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The objective of modern agriculture includes environmental sustainability, low production costs, and higher productivity. Biostimulants are composed of humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, plant growth-promoting bacteria, amino acids, and a chain of peptides. Black gram and soybean crops are of immense economic significance. The growth and yield of these crops are limited by supply of nutrients. The potentiation of the early growth of plants by treating seeds with these substances has been one of the adopted alternatives, which often promote physiological changes that stimulate growth. The field experiment was conducted with randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Effects of different biostimulants at different concentrations as foliar spray and seed treatment were examined on growth, yield parameters, and yield of black gram (TAU-1) and soybean (JS-335) during kharif 2020 and 2021. Results showed that foliar application of Quantis biostimulant @ 5 ml L−1 recorded higher growth, yield parameters, and seed yield (897 kg ha−1), biological yield (1209 kg ha−1), production efficiency (13.00 kg day−1 ha−1) in black gram and seed treatment with Epivio Energy @ 2 ml kg−1 fetched higher seed yield (1403 kg ha−1), biological yield (2914 kg ha−1), production efficiency (16.13 kg day−1 ha−1) along with higher growth and yield parameters in soybean. It can be concluded that they will help in achieving higher growth and yield of black gram and soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional traits offer insights into plant performance. However, linking traits to individual tree performance requires considering the overall phenotypic context and utilizing traits measured at the individual level. Tree growth rates are informative metrics about performance, however how it is measured provides different information on tree or community growth dynamics and structure and can alter the relationships or their strength with functional traits and individual phenotypes. Moreover, at the community level, trees can adjust their crown shapes and sizes to optimize canopy space utilization, and a high level of canopy packing can enhance the individual to community-level growth rate. In this study, we assessed the crown area of 1144 individual trees, a simple trait measured at the individual level, and the leaf mass per area (LMA), a common functional trait, to test trait-growth relationships, considering absolute and relative growth rate. The observed total photosynthetic mass (integrating crown area and LMA) positively explained absolute tree growth rates, interacting with tree height. As higher the trees, more intense was the effect. Importantly, this effect was not solely based on LMA or crown size. This implies that LMA's predictive power could improve by integrating leaf-level traits with whole-plant allocation to leaf area. These variables, however, failed to predict the tree's relative growth rates. Additionally, our study found that increased canopy packing levels raised the community-level growth rate within our plots. This overall community growth seems be facilitated by denser tree arrangements and efficient light interception in the forest due to the higher canopy packing level. We highlight the importance of considering crown area as a critical variable to be measured during floristic inventories and in studies focused on tree performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring population trends is pivotal to effective wildlife conservation and management. However, wildlife managers often face many challenges when analyzing time series of census data due to heterogeneities in sampling methodology, strategy, or frequency. We present a three‐step method for modeling trends from time series of count data obtained through multiple census methods (aerial or ground census and expert estimates). First, we design a heuristic for constructing credible intervals for all types of animal counts including those which come with no precision measure. Then, we define conversion factors for rendering aerial and ground counts comparable and provide values for broad classes of animals from an extant series of parallel aerial and ground censuses. Lastly, we construct a Bayesian model that takes the reconciled counts as input and estimates the relative growth rates between successive dates while accounting for their precisions. Importantly, we bound the rate of increase to account for the demographic potential of a species. We propose a flow chart for constructing credible intervals for various types of animal counts. We provide estimates of conversion factors for 5 broad classes of species. We describe the Bayesian model for calculating trends, annual rates of population increase, and the associated credible intervals. We develop a bespoke R CRAN package, popbayes, for implementing all the calculations that take the raw counts as input. It produces consistent and reliable estimates of population trends and annual rates of increase. Several examples from real populations of large African mammals illustrate the different features of our