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Intellectual capital (IC) has been an important element of business management for some time. Understanding the role of IC and consciously incorporating it into organisational and management processes is one of the key aspects of building unique competitive advantages in the context of sustainable development. The basic goal of the research was to determine which IC components are given greater importance by the management staff of selected Polish enterprises when shaping their operating strategy and which elements are the object of greater concern during everyday functioning. A statistical analysis of the survey results obtained was carried out, allowing for the characterisation of both the phenomena and trends in the entire surveyed population and taking into account the division criteria related to the size of enterprises and the specificity of their activities. The basic research instrument consisted of a questionnaire. This study covered the territory of southern Poland. The results showed that there are certain elements of IC that managers focus on in particular, and there are differences in the approach that is related to the selected criteria of analysis. This study adds to the existing knowledge of the key elements of strategy for companies managing strategic capital in the context of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social capital theory and social identity theory, this study evaluates the relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience and the moderating role of human capital in this relationship. Based on a sample of 523 respondents from full-service restaurants in Karnataka, India, an inverted “U” shaped relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience was identified. Human capital has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between internal relational capital and organizational resilience. We identify implications for investments in relationship building activities and restaurant management. This is the first study that investigates the “U” shaped relationship between internal and external relational capital and organizational resilience of restaurants. We also show the moderating effect of human capital on the relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, immigrant entrepreneurship has experienced significant growth in Italy. Understanding the value of relational capital is crucial for studying the entrepreneurship of foreign-born individuals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the quantitative dimension of foreign-owned entrepreneurship in Italy (RQ1), identify the drivers of this phenomenon (RQ2), and examine the value of relational capital for the creation and development of immigrant-owned enterprises (RQ3). This research contributes to expanding the literature on relational capital in the context of foreign entrepreneurship in Italy by contributing to two distinct fields: relational capital and immigrant entrepreneurship studies. Regarding practical implications, the paper emphasizes the significance of relational capital as an intangible asset in the development of foreign companies. It employs a qualitative methodology through a multiple case study to support its research. To achieve the objective of observing relationships, this study utilizes the C.A.O.S. model, an interpretative model that is valuable for analyzing relational capital within immigrant entrepreneurship, especially in the early stages. In fact, relational capital allows start-ups to overcome their main difficulties: the organizational aspect and financial capacity. The limitation of this study pertains to the number of pilot cases observed, which was limited to four. Future research endeavors will focus on studying additional firms to gather more comprehensive data on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a novel contribution to the entrepreneurial, the Gender and Development (GAD) and the relational capital (RC) literatures, this study examines the possible role of spouses on the entrepreneurial gender gap through the family embeddedness model, which sees the family members as embedded in their social relationships and describes family systems through three interrelated characteristics (family transitions, family resources and family norms including attitudes, and values). Using a unique representative matched sample of 321 married couples, the results supports both the preselection and especially the socialization hypotheses by showing that married people have a significant association with their partners regarding their entrepreneurial tendency which also increases as marriage duration extends. Furthermore, while such similarity is associated with an increased probability for women to become an entrepreneur, it is also associated with men's decreased probability to become an entrepreneur. Finally, clear evidence was found that family income had a significant positive association with men's entrepreneurial tendency as well as with their probability to become entrepreneurs. However, it did not have any significant association with a woman's entrepreneurial tendency nor with their probability to become entrepreneurs. The results shed light on important possible drivers for the entrepreneurial gender gap that works inside the family premises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the relationships between Intellectual Capital, Human Capital, Structural Capital, and Relationship Capital toward Firm Value in Indonesia's property and real estate companies. The aim is to analyse the power of intellectual capital in leveraging business performance. The target population for the study constituted all property and real estate sector companies in Indonesia total 215 observations within 2018-2022. The data was processed using an ordinary least square approach to gain the t-value of this relationship. This research measures the intellectual capital variable not from a financial or value-added perspective but from a descriptive side using for-way coding indicator. We found that relational capital has a significant positive relationship toward firm value. The study emphasized the need to change the proxy for firm value or to add some bridge between intellectual capital and financial performance to create a clear understanding.

