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A method using UPLC-HRMS has been developed for a rapid, simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of twenty-five ginsenosides. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 analytical column with an elution gradient comprising 0.1% aqueous formate/acetonitrile as the mobile phase. HRMS detection acquired full mass data for quantification and fullms-ddms2 (i.e., data-dependent scan mode) yielded product ion spectra for identification. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of multiginsenosides by single marker (QAMS) was developed and validated using a relative correction factor. Under optimal conditions, we could simultaneously separate eight groups of isomers of the 25 ginsenosides. Good linearity was observed over the validated concentration range for each analyte (r2 > 0.9924), showing excellent sensitivity (LODs, 0.003–0.349 ng/mL) and lower limit quantification (LOQs, 0.015–1.163 ng/mL). The LC-MS external standard method (ESM) and QAMS were compared and successfully applied to analyze the ginsenoside content from Panax ginseng roots. Overall, our UPLC-HRMS/QAMS approach provides high precision, stability, and reproducibility and can be used for high-throughput analysis of complex ginsenosides and quantitative analysis of multiple components and quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM).

Kava, the rhizomes and roots of Piper methysticum Forst, is a popular edible medicinal herb traditionally used to prepare beverages for anxiety reduction. Since the German kava ban has been lifted by the court, the quality evaluation is particularly important for its application, especially the flavokawains which were believed to be responsible for hepatotoxicity. Now, by employing two different standard references and four different methods to calculate the relative correction factors, eight different quantitative analyses of multicomponents by single-marker methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of eight major kavalactones and flavokawains in kava. The low standard method difference on quantitative measurement of the compounds among the external standard method and ours confirmed the reliability of the mentioned methods. A radar plot clearly illustrated that the contents of dihydrokavain and kavain were higher, whereas flavokawains A and B were lower in different kava samples. Only one of eight samples did not detect flavokawains that may be related to hepatotoxicity. In summary, by using different agents as an internal standard reference, the developed methods were believed as a powerful analytical tool not only for the qualitative and quantitative of kava constituents but also for the other multicomponents when authentic standard substances were unavailable.

Cosmesis and self-image perception are important aspects of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Shoulder balance plays an important role in this aspect. In this article, we provide a broad narrative review of the clinical and radiological assessment of shoulder balance along with various factors affecting the postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI). Systematic literature search was done using specific keywords, and studies were screened using PRISMA flowchart. Concept of medial and lateral shoulder balance, which are two distinct and independent entities, has been discussed. The trapezial angle and area are medial shoulder parameters, and are of more concern as they directly affect the cosmesis. Choice of the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV), behavior of the proximal thoracic curve, and preoperative levels of shoulder are important determinants of PSI. The relative correction of middle and distal curves also plays an important role to prevent imbalance and adding-on, especially in type 5 and 6 curves. Hooks at the UIV may provide a soft landing and help in the adjustment of any PSI.

We propose a multi-color method for the self-correction of air refractive index in moist air based on spectral interference of optical frequency comb. The relative correction stability of 4.3×10-7 is achieved.

A method, quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS), was established and fully verified based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous determination of six chromone indicators of Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR). In the present study, cimifugin (C), 5-O-methylvisamminol (V), hamaudol (H), and their corresponding glycosides, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (GC), 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (GV), and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol (GH), were selected as bioactive constituents and indicators for the quality evaluation of SR. GV was chosen as the unique reference standard, and relative correction factors (RCF) between GV and the other five chromones were calculated. The feasibility of QAMS for the analysis of chromones was investigated by comparing with the traditional external standard method (ESM). Furthermore, the method was proven to have accuracy (96.98%–102.50%), repeatability (RSD R2 ≧0.9999). Subsequently, 55 batches of commercial SR from different regions were determined by QAMS, and their contents were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), respectively. Based on the results, a more refined quality standard of commercial SR was proposed: SR was qualified when the total contents of six chromones were greater than 3 mg·g−1. Furthermore, SR could initially be regarded as a superior medicine when it satisfied both conditions at the same time: the total content of GC, C, GV, V, GH, and H was greater than 8 mg·g−1, and the proportion of the total content of C, V, and H was greater than 10%. This study demonstrated that the quality of SR could be successfully evaluated by the developed QAMS method; meanwhile, valuable information was provided for improving the quality standard of SR.

Accurate characterization of isomers is a quite challenge and time-consuming work. A major bottleneck is the lack of relevant reference standards. In this work, we conducted a proof-of-concept study to develop a standard-free method for absolute quantitation of isomers by using high performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility mass spectrometry and material balance principle. The isomer structures were characterized by matching the rank order of experimental collision cross sections (CCSs) to that of theoretical CCSs. Then a time-dependent hydrolysis protocol derived from material balance equation was used for the calculation of the relative correction factor (F). Finally, the multi-level normalized matrix approach was developed to absolutely and precisely quantitate isomeric compounds. To assess this method, quercetin-liver microsome reaction pool was applied. With the developed method, four isomeric metabolites of quercetin were accurately analyzed, and metabolic profiling of quercetin isomeric metabolites was firstly reported with the absolute quantitation results. This is an accurate yet simple method for the absolute quantitation of positional isomers of interest.