method. The approach is well‐suited for analyzing population trends for heterogeneous time series and allows a principled use of all the available historical census data. The method is general and flexible and applicable to various other animal species besides African large mammals. It can readily be adapted to test predictions of various hypotheses about drivers of rates of population increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Salinity and droughts are severe abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and development. However, the differences and similarities of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) responses patterns of trees under the two stress conditions remain unclear. Methods: We determined and compared the growth, physiology, and NSCs response patterns and tested the relationships between growth and NSCs concentrations (or pool size) of Eucommia ulmoides seedlings planted in field under drought and salt stress with different intensities and durations. Results and discussion: We found that drought and salt stress can inhibit the growth of E. ulmoides, and E. ulmoides tended to enhance its stress resistance by increasing proline concentration and leaf thickness or density but decreasing investment in belowground biomass in short-term stress. During short-term drought and salt stress, the aboveground organs showed different NSCs response characteristics, while belowground organs showed similar change characteristics: the starch (ST) and NSCs concentrations in the coarse roots decreased, while the ST and soluble sugar (SS) concentrations in the fine roots increased to enhance stress resistance and maintain water absorption function. As salt and drought stress prolonged, the belowground organs represented different NSCs response patterns: the concentrations of ST and SS in fine roots decreased as salt stress prolonged; while ST in fine roots could still be converted into SS to maintain water absorption as drought prolonged, resulting in an increase of SS and a decrease of ST. Significant positive relationships were found between growth and the SS and total NSCs concentrations in leaves and branches, however, no significant correlations were found between growth and below-ground organs. Moreover, relationships between growth and NSCs pool size across organs could be contrast. Conclusion: Our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of carbon balance and carbon starvation and the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under stress, which were of great significance in guiding for the management of artificial forest ecosystem under the context of global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien species implications in ecological threats are attributed to their unique characteristics that are linked to their invasion. Veronica persica (Plantaginaceae family) is an alien weed species in Egypt. Regardless of its widespread globally in various regions, the growth traits and behavior of V. persica remain poorly understood. The comprehensive analysis, reveals the optimal germination (Gmax) was detected at 10/20 °C, 15/20 °C, and 20/25 °C at the moderate temperature regimes. The rapid germination rate (G rate) peaked at 10/20 °C regime, with a rate of 0.376 per day. Furthermore, under stress conditions, V. persica has 50% germination inhibition (G50) and 50% of growth inhibition occurred at − 0.91 MPa and 0.75 MPa of osmotic pressure and 3225.81 ppm and 2677.1 ppm of salt stress (NaCl) respectively. The germination ranged from 6 to 9 pH, with the highest germination percentage occurring at a pH of 7 & 8, reaching 88.75% compared to the control group. There is a strong interaction effect between habitats and plant stages, the plant stages and habitats have significant effects (p ≤ 0.00) on V. persica growth. There was high and moderate plasticity in the response of morphological and growth features between stages. During the seedling-juvenile interval and the juvenile-flowering stages, respectively, there was a noticeable increase in both Relative Growth Rate and Net Assimilation Rate. Demographic surveys identified approximately 24 species across 11 families associated with V. persica in invaded areas. The Sorenson indices of qualitative index exhibited high similarity values in the invaded sites by (82.35%) compared to (72.72%) in non-invaded sites. However, interactions with native communities were reflected in lower richness, diversity, and evenness, displaying slightly higher Simpson index 1 (λ) values compared to invaded and non-invaded sites (0.043 and 0.0290) vs. (0.0207 and 0.268), in rangelands and F. carica orchards respectively. These results emphasize the substantially higher adaptability of V. persica to variable environmental conditions and abilities to invade a new community. This knowledge about invasive V. persica weeds germination and growth is itemized as the consistent predictive base for future invasion and informs strategic management priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Contemporary climate change will push many tree species into conditions that are outside their current climate envelopes. Using the Eucalyptus