Intellectual capital has aroused growing interest in higher education; however, one area for improvement in its study is how to measure it adequately. Therefore, it is necessary to have instruments based on current models of intellectual capital. This study aims to design and validate an intellectual capital measurement scale in accredited higher education institutions (HEIs) from the perspective of professors. The study was instrumental because a measurement scale was developed. The sample consisted of 341 professors from six accredited HEIs on the Colombian Caribbean Coast. The statistical analysis consisted of three stages: item analysis, collection of validity evidence based on the internal structure and the relationship with other variables, and reliability analysis using the internal consistency method. The scale’s internal structure corroborated intellectual capital composition based on human, structural, and relational components. Regarding convergent evidence, all variables possess this source of validity evidence. Reliability levels were also good. Previously, an instrument has yet to be developed those measures intellectual capital in HEIs from the perspective of professors. This study provides a scale that focuses on the characteristics of this stakeholder and is based on an innovative model of intellectual capital composed of human, structural, and relational capital. The theoretical contribution of the study lies in developing a test based on two current models of intellectual capital: the Intellectus model and the Balanced Scorecard model. It also contributes to practice by providing a tool for measuring intellectual capital that allows its adequate management, improvement, and decision-making within higher education.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowledge emerges as a growing force that can mobilize and drive social development; therefore, it is necessary, based on scientific contributions about the regularities of this process and the elements that empower man as a transformer of his realities, himself, his culture and his society. Being able to use new processes, such as Knowledge Management, that enable the training of individuals, professionals, capable of responding to the demands of the contemporary world. Taking into account the above, this work proposes an automated system called Knowledge Management in Universities and Research Units (GCUI) for its acronym in Spanish, for the evaluation of knowledge management in university and scientific institutions. For this purpose, 40 indicators proposed by Inche and Álvarez in 2007 were used, distributed in the dimensions' human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The automated system allows you to quickly and accurately diagnose, control, measure and compare intellectual capital, the most important in an organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual capital components' meta system has exploded in the past decade following the four decades of intellectual capital research evolution, followed by wide discussions on definitions, measurements, reporting, impact analysis, etc. The evolution of IC research has been divided into four stages, although the borders between them are fluid and the exchange of ideas has grown in all directions at tremendous speed since the end of the 1990s. The intellectual capital theory has evolved from the resourcebased view, competence-based view, and knowledge-based view. Intellectual capital, a new term, appeared in the 1990s and, in essence, coincided with the concept of intangible assets. In particular, researchers agree that the terms "intangible assets", "trademark", "good repute", and "intellectual property" in accounting and valuation activities do not cover everything that should be included in the new concept. It is about using intangible assets as a management object to increase the value of the company by involving previously unused reserves such as knowledge, information technology, customer satisfaction, etc. There is no unified definition; therefore, there is flexibility in using the term. Owing to its significance in the new sustainable reality, intellectual capital has become crucial for growing economies and has been recognized as a fundamental discipline that is thoroughly supported by practitioners and government structures worldwide. On the basis of the analysis of intellectual capital research, research questions can be defined in the form of a block-chain of the research areas, including a) terminology and definition b) components and classification; c) measurement and evaluation systems; d) value creation and, more recently, distortions; e) efficiency and effectiveness; f) reporting and disclosure; g) impact assessment; h) decision-making; and i) indication of contradictions and gaps for further research. The study used a sample of Nasdaq Baltic Issuers in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia for the prepandemic period of 2012--2019 and collected 84 data units from the annexes to yearly financial statements explaining the cash flow and profit and loss statements of each. As companies are publicly listed, the financial measurements on the performance side were provided by the Morning star reports. Longitudinal regression analysis was applied for the impact analysis. The findings confirm that relational capital, measured as marketing and sales components with proxies for assets, sales revenue and value added, is significant in the case of ROA, ROE, ROS and RBS, which have positive impacts and do not affect the price‒earnings ratio of listed companies in Baltics. The exploratory longitudinal analysis confirms the data regarding the existence of a total of six factors in the pilot study that have an impact on the business performance indicators while showing different levels of significance, directions of impact and time scales, which highlights the unique findings of the current extended research on intellectual capital and is the first time that it has been applied in Baltic countries. Testing for the different proxies and moderate and control variables introduces new aspects to the analysis of the impact of resource deployment on business performance overall. Simultaneously, simplifying the model using composite aggregate ratios on both sides of the equation has created a precondition for optimizing impact models worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the unobserved heterogeneity present in the model explaining job satisfaction (JSAT) of university teachers based on relational capital (RELC) and workplace violence (WVIO), in a sample of 335 professors from a public university in Venezuela, one of the most violent countries in the world. This approach is based on the premise that the assumption of relatively homogeneous data may be unrealistic in some contexts, as individuals behave differently, which can significantly affect the results obtained with structural equations. The information was collected through validated questionnaires in the specialized literature, using Likert-7 formats. A quantitative research design was employed, with a cross-sectional and explanatory scope, and a relatively novel technique called PLS-REBUS was applied to identify three heterogeneous groups. The reliability and validity of the constructs used were demonstrated, with statistically significant relationships. Based on the most influential construct in JSAT and multigroup comparison, groups 1 and 2 represent academics whose JSAT mainly depends on the perception of the level of RELC, labeled as: "institutional relationships are a priority," while group 3 consists of academics whose JSAT essentially depends on the perception of the level of WVIO in the university, labeled as: "workplace safety is a priority." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study constructs an efficiency evaluation framework for assessing the human, structural and relational capital in the semiconductor industry of Taiwan. Furthermore, we analyze whether there are significant differences in efficiency across different levels concerning the industry supply chain (upstream, midstream and downstream), employee service tenure, capital scale and company establishment years. Design/methodology/approach: This study focuses on Taiwanese semiconductor companies, utilizing data sourced from the Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) Database for the period spanning 2017 to 2021, encompassing a total of five years. Due to the nondisclosure of intangible asset values by all companies, an effort was made to ensure a comparable baseline by excluding companies with incomplete or missing data. Finally, empirical analysis was conducted on a sample of 64 companies using the dynamic network data envelopment analysis method. Findings: (1) Overall efficiency demonstrates structural capital as the most prominent, followed by relational capital, while human capital shows relatively poorer efficiency. (2) To enhance the efficiency of intellectual capital, priority should be given to improving the efficiency of outputs related to intellectual property rights such as patents. (3) The midstream segment exhibits the best efficiency in both structural and relational capital. (4) Companies with longer employee service tenures exhibit superior efficiency in human capital in the long run. (5) Companies with extended establishment years and larger capital scales demonstrate superior efficiency in both human and structural capital. Originality/value: Reflecting on past literature, scholars have primarily focused on the relationship between intellectual capital and firm efficiency, often emphasizing the overall efficiency of intellectual capital. However, within organizations, human capital, structural capital, and relational capital are interrelated. This study, for the first time, assesses the efficiency of these three components within an organization. The research addresses the challenges in analyzing the efficiency of intellectual capital and introduces a highly contemporary approach – dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DNDEA). Using the semiconductor industry in Taiwan as a case study, this paper conducts empirical analysis in a captivating and worthy industry. Therefore, the ideas presented in this paper are original. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider the joint action of structural, cognitive and relational social capital, and to explore the formation mechanism of the innovation network of new energy vehicles (NEV). The research data come from China's NEV cooperative invention patent applications from 2001 to 2019. This paper uses the exponential random graph model (ERGM) to study the impact of different dimensions of social capital on the NEV industry-university-research (I-U-R) innovation network. The results show that from the perspective of structural capital, the closed network structure has a positive impact on the formation of NEV I-U-R innovation network. From the perspective of cognitive capital, the homogeneity of knowledge base has a positive effect on the formation of the NEV I-U-R innovation network, and the innovation subjects with the same knowledge base breadth and the same knowledge base depth are more inclined to form a cooperative relationship. For relational capital, institutional environment similarity and organizational structure similarity are important factors affecting the formation of NEV I-U-R innovation network to a similar extent. The findings of this study provide scientific references for promoting the sustainable development of I-U-R innovation network in NEV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global economy, intellectual capital management is a strategically important resource that affects the market value of organizations. Efficient management of intellectual capital requires the use of new management methods and techniques. One of them is knowledge management, which, in particular, focuses on removing barriers to knowledge sharing. The survey was conducted among employees of the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica counties, and the results constitute a pilot study. The conclusions from the collected research results are surprising and imply the need to conduct research on a larger scale in the area of human capital. The collected results provide information to management staff in the field of talent management and knowledge. The results may constitute the basis for developing succession plans, succession plans and employee training. Additionally, the results can help recruiters create profiles of candidates with specific competencies. The main aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the personnel management process in the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica poviats. The use of various research methods made it possible to achieve the intended research goals. The basic research tool used was a survey. Analyses of the literature, research reports, and statistical summaries were treated as a complement to the main research methods. Research and statistical data indicate that among smaller companies in Lower Silesia, there is a need for development programs related to acquiring, collecting, and sharing knowledge. The study identified a number of factors that constitute a significant barrier to the development of employees of the surveyed companies. They allowed us to verify the relationship between the factors that constitute the greatest barrier to the learning process and the impact of the company's size on it. The relationship between the barriers to intellectual development that constitute the greatest threat to the company and the factors that make it difficult for the company to recruit employees with the highest intellectual capital were also verified.