Multi-component analysis is one of the key techniques for the overall quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. However, the shortage and high cost of reference substances are the greatest obstacles. The substitute method is an alternative solution. In the present study, 11 compounds of rhubarb were simultaneously determined by a method named "two reference substances for determination of multiple components", which includes a qualitative method with linear calibration using two reference substances and a quantitative method with a relative correction factor combined with ultra high performance liquid chromatography. Using aloe-emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and chrysophanol as reference compounds, chromatographic peak identification was performed. The results demonstrated that linear calibration using two reference substances method showed higher accuracy, less deviation, and better column adaptability compared to the relative retention time method. Using chrysophanol as a reference compound, the relative correction factors were determined and showed good reproducibility and stability in different laboratories with different instruments, columns, and wavelength fluctuations. The results had no significant difference compared with the external standard method. The strategy of two reference substances for determination of multiple components coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography is economical, efficient, accurate, reliable, and environmentally friendly and is suitable for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in corneal tomography after stromal lenticule implantation ex vivo, with respect to the dependency of the lenticule thickness and implantation depth on the corneal curvature and the postoperative biomechanical strength at increased chamber pressure. METHODS: Twenty-eight human donor corneas underwent pocket implantation of refractive stromal lenticules. Four groups were created by the combination of two implantation depths (110 and 160 µ m) and two lenticule thicknesses (95 µ m = 4.00 diopters [D], 150 µ m = 8.00 D). Sagittal keratometry and total corneal refractive power (TCRP 4mm,apex,zone ) were obtained for the front and back curvature with Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) at chamber pressures of 15 and 40 mm Hg. RESULTS: The anterior curvature steepening was comparable between the 4.00 D and 8.00 D groups ( P > .141), but more pronounced with 110 µ m implantation depth ( P < .038). The posterior curvature flattened significantly more after implantation of 8.00 D than 4.00 D lenticules ( P < .002), but was similar at 110 and 160 µ m implantation depths ( P > .071). Average ΔTCRP for the 4.00 D and 8.00 D groups was 3.10 ± 0.60 and 5.30 ± 1.66 diopters (D) at 110- µ m depth, respectively ( P = .003), but 1.99 ± 0.79 and 3.36 ± 1.45 D at 160- µ m depth, respectively ( P = .066). The relative correction achieved was 66% to 78% at 110- µ m depth and 42% to 50% at 160- µ m depth, but similar when using 4.00 D and 8.00 D lenticules. Increased chamber pressure caused significant anterior and posterior curvature steepening after implantation in all four groups ( P < .001), but not before implantation ( P > .632). CONCLUSIONS: The power of the implanted lenticule must be higher than the intended correction, and customized to the chosen implantation depth. Biomechanical strength seems to decrease after lenticule implantation. [ J Refract Surg. 2018;34(4):245–252.]

Zhou’s Prescription is a compound prescription with traditional Chinese medicine, which is composed of 13 kinds of herbs and has been used to treat lung cancer in clinical practice for many years in China. Quantitative analysis of multi-components with single marker (QAMS) was used for the first time to analyze Zhou’s Prescription for the mass contents of six active ingredients, and chemometric methods were applied to evaluate its quality. Quercetin was selected as the internal standard serving as basis for relative correction factors (RCFs) determined using different HPLC instruments and columns. The contents of the active ingredients hydroxysafflor yellow A, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and quercitrin were calculated applying the RCFs. The stability and accuracy of QAMS were tested and verified by an external standard method (ESM). The accuracy was between 94.5 % and 100.4 % demonstrating the consistency of QAMS and ESM. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to classify 21 batches of Zhou’s Prescription which were composed with supplies of the 13 herbs from different harvests at different producing regions. Among the 21 batches, a significant difference between the contents of the active ingredients was found which can be distinguished by chemometric methods. QAMS proved to be a promising and accurate method to quantify the active ingredients in Zhou’s Prescription also when resources of reference substances are limited. Moreover, the quality of Zhou’s Prescription is determined by the content of active ingredients scaled by HPLC. The method is based on QAMS combined with HCA and PCA to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Zhou’s Prescription composed of herbs of different sources.