genus as a model, we addressed whether species with narrower geographical distributions show constrained ability to cope with warming relative to species with wider distributions, and whether this ability differs among species from tropical and temperate climates.We grew seedlings of widely and narrowly distributed Eucalyptus species from temperate and tropical Australia in a glasshouse under two temperature regimes: the summer temperature at seed origin and +3.5°C. We measured physical traits and leaf‐level gas exchange to assess warming influences on growth rates, allocation patterns, and physiological acclimation capacity.Warming generally stimulated growth, such that higher relative growth rates early in development placed seedlings on a trajectory of greater mass accumulation. The growth enhancement under warming was larger among widely than narrowly distributed species and among temperate rather than tropical provenances. The differential growth enhancement was primarily attributable to leaf area production and adjustments of specific leaf area.Our results suggest that tree species, including those with climate envelopes that will be exceeded by contemporary climate warming, possess capacity to physiologically acclimate but may have varying ability to adjust morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used 11 years of census data from 450 seedling quadrats established in a 20-ha forest dynamics plot to study seedling dynamics in tree species of a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. We found that overall seedling recruitment rate and relative growth rate were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Both the recruitment rate of seedlings from canopy tree species (two species) and the relative growth rate of seedlings from understory species (nine species) were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. However, in the rainy season, the recruitment rate of seedlings was higher for canopy tree species than for understory tree species. In addition, relative growth rate of seedlings was higher in the canopy species than in understory seedlings in the dry season. We also observed that, in both rainy and dry seasons, mortality rate of seedlings was higher for canopy species than for understory species. Overall, canopy tree species appear to have evolved a flexible strategy to adapt to the seasonal changes of a monsoon climate. In contrast, understory tree species seem to have adopted a conservative strategy. Specifically, these species mainly release seedlings in the rainy season and maintain relatively stable populations with a lower mortality rate and recruitment rate in both dry and rainy seasons. Our study suggests that canopy and understory seedling populations growing in forest understory may respond to future climate change scenarios with distinct regeneration strategies.

Abstract Invasive alien species implications in ecological threats are attributed to their unique characteristics that are linked to their invasion. Veronica persica (Plantaginaceae family) is an alien weed species in Egypt. Regardless of its widespread globally in various regions, the growth traits and behavior of V. persica remain poorly understood. The comprehensive analysis, reveals the optimal germination (Gmax) was detected at 10/20 °C, 15/20 °C, and 20/25 °C at the moderate temperature regimes. The rapid germination rate (G rate) peaked at 10/20 °C regime, with a rate of 0.376 per day. Furthermore, under stress conditions, V. persica has 50% germination inhibition (G50) and 50% of growth inhibition occurred at − 0.91 MPa and 0.75 MPa of osmotic pressure and 3225.81 ppm and 2677.1 ppm of salt stress (NaCl) respectively. The germination ranged from 6 to 9 pH, with the highest germination percentage occurring at a pH of 7 & 8, reaching 88.75% compared to the control group. There is a strong interaction effect between habitats and plant stages, the plant stages and habitats have significant effects (p ≤ 0.00) on V. persica growth. There was high and moderate plasticity in the response of morphological and growth features between stages. During the seedling-juvenile interval and the juvenile-flowering stages, respectively, there was a noticeable increase in both Relative Growth Rate and Net Assimilation Rate. Demographic surveys identified approximately 24 species across 11 families associated with V. persica in invaded areas. The Sorenson indices of qualitative index exhibited high similarity values in the invaded sites by (82.35%) compared to (72.72%) in non-invaded sites. However, interactions with native communities were reflected in lower richness, diversity, and evenness, displaying slightly higher Simpson index 1 (λ) values compared to invaded and non-invaded sites (0.043 and 0.0290) vs. (0.0207 and 0.268), in rangelands and F. carica orchards respectively. These results emphasize the substantially higher adaptability of V. persica to variable environmental conditions and abilities to invade a new community. This knowledge about invasive V. persica weeds germination and growth is itemized as the consistent predictive base for future invasion and informs strategic management priorities.