Just like those around the world, the higher education institutions in Indonesia also face the issues of accreditation, ranking, and requirements by the public and the government to participate in the improvement of community welfare through the implementation of research and community service for the society. Thus, the role of intellectual capital is very important in supporting higher education competitiveness. Based on a resource-based theory, this study aims to empirically examine the implications of an intellectual capital on higher education competitiveness. This study applies an explanatory design with a quantitative-descriptive-and causality analysis. We use secondary data sourced from public universities in Indonesia with at least "Good" institutionally accredited category, comprising in total of 74 universities. We apply the saturated sampling technique. The study concludes that a human capital has no significant effect on the competitiveness of higher education institutions. On the other hand, structural and relational capitals have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of universities. Thus, higher education management needs to provide stimuli and encouragement to the existing human resources to increase their capabilities. This research contributes to identifying the intellectual capital variables that affect the competitiveness of higher education institutions in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-trafficking programmes in Italy have been implemented for more than two decades. Yet, little empirical evidence is available regarding their functioning. This paper draws on 56 semi-structured interviews carried out in the period of 2019–2021 with practitioners and beneficiaries of the N.A.Ve anti-trafficking programme. The interviews focused on practitioners' experience working with Nigerian women and on Nigerian women's experiences of the programme upon completion. By building on critical anti-trafficking studies and the autonomy of migration perspective, this contribution looks at the relationship between practitioners and Nigerian women admitted to the programme by addressing the following questions: what is the experience of practitioners and beneficiaries in the N.A.Ve programme? To what extent is the structural violence of the counter-trafficking apparatus reproduced in the relational dynamics between practitioners, particularly Case Managers, and beneficiaries? How do beneficiaries cope with such violence? I argue that the Case Managers' approach builds on "stratified layers of institutional knowledge" and that this concept is useful to highlight how their knowledge derives both from the counter-trafficking apparatus and their social work background. Furthermore, I present evidence that such an approach reproduces structural violence through processes of "conditional inclusion". Nigerian women denounced this violence but also seized the relational capital grown from rapport, calling for more engagement with people rather than programme objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Higher education involves various kinds of science that develops and produces reliable human resources in the field of science. Higher education performance is primarily determined by the leadership’s ability to manage knowledge-based strategic assets, namely intellectual capital. This research designs all elements that form intellectual capital, such as human capital, structural capital, and relational capital, in one model according to their organizational function. The research aims to optimize the role of intellectual capital as a strategic asset for higher education to improve organizational performance. This is a survey research, where data were obtained by distributing questionnaires to higher education leaders in Surabaya, both State Higher Education (SHE) and Private Higher Education (PHE). The research produced a model for managing intellectual capital, where human capital and structural capital are independent variables for higher education performance. In contrast, relational capital is a mediator for both. The research results can guide higher education leaders in managing intellectual capital as a strategic asset determining organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global economy, intellectual capital management is a strategically important resource that affects the market value of organizations. Efficient management of intellectual capital requires the use of new management methods and techniques. One of them is knowledge management, which, in particular, focuses on removing barriers to knowledge sharing. The survey was conducted among employees of the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica counties, and the results constitute a pilot study. The conclusions from the collected research results are surprising and imply the need to conduct research on a larger scale in the area of human capital. The collected results provide information to management staff in the field of talent management and knowledge. The results may constitute the basis for developing succession plans, succession plans and employee training. Additionally, the results can help recruiters create profiles of candidates with specific competencies. The main aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the personnel management process in the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica poviats. The use of various research methods made it possible to achieve the intended research goals. The basic research tool used was a survey. Analyses of the literature, research reports, and statistical summaries were treated as a complement to the main research methods. Research and statistical data indicate that among