We have evaluated a systematic deviation from unity of the relative correction factor, h, for calibration of the X-ray yields in particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). For this, we estimated the values of h for various elements in the range 22 ≤ Z ≤ 79, and with Cu as a reference material. The value of h for the elements with a characteristic X-ray energy

Xingnaojing Injection is a traditional Chinese medicine extensively used for stroke and cerebral ischemia. For better in-process quality control of Xingnaojing Injection, a method for the analysis of its intermediate (i.e., the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae) is needed to monitor and optimize the hydrodistillation extraction process. In this work, nine major volatile components in the intermediate were identified: isophorone, 4-methylene-isophorone, curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone, furanodienone, curcumol, and germacrone. A quantitative analysis of multi-component with a single-marker method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the nine components. In this method, only curdione was needed as the reference substance, and the other eight components were determined using their relative correction factors to curdione. In the method validation, good linearity (r > 0.9999), sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy (recoveries within 95.3-105.4%) were shown. The repeatability and robustness of the relative correction factors were studied with different column temperatures, flow rates, detection wavelengths, columns, and instruments. In sample analyses, consistent results between the proposed method and the external standard method were shown. The proposed method provides a comprehensive and low-cost tool for the quality assessment of the intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection.

Forsythiaside A is the major component of Forsythia suspensa. This study investigated the degradation mechanism of forsythiaside A. Eight degraded components including forsythiaside I, forsythiaside H, forsythiaside E, caffeic acid, suspensaside A, β-hydroxy forsythiaside I, β-hydroxy forsythiaside H, and β-hydroxy forsythiaside A were identified by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, the quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker was performed with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography to simultaneously determine forsythiaside A, forsythiaside H, and forsythiaside I in Forsythia suspensa preparations. The result showed good linear relationships within 2.871-287.1, 0.231-23.1, and 0.983-98.3 μg/mL (r > 0.9998), with average recoveries of 97.7, 95.7, and 95.8% and relative standard deviations of 1.4, 2.4, and 1.8%, respectively. Using forsythiaside A as an internal reference, the relative retention values of forsythiaside H and forsythiaside I to forsythiaside A were calculated to be 0.89 and 0.61, respectively, and the relative correction factors were 0.816 and 0.799, respectively. The method for quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker was applied to evaluate the overall quality of forsythia preparations. There was no significant difference in the measurement results of the method developed and the method of external standard.

Introduction Traditional methods to derive experimentally-generated relative correction factors (RCFs) for the quantitative analysis of herbal multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method require reference standards and multiple validations with different instruments and columns, which hampers high throughput implementation. Objectives To effectively reduce the application amounts of raw material and provide higher and more stable accuracy, this study aimed to develop a method to computationally generate RCFs of herbal components. Materials and methods This strategy included the published data collection, calibration curves screening, computer algorithm-based RCFs generation and accuracy validation. Results Using the in silico approach, we have successfully produced 133 RCFs for the multi-component quantitative analysis of 63 widely used herbs. Conclusion Compared with conventional RCFs, this in silico method would be a low cost and highly efficient way to produce practical RCFs for the QAMS method.

The catechins in oolong tea are related to its flavor and health benefits. In this paper, a new strategy for a quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker (QAMS) was developed and validated to analyze six catechins (epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate) in oolong tea by HPLC. Catechin was chosen as the internal reference substance. The relative correction factors (RCFs) between catechin and the other five catechins were investigated for the QAMS calculation using five different types of chromatographic columns. Meanwhile, the content of each of the six analytes was also determined by a conventional external standard method. Finally, the angle cosine value revealed that there was no significant difference between the QAMS method and the external standard method. The QAMS method established in this study solved the problem of the availability and high cost of some standard substances and would be useful for providing an efficient and feasible quality assessment method for oolong tea and other botanic samples.

The contributions to the electron-electron-photon vertex of two-loop electroweak corrections are calculated. The relative correction to the parity-violating asymmetry of M{\o}ller scattering for the case of 11 GeV electron scattered off the electron at rest is found to be about -0.0034 and should be taken into account at future experiment MOLLER at JLab., Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1504.03560

Bufadienolides are the main bioactive components of Venenum Bufonis (VB) and have been widely used to treat different types of human cancers for decades. The bufadienolide content in VB varies significantly in materials from different geographical origins. In this work, a new strategy for the quality assessment of VB was developed through quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS). Cinobufagin was selected as the internal reference substance; seven bufadienolides were separated and simultaneously determined based on relative correction factors. The correlation coefficient value (r ≥ 0.9936) between QAMS and the normal external standard method proved the consistency of the two methods. According to the outcomes of 30 batches of VB samples, the contents of the seven bufadienolides were used for further chemometric analysis. All of the samples of VB from various geographical origins were divided into three categories based on hierarchical cluster analysis and radar plot, which indicated the crucial influence of geographical origins on VB. This study showed that QAMS combined with chemometristry could be used to comprehensively evaluate and effectively control the quality of VB from different geographical origins.

In this report we present theoretical predictions for high-energy Bhabha scattering with taking into account complete one-loop electroweak radiative corrections. Longitudinal polarization of the initial beams is assumed. Numerical results for the left-right asymmetry and the relative correction to the distribution in the scattering angle are shown. The results are relevant for several future electron-positron collider projects.

