Chapter 3). A large multi-product cooperative in which different activities of the cooperative cater to different groups of members, as the case that was chosen as the empirical basis of this thesis, may face problems related to membership heterogeneity (Hansmann, 1996; Fulton and Giannakas, 2001). The basic assumption in most of the literature on the impact of member heterogeneity on the process and outcomes of decision-making is that farmers pursue individual or subgroup interests when participating in the decision-making of the cooperative. If members primarily pursue individual economic interests, there might be a relationship between the economic reasons for becoming a member (and maintaining membership) and the motivation to participate in the governance of the cooperative. This leads to the third research question of this thesis. R.Q. (3): How do economic motivations for association affect members’ participation in the governance of a cooperative? The conclusion of this thesis, regarding this research question, was that besides the role of social mechanisms in enhancing commitment to collective action, there seems to be a role of social mechanisms in enhancing members’ control of their cooperative. Members who participate in boards or committees are not actuated to participate by the same economic motivations that drive their association to the cooperative. Cooperative ideology, in turn, appears to be an important motivation for them to actively participate (Chapter 4). The ability of cooperatives to adapt to a rapidly changing environment characterized by technological change and industrialization of agriculture has been questioned Fulton (1995). The organizational structure of the cooperative is said to have negative implications for its quality management (Mérel et al., 2009). On the one hand, cooperatives may be mimicking Investor-Owned Firms (IOFs) in applying more hierarchical mechanisms which enable them to define and effectively apply quality norms for their supply, control the quality of delivered products and monitor members’ production processes. On the other hand, cooperatives have unique organizational characteristics that could provide them with competitive advantage, such as the tight relationship between members and cooperative, which may enable less costly coordination of the transaction (Sykuta and Cook, 2001). This leads to the fourth and last research question of this thesis. R.Q. (4): What are the differences in quality performance between a cooperative and an IOF, and can these differences be explained by relationship characteristics? In the Brazilian broiler industry, suppliers delivering to a cooperative are performing better in terms of quality than suppliers delivering to an IOF. Cooperative and IOF have the same incentive and control mechanisms for production efficiency and high-quality chicken meat. The cooperative’s advantage over the IOF in terms of suppliers’ quality performance could be influenced by the characteristics of the supplier-buyer relationship. This thesis shows (Chapter 5) that there are some important differences regarding relationship characteristics that could account for this higher performance. Dependence on current buyer, which is higher for cooperative members, uncertainty regarding buyer’s behavior, which is lower for cooperative members, and market risk reduction by the buyer, which is higher for cooperative members, can help explain the higher rate of compliance to the “feet callus” quality standard. These three features of the supplier-cooperative relationship are likely to prevent suppliers from shirking behavior and to induce commitment. Moreover, cooperative suppliers receive more technical support from their buyer for adapting to new quality requirements than IOF suppliers do; this is likely to positively affect farmers’ competence in complying with quality standards. The main methodological approach of this thesis is quantitative. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with professional managers of the industrial division, directors and farmers in order to guide the design of the questionnaire. The data that is analyzed in this thesis were collected by using a survey questionnaire applied among 148 farmers, all members of the same multi-product cooperative in Brazil, and 42 broiler suppliers of two major buyers in the same region. This thesis makes several theoretical contributions, which can be listed as follows: (1) Member commitment in agricultural cooperatives can be disentangled conceptually and empirically into two types. Commitment to collective action is related to Fulton’s (1995) definition: the willingness to patronize a cooperative even when the cooperative’s price or service is not as good as that provided by an IOF. It is an attitude that precedes loyal behaviour; it is the making of a sacrifice or an effort in the name of the relationship and the success of the organization. Commitment to customer orientation, in turn, is the willingness to give up a part of the autonomy at the farm level for the sake of the cooperative’s compliance with the requirements from downstream customers. It is a positive attitude of members towards the re-orientation of the cooperative and is related to Borgen’s (2001) view on commitment. (2) Membership heterogeneity might not be a source of inefficiency in decision-making if the organizational goal is precisely to satisfy diverse members’ interests, and if members who occupy representative and managing functions are genuinely seeking to further