smaller companies in Lower Silesia, there is a need for development programs related to acquiring, collecting, and sharing knowledge. The study identified a number of factors that constitute a significant barrier to the development of employees of the surveyed companies. They allowed us to verify the relationship between the factors that constitute the greatest barrier to the learning process and the impact of the company's size on it. The relationship between the barriers to intellectual development that constitute the greatest threat to the company and the factors that make it difficult for the company to recruit employees with the highest intellectual capital were also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aims to determine the effects of human, structural, and relational capital on entrepreneurship and innovation in the software development industry in an emerging country, Colombia. The sample consisted of 310 surveys of software development in micro and small companies from Colombia. The data were analysed using a structural equation model. Among the results found is the positive influence of structural and relational capital on human capital and the positive influence of human, structural and relational capital on entrepreneurship and innovation capital in micro and small companies of software development in Colombia. The value of this research lies in the relationship of the main identified elements: human, structural, relational, entrepreneurship and innovation capital, reducing the gap between the theoretical model of Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship and empirical model of Intellectus.

Private higher education institutions (PHEIs) are struggling to invest in the facilities, tools, and staff required to build a complete IR4.0 education ecosystem due to a lack of funding and technological resources. This research investigates the role of intellectual capital elements (Human, Relational, and Structural Capital) in promoting frugal innovation in Malaysian private universities utilizing knowledge-based theory. Using a quantitative research approach, we collected survey data from 308 respondents affiliated with Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) in Malaysia. The study found that human capital is not statistically significant in its relationship with frugal innovation in higher education, while structural capital and relational capital do show significant relationships. These findings contribute to our understanding of intellectual capital's role in frugal innovation in Malaysian PHEIs.

This study investigates the impact of social capital theory in social networks on consumer decision-making, highlighting the importance of product features and peer preferences. It identifies a research gap in understanding the effects of structural, relational, and cognitive capital, emphasizing the need for further exploration. The study also examines the relationship between information sharing and purchase intention, addressing a previously neglected area. Additionally, it explores how age and gender, influence consumer characteristics. The empirical data collected from 223 respondents who buy consumer goods through social media as part of the millennial generation through an online survey is analyzed using SEM. Results indicate that structural, cognitive, and relational capital influence the exchange of information. The behavior of sharing information indicates that the more people who provide positive information about a consumer goods product, the higher the intention to buy, it is anticipated that the company will increase its promotion on Twitter and Instagram. This is due to the fact that many consumers use the platform in their daily lives and consumers desire to always be willing to share the information they possess. Moreover, younger women are more inclined to share information based on their age and gender characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to explore how universities extract the value of knowledge assets to be able to survive and be competitive. This study wants to find the governance of knowledge assets embedded in Indonesian state universities' human capital, structural capital, and relational and innovation capital. In addition, the questionnaire survey results will show the relationship between knowledge assets and university performance. This research will provide an understanding of the measurement of knowledge assets and the performance of higher education institutions. The results of this study indicate that knowledge assets, as measured by human capital, relational capital, and structural capital, positively influence the performance of universities in Indonesia. Therefore, it is proper for universities in Indonesia to be able to manage knowledge assets optimally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the frequent occurrence of corporate financial fraud cases in China, the audit quality (AQ) of accounting firms has attracted great attention. As a knowledge-intensive organization, the intellectual capital (IC) which represents the intangible assets seems closely related to AQ. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between IC with AQ among China's top 100 accounting firms (CTAFs) and if the extent of association varies between IC components and AQ. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey with a total of 81 firms through their responsible official. The findings demonstrate that IC significantly affects AQ of CTAFs. Surprisingly, structural capital emerged as the strongest component of IC influencing AQ, followed by relational capital, spiritual capital, and human capital. These results suggest that improving any element of IC can lead to an improvement in AQ while distinguishing the varying degrees of association. This study acts as a trailblazer, by using primary data offering empirical evidence regarding the connection between IC and AQ within the landscape of CTAFs. The particular note is the illumination of varying impact levels across elements of IC, providing unique and applicable insights for future research and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate how relational capital derived by the buyer and supplier from the buyer-LSP and supplier-LSP dyads affects buyer-supplier adaptability and their relational performance. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing upon the tenets of Social Capital Theory and Relational View, the authors performed exploratory research using a survey of 350 supply chain triads. Based on these data, the authors used Structural Equation Modeling to estimate the Higher Component Model (HCM) and test the research hypotheses. Findings: The research results indicate that relational capital derived by the supplier from the supplier-LSP dyad has a strong and positive impact on buyer-supplier adaptability. On the other hand, relational capital derived by the buyer from the buyer-LSP dyad has no significant impact on buyer-supplier adaptability. The results also demonstrate that the effect of buyer-supplier adaptability on buyer-supplier relational performance is strong and positive. The obtained findings also suggest that buyer-supplier adaptability acts as a partial mediator between relational capital derived by buyer/supplier from the links with LSP and relational performance. Research limitations/implications: The study has some limitations that guide directions for future research. First, along with relational capital, it might be worthwhile to also investigate the impact of structural and cognitive capital in supply chain triads to test whether and how these two dimensions of social capital contribute to buyer-supplier adaptability. It could be also interesting to include the LSP's perception of relational capital in the model to shift the analysis from the organizational to the interorganizational level. Originality/value: Given the increasing interest in complex structures of supply chains, this study investigates how one dyad affects other dyads in supply chain triads. Specifically, the study develops and empirically tests the construct of relational capital derived from the links with LSPs, and views adaptability as the result of two interacting parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents and evaluates the development of research on intellectual capital (IC) using bibliometric analysis of highly cited research papers. It also uses social network analysis (SNA) to decipher the complex patterns of collaboration, influence, and knowledge diffusion in the field of IC research. Data for the SNA were extracted from the top 1% of highly cited papers identified through bibliometric analysis. The extracted data were processed using BibExcel, which allowed for the extraction of important metadata, statistical calculations, and an in-depth examination of the selected documents. Pajek, a network analysis tool, was used to visualize and understand the complex network of these influential articles. Our analysis shows the evolution of intellectual capital from a niche interest in the mid-20th century to a dynamically growing field of study. The number of publications increased from double digits in the early 1990s to over a hundred publications per year in the early 2000s. From the mid-2000s to the present, the field experienced almost exponential growth, peaking in 2022 with 796 publications. Analysis of the 103 most cited papers in intellectual capital identified a total of 212 authors. Remarkably, 92% of these authors contributed to only one publication each. The co-authorship analysis unveils a decentralized structure characterized by several smaller research clusters embedded within the broader network. The results of this study enhance our comprehension of intellectual capital research by identifying influential authors, highly cited journals, and co-publication networks, thereby providing valuable insights into the field's dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship, in many low-developed economies, plays an important role in defeating external distress. It is crucial in such situation that entrepreneurial firms resist and even grow. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how entrepreneurial orientation brings about organisational ambidexterity through the mediation role of intellectual capital in the context of a developing country. This paper reports research results combining a qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The exploratory study is based on qualitative case studies and in-depth interview data collected from 15 Tunisian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the industrial sector. Then, the methodology included a survey of 155 SMEs using a questionnaire and structural equation modelling analyses. The results reveal that SMEs leverage internal and external resources to pursue ambidexterity separately or simultaneously. The data were gathered from a sole informant from every firm. Consequently, more in-depth longitudinal study may be requisite to expand deeper insights into the used variables. SME managers need to focus on the specific barriers to ambidexterity and design effective mechanisms to advance the drivers of ambidexterity. The mechanisms to realize ambidexterity as branded in this study will assist SMEs in particular, and firms in general. A new shape of organisation is an open design allowing more outer acquaintance and resources to be riveted, which is claimed as