Interference from the matrix sample can influence of the accurate analytical method. Accelerated Solvent Extraction and their purification methods were tried to separate the organic micropollutants respectively in marine sediment. Those matrix were as organic pollutants evaluation in marine environment. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are two examples organic pollutant in environment which are carcinogenic and mutagenic. Marine sediments are important matrices of information regarding the human activities in coastal areas as well as the fate and behavior of organic pollutants, which are persistent in long-term. This research purpose to evaluate the matrice effect and the recovery from marine sediment spiking with several standar solution and deuterium of molecular target from organic pollutants in not polluted sample of sediment. Matrice samples was tested from indicate in unpolluted location. The methods were evaluated with standard calibration curve (linearity LOQ). Recovery (YE) relative, Matrice Effect (ME) relative correction with deuteriated standar were evaluated the interference the matrix. Interference effect for OCPs compounds were higher than PCBs in marine sediment.

Quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is one of the biggest challenges facing its clinical practice. The quality of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PM) is mainly attributed to the content of stilbenes and anthraquinones. Herein, a sensitive, precise, and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is established for the quantification of the six major components in PM, which include cis-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (cis-TSG), trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (trans-TSG), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin and physcion. Based on this, using trans-TSG as the internal reference, quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) was carried out, and relative correction factors (RCFs) were calculated to determine the contents of the other five components. Tested by a robustness experiment under certain changeable conditions, the RCFs proved to be stable with RSDs below 5.0%. Moreover, on comparing the contents of the target components determined by an external standard method (EMS) and QAMS, there were no significant differences observed between the two methods with absolute relative errors of

DNA metabarcoding is a powerful new tool allowing characterization of species assemblages using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The utility of DNA metabarcoding for quantifying relative species abundances is currently limited by both biological and technical biases which influence sequence read counts. We tested the idea of sequencing 50/50 mixtures of target species and a control species in order to generate relative correction factors (RCFs) that account for multiple sources of bias and are applicable to field studies. RCFs will be most effective if they are not affected by input mass ratio or co-occurring species. In a model experiment involving three target fish species and a fixed control, we found RCFs did vary with input ratio but in a consistent fashion, and that 50/50 RCFs applied to DNA sequence counts from various mixtures of the target species still greatly improved relative abundance estimates (e.g. average per species error of 19 ± 8% for uncorrected vs. 3 ± 1% for corrected estimates). To demonstrate the use of correction factors in a field setting, we calculated 50/50 RCFs for 18 harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) prey species (RCFs ranging from 0.68 to 3.68). Applying these corrections to field-collected seal scats affected species percentages from individual samples (Δ 6.7 ± 6.6%) more than population-level species estimates (Δ 1.7 ± 1.2%). Our results indicate that the 50/50 RCF approach is an effective tool for evaluating and correcting biases in DNA metabarcoding studies. The decision to apply correction factors will be influenced by the feasibility of creating tissue mixtures for the target species, and the level of accuracy needed to meet research objectives.

A quantitative analysis of multiple components with a single-marker method was established for the simultaneous determination of five sesqutiterpenoids in Xingnaojing injection. This method was established with Xingnaojing injection determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection. The durability and system suitability of the established method were evaluated, and the reliable relative correction factors were obtained with curdione selected as an internal reference. The contents of the five components in all Xingnaojing injections were determined by external standard method and the contents of curcumenone, curcumenol, curzerenone, and germacrone were also calculated with the obtained relative correction factors. Then, relative error was investigated to estimate the difference of the two methods. As a result, the established new method possesses good adaptability, and there is no significant difference between the two methods, except for the content of curzerenone in eight samples. To put the established method into practice, the limits of quantitation of the established method of the five components were proposed and defined. Thus, the developed methodology can also be utilized to the quality evaluation of Xingnaojing injection, in spite of the difference found in the content of curzerenone between the external standard method and the newly established method.

A method with few markers to determine multicomponents was established and validated to evaluate the quality of Shenfu injection by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. The separations were performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 × 50 mm2, 1.7 μm) column. Methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution were used as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. 2 aconitum alkaloids and 12 ginsenosides could be perfectly separated within 15 minutes. Ginsenoside Rg1 and benzoylmesaconine, the easily available active components, were employed as the maker components to calculate the relative correction factors of other components in Shenfu injection, Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli. The external standard method was also established to validate the feasibility of the method with few markers to determine multicomponents. Parameter p and the principal component analysis method were employed to investigate the disparities among batches for the effective quality control of Shenfu injection. The results demonstrated that the ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector method with few markers to determine multicomponents could be used as a powerful tool for the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines and their preparations.