organizational goals rather than to follow private motives. Most conceptualizations of decision-making problems and influence costs derive from organizational economics, where agency theory has been quite influential. The findings of this thesis (Chapter 4) suggest that assumptions from agency theory, which are often adopted by cooperative studies, could better be treated as an empirical matter. (3) This thesis presents a different perspective on the comparative advantage of the cooperative in producing food products with higher quality attributes. The literature on the implications of the cooperative structure for quality management (Mérel et al., 2009) emphasizes that cooperatives often fail to adequately reward the highest quality producers, often causing the problem of “adverse selection”. However, despite starting with larger heterogeneity in terms of producers’ capacity to produce high-quality products, cooperatives may achieve high quality products through superior coordination and adaptation support. The findings of this thesis are in line with other empirical studies outside the domain of cooperatives that found that quality performance may be influenced by relationship characteristics, through their effect on transaction costs (Lu et al., 2009; Coronado et al., 2010). (4) Overall, the main scientific contribution of this thesis is the use of the ‘chemistry of organizations’ framework proposed by Grandori and Furnari (2008) in seeking a better understanding of the governance of cooperatives. By adopting that framework the thesis addressed in an integrated way the role of social capital (Ostrom, 1999) and community governance (Bowles and Gintis, 2002; Hayami, 2009) in facilitating collective action, and the role of relational contracts (Poppo and Zenger, 2002; Lazzarini, Miller and Zenger, 2004) in assuring commitment from parties in a transaction. Furthermore, with that framework, the thesis addressed the cognitive role of governance mechanisms, such as knowledge exchange (Conner and Prahalad, 1996; Grant, 1996) and competence enhancing (Nooteboom, 2004). The implications of this thesis for management and policy are listed in the three following groups: (1) Rewarding farmers appropriately and controlling and monitoring delivery and production processes are important for enhancing commitment both to collective action and to customer orientation. Giving “voice” and building a social community for members and their families are important to prevent members’ free-riding and selling “outside”. It is advised to combine at least the following governance mechanisms: hierarchy control, market incentives, community involvement and democratic voice. Finally, communication is an important tool for enhancing farmers’ commitment to customer orientation. (2) Cooperatives can participate in high-quality value chains and be as efficient and effective as other organizational arrangements in the agri-food sector. More importantly, cooperatives might even have an advantage in the production and marketing of goods with credence attributes, such as animal welfare, organic and fair trade. Therefore, policies aiming to promote sustainable food production may target cooperatives, as this organisational form is more effective in lowering the risks associated with farmer’ opportunistic behavior. (3) Member participation, commitment, satisfaction with leadership and with the cooperative’s strategy are examples of what could be additional performance criteria besides reported profits, which taken alone could be misleading. Because the cooperative’s objectives are beyond the economic viability of the collective enterprise, (Birchall and Ketilson, 2009), the intangible social assets should be assessed in order to evaluate the performance of the cooperative, and thereby to compare cooperatives with investor-owned firms and among cooperatives themselves.

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Recent events in the agri-food sector increased the demand for quality attributes, from healthy and safe products to sustainable agricultural practices (Grunert, 2005). Particularly challenging is the connectedness of transactions between farmers, traders, processors, retailers and final customers in order to comply with quality requirements, which implies a need for value chain coordination. Combined with increased consumer demand for variety and convenience, these changes in sector have led to stronger sequential interdependencies, in which the output of one part is the input for another part. The increasing connectedness between transactions demands more vertical coordination. A major challenge for the agricultural cooperative is to combine horizontal coordination among the members with vertical coordination in the value chain (Bijman 2009; Hanf, 2009). Since they are member-oriented, agricultural cooperatives traditionally buy the farm products of its members regardless of its quality. Increasingly, however, cooperatives need to guarantee product quality towards their customers, and thus assure that members supply products of the right quality. The objective of this thesis is to disentangle the governance mechanisms that can be used by the cooperative to strengthen the member-cooperative relationship, and to assess the impact of the different governance mechanisms on the coordination of members’ adjustments to higher quality levels. The attempt to organize the participating farmers and firms along the food value chain generates transactional risks and coordination costs in the