a novel model for organisation. This study combined the concepts of entrepreneurial orientation and intellectual capital as the basis of innovation ambidexterity. Human, organisational and relational capitals are the intermediate mechanisms to explain the effect of entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, the Tunisian specific context adds more novelty to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the mediating influence of bricolage on the relationship between relational capital (RC) and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation among social enterprises (SEs) located in Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Data were collected from a sample of 151 SEs and the results highlight that opportunity recognition and exploitation are significantly and positively affected by relational capital. These relationships are reinforced by the mediating and positive effect of entrepreneurial bricolage. This is the first empirical study to examine the linkages between RC and opportunity recognition and exploitation in SEs. SEs need to recognise the importance of relational capital in supporting the recognition and exploitation of opportunities. They should also be aware that these relationships, in a resource-scarce environment, can be strengthened by an entrepreneur's ability to adopt bricolage. Theoretical and practical contributions are also offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tier-two suppliers may engage in opportunistic behavior due to the preference of large buyers for short-term contracts or volatile demand patterns. This lack of long-term commitment may lead tier-two suppliers to prioritize short-term gains and engage in opportunistic behavior to maximize the current situation, particularly in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) setting between banks and their tier-two suppliers. In this setting, buyers wield greater influence due to their size, market dominance, or distinctive capabilities over suppliers. This power disparity might create an environment where tier-two suppliers feel obligated to engage in opportunistic behavior to protect their interests or acquire an advantage. The ease of a monitoring system plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of buyers and establishing a more secure buyer-supplier relationship. However, relying solely on a monitoring system is not reliable. Supplementing the monitoring system with other safeguards, such as relational capital, is necessary to address supplier opportunistic behavior effectively. This can be achieved through the cultivation of trust, norms of reciprocity, and fostering a sense of friendship between the buyer and supplier. Nevertheless, a high level of easiness in monitoring systems, on the other hand, may foster distrust and destroy relational capital between buyers and suppliers, making suppliers more likely to engage in opportunistic behavior. Drawing on insights from transaction cost economics, social capital, and agency theory, it is argued that the interplay between relational capital and the ease of monitoring systems serves as an essential safeguard against supplier opportunistic behavior, especially when the tier-two supplier has made substantial investments in specific assets with its primary buyer. Data was gathered from 103 business process outsourcing dyads involved in BPO within the banking industry in Indonesia. These dyads consisted of four primary process suppliers: telemarketing, cash-in-transit, security, and contact center. The study revealed that relational capital is an important safeguard, particularly in situations where buyers have challenges effectively managing the BPO relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the impact of intellectual capital disclosure on the firm's financial performance by developing a comprehensive intellectual capital disclosure index. The study reveals that although intellectual capital disclosure has an insignificant impact on the return on assets, it positively impacts the firm's market capitalization. Among the components of intellectual capital disclosure, Structural capital and Relational capital disclosure positively contribute to the relationship, while Human capital disclosure negatively impacts firm performance. These insights can aid firms in making strategic decisions regarding intellectual capital management and disclosure practices, potentially leading to improved firm performance. The originality of our study lies in the fact that while the literature on this relationship is scarce, with no study in the Indian context, our study provides a realistic conclusion to the intellectual capital disclosure-firm performance relationship and adds value to the current intellectual capital-driven competitive market.

This study aims to develop a conceptual framework that describes efforts to improve sales force performance using a relevant theoretical approach. The novelty of this study was developed and synthesized from relevant marketing theories. It is a conceptual model construction that proposes Energizing Customer Bond (ECB) as an intervening variable to address the research gap in explaining the influence of relational capital on the performance of salespeople at consumer goods companies. This study involved salespeople at large-scale fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in Indonesia. The acceptance of all of the hypotheses proposed in this study shows the importance of relational capital, ECB, and value-based selling in driving the performance of the sales force. ECB, as a proposed novelty, is also proven as a mediating variable, thus clarifying the relationship between relational capitals in improving sales force performance.