Fermented Cordyceps sinensis, the succedaneum of Cordyceps sinensis which is extracted and separated from Cordyceps sinensis by artificial fermentation, is commonly used in eastern Asia in clinical treatments due to its health benefit. In this paper, a new strategy for differentiating and comprehensively evaluating the quality of products of fermented Cordyceps sinensis has been established, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis combined with similar analysis (SA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS). Ten common peaks were collected and analysed using SA, HCA, and QAMS. These methods indicated that 30 fermented Cordyceps sinensis samples could be categorized into two groups by HCA. Five peaks were identified as uracil, uridine, adenine, guanosine, and adenosine, and according to the results from the diode array detector, which can be used to confirm peak purity, the purities of these compounds were greater than 990. Adenosine was chosen as the internal reference substance. The relative correction factors (RCF) between adenosine and the other four nucleosides were calculated and investigated using the QAMS method. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the QAMS method was confirmed by comparing the results of that method with those of an external standard method with cosines of the angles between the groups. No significant difference between the two methods was observed. In conclusion, the method established herein was efficient, successful in identifying the products of fermented Cordyceps sinensis, and scientifically valid to be applicable in the systematic quality control of fermented Cordyceps sinensis products.

A new quantitative analysis of multi-component with single marker (QAMS) method for 11 saponins (ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Rg2, Rh1, Rf, Re and Rd; notoginsenosides R1, R4, Fa and K) in notoginseng was established, when 6 of these saponins were individually used as internal referring substances to investigate the influences of chemical structure, concentrations of quantitative components, and purities of the standard substances on the accuracy of the QAMS method. The results showed that the concentration of the analyte in sample solution was the major influencing parameter, whereas the other parameters had minimal influence on the accuracy of the QAMS method. A new method for calculating the relative correction factors by linear regression was established (linear regression method), which demonstrated to decrease standard method differences of the QAMS method from 1.20%±0.02% - 23.29%±3.23% to 0.10%±0.09% - 8.84%±2.85% in comparison with the previous method. And the differences between external standard method and the QAMS method using relative correction factors calculated by linear regression method were below 5% in the quantitative determination of Rg1, Re, R1, Rd and Fa in 24 notoginseng samples and Rb1 in 21 notoginseng samples. And the differences were mostly below 10% in the quantitative determination of Rf, Rg2, R4 and N-K (the differences of these 4 constituents bigger because their contents lower) in all the 24 notoginseng samples. The results indicated that the contents assayed by the new QAMS method could be considered as accurate as those assayed by external standard method. In addition, a method for determining applicable concentration ranges of the quantitative components assayed by QAMS method was established for the first time, which could ensure its high accuracy and could be applied to QAMS methods of other TCMs. The present study demonstrated the practicability of the application of the QAMS method for the quantitative analysis of multi-component and the quality control of TCMs and TCM prescriptions.

The quantitative analysis of multi-components with single marker (QAMS) method was firstly established for simultaneous determination of six triterpenoid saponins (ilexgenin A (C1), ilexsaponin A1 (C2), ilexsaponin B1 (C3), ilexsaponin B2 (C4), ilexsaponin B3 (DC1), ilexoside O (DC2)) in Ilex pubescens by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Using C1 as the internal reference, the relative correction factors (RCF) of the other five triterpenoid saponins were calculated and statistically evaluated. The durability of the method was verified with five different LC instruments and five different C18 columns under various chromatographic conditions. The external standard method after methodology verification was chosen to check the accuracy and feasibility of the QAMS method. The results showed that the RCFs of all compounds were obtained with good reproducibility (RSD < 5.0%), whether on different chromatography instruments or under various chromatographic conditions. The relative retention value method could be adopted for accurately positioning the chromatographic peak of the six constituents, with their values of RSD ranging between 0.5% and 1.6%. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found in the quantitative results of the six saponins in nine batches of medicines calculated by the QAMS method and external standard method, whether on a HPLC system or UPLC system. The QAMS method established in our research for simultaneous determination of the six saponins is accurate and can be feasibly used to evaluate the quality of Ilex pubescens, especially when the standard substance is inconvenient to obtain.

Theoretical predictions for Bhabha scattering observables are presented including complete one-loop electroweak radiative corrections. A longitudinal polarization of the initial beams is taken into account. Numerical results for the asymmetry $A_{LR}$ and the relative correction $\delta$ are given for the set of the energy $E_{cm}=250, 500, 1000$~GeV with various polarization degrees., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, svjour style; some numbers and figures are corrected

The quality control of Polygala tenuifolia Wild. is a major challenge in its clinical application. In this paper, a new strategy for the quality evaluation of P. tenuifolia extracts was verified through reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) was conducted with 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose as an internal reference substance. Eight components (i.e., sibiricose A5, sibiricose A6, glomeratose A, tenuifoliside A, tenuifoliside B, tenuifoliside C, sibiricaxanthone B, and polygalaxanthone III) were determined based on the relative correction factors. The concentrations of these components were also determined by applying a conventional external standard method. The cosine value confirmed the consistency of the two methods (cosine ratio value >0.999920). Hierarchical cluster analysis, radar plots, and discriminant analysis were performed to classify 23 batches of P. tenuifolia extracts from Shanxi, Hebei, and Shaanxi in China. Results revealed that QAMS combined with radar plots and multivariate data analysis could accurately measure and clearly distinguish the different quality samples of P. tenuifolia. Hence, QAMS is a feasible and promising method for the quality control of P. tenuifolia.