relationship between agricultural cooperative and farmer-member. This leads to the first research question of this thesis. R.Q. (1): What are the mechanisms for governing the member-cooperative relationship, and how do they affect transactional risks and coordination costs? This thesis (Chapter 2) poses that four governance mechanisms - market, hierarchy, community and democracy affect coordination costs and transactional risks through their effect on member commitment and cognitive heterogeneity. It is important that members of an agricultural cooperative are committed to customer orientation; otherwise the involved transactional risks would make vertical coordination more costly. It is necessary to disentangle two types of commitment: to collective action and to customer orientation. Member commitment to collective action prevents side selling, in particular, and free-riding behaviour in general. This leads to the second research question of this thesis. R.Q. (2): How do the four governance mechanisms - market, hierarchy, community and democracy - affect both types of commitment? One of the conclusions stemming from this thesis was that, on the one hand, a cooperative may assure members’ compliance in a less costly way if market incentives related to quality, productivity and effort are strengthened, as well as (hierarchy) input control and on-farm monitoring, since these mechanisms are positively related to commitment to customer orientation. On the other hand, democracy and community mechanisms do have an important role in enhancing commitment to collective action which is a sine qua non condition for the viability of the cooperative (Chapter 3). A large multi-product cooperative in which different activities of the cooperative cater to different groups of members, as the case that was chosen as the empirical basis of this thesis, may face problems related to membership heterogeneity (Hansmann, 1996; Fulton and Giannakas, 2001). The basic assumption in most of the literature on the impact of member heterogeneity on the process and outcomes of decision-making is that farmers pursue individual or subgroup interests when participating in the decision-making of the cooperative. If members primarily pursue individual economic interests, there might be a relationship between the economic reasons for becoming a member (and maintaining membership) and the motivation to participate in the governance of the cooperative. This leads to the third research question of this thesis. R.Q. (3): How do economic motivations for association affect members’ participation in the governance of a cooperative? The conclusion of this thesis, regarding this research question, was that besides the role of social mechanisms in enhancing commitment to collective action, there seems to be a role of social mechanisms in enhancing members’ control of their cooperative. Members who participate in boards or committees are not actuated to participate by the same economic motivations that drive their association to the cooperative. Cooperative ideology, in turn, appears to be an important motivation for them to actively participate (Chapter 4). The ability of cooperatives to adapt to a rapidly changing environment characterized by technological change and industrialization of agriculture has been questioned Fulton (1995). The organizational structure of the cooperative is said to have negative implications for its quality management (Mérel et al., 2009). On the one hand, cooperatives may be mimicking Investor-Owned Firms (IOFs) in applying more hierarchical mechanisms which enable them to define and effectively apply quality norms for their supply, control the quality of delivered products and monitor members’ production processes. On the other hand, cooperatives have unique organizational characteristics that could provide them with competitive advantage, such as the tight relationship between members and cooperative, which may enable less costly coordination of the transaction (Sykuta and Cook, 2001). This leads to the fourth and last research question of this thesis. R.Q. (4): What are the differences in quality performance between a cooperative and an IOF, and can these differences be explained by relationship characteristics? In the Brazilian broiler industry, suppliers delivering to a cooperative are performing better in terms of quality than suppliers delivering to an IOF. Cooperative and IOF have the same incentive and control mechanisms for production efficiency and high-quality chicken meat. The cooperative’s advantage over the IOF in terms of suppliers’ quality performance could be influenced by the characteristics of the supplier-buyer relationship. This thesis shows (Chapter 5) that there are some important differences regarding relationship characteristics that could account for this higher performance. Dependence on current buyer, which is higher for cooperative members, uncertainty regarding buyer’s behavior, which is lower for cooperative members, and market risk reduction by the buyer, which is higher for cooperative members, can help explain the higher rate of compliance to the “feet callus” quality standard. These three features of the supplier-cooperative relationship are likely to prevent suppliers from shirking behavior and to induce commitment. Moreover, cooperative suppliers receive more technical support from their buyer for adapting to new quality requirements than IOF suppliers do; this is likely to positively affect farmers’ competence in complying with quality standards. The main methodological approach of this thesis is quantitative. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with professional managers of the industrial division, directors and farmers in order to guide the design of the questionnaire. The data that is analyzed in this thesis were collected by using a survey questionnaire applied among 148 farmers, all members of the same multi-product cooperative in Brazil, and 42 broiler suppliers of two major buyers in the same region. This thesis makes several theoretical contributions, which can be listed as follows: (1) Member commitment in agricultural cooperatives can be disentangled conceptually and empirically into two types. Commitment to collective action is related to Fulton’s (1995) definition: the willingness to patronize a cooperative even when the cooperative’s price or service is not as good as that provided by an IOF. It is an attitude that precedes loyal behaviour; it is the making of a sacrifice or an effort in the name of the relationship and the success of the organization. Commitment to customer orientation, in turn, is the willingness to give up a part of the autonomy at the farm level for the sake of the cooperative’s compliance with the requirements from downstream customers. It is a positive attitude of members towards the re-orientation of the cooperative and is related to Borgen’s (2001) view on commitment. (2) Membership heterogeneity might not be a source of inefficiency in decision-making if the organizational goal is precisely to satisfy diverse members’ interests, and if members who occupy representative and managing functions are genuinely seeking to further organizational goals rather than to follow private motives. Most conceptualizations of decision-making problems and influence costs derive from organizational economics, where agency theory has been quite influential. The findings of this thesis (Chapter 4) suggest that assumptions from agency theory, which are often adopted by cooperative studies, could better be treated as an empirical matter. (3) This thesis presents a different perspective on the comparative advantage of the cooperative in producing food products with higher quality attributes. The literature on the implications of the cooperative structure for quality management (Mérel et al., 2009) emphasizes that cooperatives often fail to adequately reward the highest quality producers, often causing the problem of “adverse selection”. However, despite starting with larger heterogeneity in terms of producers’ capacity to produce high-quality products, cooperatives may achieve high quality products through superior coordination and adaptation support. The findings of this thesis are in line with other empirical studies outside the domain of cooperatives that found that quality performance may be influenced by relationship characteristics, through their effect on transaction costs (Lu et al., 2009; Coronado et al., 2010). (4) Overall, the main scientific contribution of this thesis is the use of the ‘chemistry of organizations’ framework proposed by Grandori and Furnari (2008) in seeking a better understanding of the governance of cooperatives. By adopting that framework the thesis addressed in an integrated way the role of social capital (Ostrom, 1999) and community governance (Bowles and Gintis, 2002; Hayami, 2009) in facilitating collective action, and the role of relational contracts (Poppo and Zenger, 2002; Lazzarini, Miller and Zenger, 2004) in assuring commitment from parties in a transaction. Furthermore, with that framework, the thesis addressed the cognitive role of governance mechanisms, such as knowledge exchange (Conner and Prahalad, 1996; Grant, 1996) and competence enhancing (Nooteboom, 2004). The implications of this thesis for management and policy are listed in the three following groups: (1) Rewarding farmers appropriately and controlling and monitoring delivery and production processes are important for enhancing commitment both to collective action and to customer orientation. Giving “voice” and building a social community for members and their families are important to prevent members’ free-riding and selling “outside”. It is advised to combine at least the following governance mechanisms: hierarchy control, market incentives, community involvement and democratic voice. Finally, communication is an important tool for enhancing farmers’ commitment to customer orientation. (2) Cooperatives can participate in high-quality value chains and be as efficient and effective as other organizational arrangements in the agri-food sector. More importantly, cooperatives might even have an advantage in the production and marketing of goods with credence attributes, such as animal welfare, organic and fair trade. Therefore, policies aiming to promote sustainable food production may target cooperatives, as this organisational form is more effective in lowering the risks associated with farmer’ opportunistic behavior. (3) Member participation, commitment, satisfaction with leadership and with the cooperative’s strategy are examples of what could be additional performance criteria besides reported profits, which taken alone could be misleading. Because the cooperative’s objectives are beyond the economic viability of the collective enterprise, (Birchall and Ketilson, 2009), the intangible social assets should be assessed in order to evaluate the performance of the cooperative, and thereby to compare cooperatives with investor-owned firms and among cooperatives themselves.