The present study presents an effective and comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the quality of Bufonis Venenum, based on analysis of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints in combination with similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and a quantitative analysis multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method. Nine common peaks identified by fingerprint detection results of 10 batches of samples were collected and used for the similarity analysis, HCA, PCA and QAMS analysis. These methods drew a similar conclusion that the quantitative analysis multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method 41 Bufonis Venenum samples were categorized into four main groups by HCA and PCA, and the majority of the samples with similar ingredients were mainly concentrated in Shandong area. When QAMS method was compared with the external standard method (ESM), it was feasible to evaluate the quality of Bufonis Venenum by the values of relative correction factors (RCFs) from cinobufagin (the internal reference) versus arenobufagin, bufalin, bufotalin, resibufogenin and telocinobufogin. In conclusion, these methods were successfully applied to identification of the origin and evaluation the quality of Bufonis Venenum. Therefore, these evaluation methods are promising to be widely applied in the quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs).

Objective To develop a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of eight components in Astragali Radix products, and to examine the feasibility of using the method among the different dosage forms and between two different types of compounds. Methods Eight main effective components, campanulin, genistin, ononin, calycosin, genistein, formononetin, methylnissolin, and astragaloside IV were selected as analytes for the quality control of Astragali Radix products. Calycosin was selected as the internal reference substance, the content of which was determined by external standard method; the relative correction factors (RCFs) of campanulin, genistin, ononin, genistein, formononetin, methylnissolin, and astragaloside IV were calculated. In total, twelve Astragali Radix specimen in decoction pieces, as well as in two different dosage forms, such as granule and oral liquid products, were used for the quality control by both methods of external standard and QAMS. The validity of the QAMS method was evaluated by comparison on the quantitative results of the two methods. Results These RCFs were obtained with good reproducibility (RSD Astragali Radix products determined by the two methods. Conclusion QAMS is a reliable and feasible method in determining the components in products of Astragali Radix.

Using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, nine ginsenosides were simultaneously separated on an UltimateC₁₈ column with high-resolution and high purity of each chromatographic peak. Adopting the QAMS quality evaluation model for traditional Chinese medicines, ginsenoside Rb₁ was used as the internal reference substance, and the relative correction factors (RCFs) and the relative retention values (RTRs) of ginsenosides Rg₁, Re, Rf, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd and 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg₃ to ginsenoside Rb₁ were calculated individually. Through a series of methodology evaluations, and positioned by the red ginseng reference chromatograph and RTVs, nine ginsenosides in red ginseng were simultaneously assayed only by quantitative determined ginsenoside Rb₁.

This study is to determine five naphthaquinones (acetylshikonin, β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin, isobutylshikonin, β,β'-dimethylacrylalkannin,α-methyl-n-butylshikonin） by quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS). β,β'-Dimethylacrylalkannin was selected as the internal reference substance, and the relative correlation factors (RCFs) of acetylshikonin, β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin, isobutylshikonin and α-methyl-n-butylshikonin were calculated. Then the ruggedness of relative correction factors was tested on different instruments and columns. Meanwhile, 16 batches of Arnebia euchroma were analyzed by external standard method (ESM) and QAMS, respectively. The peaks were identifited by LC-MS. The ruggedness of relative correction factors was good. And the analytical results calculated by ESM and QAMS showed no difference. The quantitative method established was feasible and suitable for the quality evaluation of A. euchroma.

Objective. To develop a quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single-marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of polar active components inFructus Corni.Methods. Loganin was selected as the internal reference, and the relative correction factors (RCFs) of gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, morroniside, sweroside, cornin, 7α-O-methylmorroniside, 7β-O-methylmorroniside, 7α-O-ethylmorroniside, 7β-O-ethylmorroniside, and cornuside were established. The contents of multicomponents were then calculated based on their RCFs, respectively. Contents of the 11 components were also calculated by external standard method and compared with those of the QAMS method.Results.The contents of the 11 components in 21 crude and 10 processedFructus Corniproducts were measured. No significant difference was found in the quantitative results of the QAMS and external standard methods.Conclusion. QAMS could serve as an accurate and convenient method in determining the polar and active components inFructus Corniand its processed products.

Ligustilide and ferulic acid are the major active components in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (AS). However, no simple and practical method to determine AS is available because the reference substance of ligustilide is difficult to prepare, unstable, and expensive. Recently, the Internal Standard Correction Method (ISCM) by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed to determine ligustilide and ferulic acid in AS simultaneously. In the present article, ferulic acid is used as the internal reference standard, and its content is determined via an external standard method. The relative correction factor (RCF) of ligustilide to ferulic acid is calculated. Ligustilide content is determined by the ISCM, which is calculated using ferulic acid content and its RCF. The accuracy of the new method is evaluated by comparing the calculated contents with the determined contents in 22 batches of samples collected from different areas. Upon validation of the analysis procedures, the calculated and determined ...

In the left–right twin Higgs (LRTH) model, we first examine the effects in [Formula: see text] production in γγ collision and find that, in the favorable parameter spaces, the absolute values of the relative correction can be significantly large. We also estimate the new production process [Formula: see text], our results show that its cross-section can reach the level of a few fb for M = 150 GeV . A simply phenomenological analysis is also given for the decay modes T→ϕ+b and T→W+b. As long as the new T-quark is not too heavy, we conclude that this new channel might be used to test the LRTH model in the future ILC experiment.

The left–right twin Higgs (LRTH) model predicts the existence of the new neutral gauge boson Z′. In this paper, we calculate the contributions of this new particle to the processes e+e-→l+l-, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and study the possibility of detecting this new particle via these processes in the future high-energy linear e+e- collider (LC) experiments with [Formula: see text] and £ int = 340 fb-1, both for unpolarized and polarized beams. We find that the new gauge boson Z′ is most sensitive to the process [Formula: see text] with suitably polarized beams. As long as MZ′ ≤ 1.9 TeV , the absolute value of the relative correction parameter is larger than 5%. We calculate the forward–backward asymmetries for the process [Formula: see text], the results show that the possible signals of Z′ might be detected via measuring the deviations of A FB from its SM prediction for [Formula: see text]. Bounds on Z′ masses are also estimated within 95% confidence level. From our analysis, we conclude that the new gauge boson is most sensitive to the process [Formula: see text] and its virtual effects are most easy to be observed via this process in the future LC experiments.

The topcolour-assisted technicolour (TC2) model is an interesting dynamical theory among the various new physics models. We calculate the total t cross section and the relative correction of the TC2 model to the cross section at Tevatron Run II and LHC. At the Tevatron Run II, the cross section predicted by the standard model (SM) is consistent with the experimental data, and in most parameter spaces of the TC2 model, the relative correction of the TC2 model to the cross section is too small to be detectable. We find that the t cross section is more sensitive to the parameters of the TC2 model at the LHC and the relative correction of the TC2 model to the cross section is over 10% in general. Such a value of the relative correction should be large enough to be detectable at the LHC. Therefore, it is promising to find the clue of the TC2 model via the t production at the LHC.

In this work, we investigate the one-loop QCD correction to top pair production in the littlest Higgs model with T-parity at the LHC. We calculate the relative correction of the top pair production cross section and top-antitop spin correlation at the LHC for $\sqrt{s}=8,14$ TeV. We find that the relative corrections of top pair production cross section can reach about $-0.35\%$, and the top-antitop spin correlation can reach $1.7\%$($2\%$) at the 8(14) TeV LHC in the favorable parameter space.

The seeds ofPsoralea corylifoliaL. (Fabaceae) are a commonly used medicinal herb in eastern Asia with many beneficial effects in clinical therapies. In this study, a simple, sensitive, precise, and specific reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for quantification of 9 flavonoids inP. corylifolia, including isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, corylin, bavachalcone, bavachinin, isobavachalcone, corylifol A, and 4′-O-methylbavachalcone. Based on this method, a quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS) was carried out, and the relative correction factors (RCFs) were calculated for determining the contents of other flavonoids. The accuracy of QAMS method was verified by comparing with the results of external standard method, as well as the feasibility and adaptability of the method applied on quality control ofP. corylifolia. The 9 compounds were baseline separated in 60 min with a good linearity of regression coefficient(R2)over 0.9991. The accuracies of QAMS were between 92.89% and 109.5%. The RSD values offin different injection volume were between 2.3% and 3.6%. The results obtained from QAMS suggested that it was a convenient and accurate method to determine multicomponents especially when some authentic standard substances were unavailable. It can be used to control the quality ofP. corylifolia.

We calculate the O (α ew ) electroweak radiative corrections to e + e − →t t h at a electron–positron linear collider (LC) in the standard model. We analyze the dependence of the O (α ew ) corrections on the Higgs boson mass mh and colliding energy s , and find that the corrections significantly decrease or increase the Born cross section depending on the colliding energy. The numerical results show that the O (α ew ) relative correction is strongly related to the Higgs boson mass when s =500 GeV, and for mh=150 GeV the relative correction ranges from −31.3% to 2.3% as the increment of the colliding energy from 500 GeV to 2 TeV.

In the framework of the littlest Higgs model with T-parity (LHT), we investigate the double Higgs production processes $$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow ZHH$$ and $$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu }HH$$ at high energy $$e^{+}e^{-}$$ colliders. We calculate the production cross sections and find that the relative correction at the center-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s}=500$$ GeV can maximally reach $$-30\,\%$$ for the process $$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow ZHH$$ and $$-16\,\%$$ for the process $$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu }HH$$ in the allowed parameter space, respectively. These large relative corrections can reach the detection range of the future $$e^{+}e^{-}$$ colliders so that they can be used to test the LHT effect. The two relevant decay modes $$e^{+}e^{-}$$ $$\rightarrow ZHH \rightarrow l\bar{l} b\bar{b}b\bar{b}$$ and $$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu }HH\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu }b\bar{b}b\bar{b}$$ are studied and some distributions of the signal and background are displayed.

TC2 theory predicts a number of new particles including gauge bosons, technipions and top-pions. In this paper, we study and calculate the corrections of all these new particles to single top-quark production rate via the process at the Fermilab Tevatron. Our results show that the correction mainly comes from the virtual effect of the top-pions. With reasonable value of the parameters, the relative correction is larger than 15% which may be detected at the Tevatron RunII or RunIII.

We calculate the corrections of extended technicolor (ETC) interactions to the asymmetry parameter and the polarized parameters , of the process in topcolor-assisted multiscale technicolor model. Our results show that the ETC effect on is negligibly small which can be safely ignored, and the ETC effect on may be testable at high energy linear collider (LC). For , , the relative correction of is in the range of , which will certainly be detected at the LC experiments (for example TESLA).

In a previous work (Cecchi and Sab, 2002) the authors obtained in an analytical form the expression of flexural homogenised constants in the case of running bond masonries under the hypothesis of rigid blocks connected by elastic mortar interfaces. An error occurs in the expression of the homogenised flexural constants (the relative correction is reported in an errata corrige of the paper); hence the original paper referenced above reports this error in the numerical experimentation when the continuum homogenised plate model is compared to the 3D discrete model. In this corrigendum, a correction is reported also for the shear constants identified in Section 3. For simplicity, the numbers of sections, figures, and equations here reported are the same as those of the above-mentioned original paper.

A high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method was established for rapid determination of ethyl carbamate (EC) in Chinese spirits. Through the analysis and comparison of the EC peak areas in different alcoholic strengths determined by HPLC-FLD, the effect of alcoholic strength on the determination of the content of EC was found. The alcoholic strength and the peak area of EC showed good linearity in the range of 5% to 65% (v/v) alcohol content, and the correlation coefficients (R2) were higher than 0.98. Furthermore, the conversion between the peak area of EC with different alcoholic strengths was established by the relative correction coefficient. The method showed a good linearity in the range of 10 to 500 microg/L for EC with the average recoveries of 98.9%-108.2% and RSDs of 0.6%-4.9%. The reliability of the established HPLC-FLD method was evaluated by comparison with GC-MS method. The results showed that the results of two methods were not significantly different. The developed method is simple, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for the rapid determination of EC in Chinese spirits.

In this work, we investigate the Higgs-boson production processes $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow ZH$, $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow \nu_{e}\bar{\nu_{e}}H$ and $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}H$ in the littlest Higgs model with T-parity. We present the production cross sections, the relative corrections and some distributions of the final states. In the allowed parameter space, we find that the relative corrections of the three production channels are negative, the relative correction of the $ZH$ production can reach $-7.5\%$ and the relative corrections of the $\nu_{e}\bar{\nu_{e}}H$ and $e^{+}e^{-}H$ production can both reach $-6.5\%$ for $\sqrt{s}=500$ GeV with the scale $f=$694 GeV.

The rare decay H → γγ is a promising detection channel for an intermediate mass Higgs boson. We compute its two-loop O ( α 2 G F m t 2 ) correction in the standard model and find that the relative correction to the decay rate runs between 0.7% and 0.5% for M H = 80−150 GeV, which is of the same order as the corresponding QCD correction. The analogous correction to the amplitude for gg → H is recovered as a special case. The generalization of our result to other models is also briefly indicated.

OBJECTIVE To establish a new method and validate its feasibilities for quality evaluation of Salvia miltiorrhiza. METHOD Four main effective components, dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone II(A), were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality of S. miltiorrhiza. The relative correction factors (RCF) of tanshinone II(A) to the other three tanshinones were calculated. The method was evaluated by comparison of the quantitative results between external standard method and QAMS method. RESULT No significant differences were found in the quantitative results of four tanshinones by external standard method and QAMS method. CONCLUSION It is a convenient and accurate method to determine multi-components when some authentic standard substances were unavailable. It can be used to control the quality of S. miltiorrhiza.