Selecting proper tree species for revegetation is important for restoring tropical peatland. Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) has been suggested one of the promising native species in Indonesia for the revegetation of tropical peatland; however, there is a lack of understanding of its growth in peat soil with different groundwater levels. We investigated the survival rate, plant height, number of leaves, root collar diameter, and dry biomass of tamanu seedlings grown in peat soil with different groundwater levels using a randomized block design in a water tank. The study involved five groundwater level treatments and 12 tree-level replicates each: M0 (non-groundwater level, control); M1 (−15 cm below the soil surface); M2 (−10 cm); M3 (−5 cm); and M4 (0 cm, soil surface level). The results showed that all tamanu seedlings survived in every treatment. However, their plant height, number of leaves, and root collar diameter growth were significantly inhibited in the highest groundwater level condition (M4, 0 cm) at 81 days after sowing, while their growth in −15 cm of groundwater level (M1) was as good as the growth in the fully drained conditions in M0 (control). This result indicates that the groundwater level should not be higher than −15 cm for the growth of tamanu. Considering that peatlands in Indonesia are assessed to be degraded when the groundwater level is lower than −40 cm, this study suggests that maintaining groundwater levels between −40 cm and −15 cm in peatland is the best condition for rapid growth of early tamanu seedlings while protecting peatlands. Further studies are needed to extend the range of water levels and water treatment duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initiation of a new plant community in a restoration area hinges on the performance of seedlings post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of species functional traits—specific leaf area (SLA), wood density (WD), seed dry mass (SDM), and potential height (H)—on the seedling performance 25 months after planting, comparing two planting designs (rows and clusters) and the influence of fertilization addition in clusters. The restoration area is a riparian tropical forest located on the coastal plain at Caraguatatuba municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. We monitored 3017 tree seedlings and estimated their survivorship and relative growth rate (RGR) using the diameter, height, and canopy area of the surviving seedlings and the stem biomass for the cluster RGR estimation. Using linear mixed models, we analyzed how the planting designs and the functional traits affect species survival and their RGR. We underscored the significance of slow-growth traits (low SLA, and high SDM and WD) in enhancing species survival, whereas, maximizing species growth entails prioritizing seedlings with greater potential height. Cluster survival and growth improved with a greater abundance of species with low values of SDM (i.e., fast-growth species) and communities with low functional divergence (high similarity). Fertilized clusters improved the RGR of large-seeded species. Accounting for functional traits in restoration is advantageous for enhancing seedling performance at the species level, which is an important consideration for restoration practitioners. To optimize applied nucleation, clusters should target functional diversity at this community level and include competitive species to improve productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that limits plant growth and production. However, the response patterns of plant growth and carbon metabolism to salt stress are still unclear. (2) Methods: We measured the relative growth rate, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations and pool size across organs, the leaf mass area (LMA), root-to-shoot ratio, midday leaf water potential (Ψmd), and photosynthetic characteristics of elm seedlings planted in the field under different salt stress intensities and durations. (3) Results: Salt stress can reduce the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and Ψmd and inhibit the growth of elm species. LMA increased with the degree and duration of salt stress, indicating an increase in leaf carbon investment to resist salt stress. The root-to-shoot ratio decreased under salt stress to reduce salt absorption by the roots. In the early stage of stress, the concentrations of starch and total NSCs in all organs increased to improve stress resistance and the survival of plants. In the late stage of stress, the concentration of NSCs in the root decreased, which could restrict root growth and water uptake. The relationships between NSC concentration and growth in different organs were contrasting. Meanwhile, the pool size of NSCs had a more significant impact on growth than their concentration. Moreover, the pool size of NSCs in below-ground organs is more closely related to growth than that of above-ground organs. (4) Conclusions: Our research elucidates the carbon allocation mechanism across organs under different salt stress intensities and durations, providing theoretical support for understanding the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic macrophytes, notably the invasive water hyacinth, exhibit proficiency in nutrient removal from polluted water bodies, rendering them appealing for water remediation applications. This study investigates the potential of water hyacinth in phytoremediation, focusing on the effect of using nutrient-rich biogas slurry mixed with water in varying concentrations, i.e., 16.6, 33, 66.6, 100, and 133 mg/L for the investigation. The physiochemical properties of the liquid biogas slurry were evaluated before and after treatment with water hyacinth over eight weeks, with continuous monitoring of nutrient reduction rates. Results showcased substantial average reductions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with a relative growth rate of 5.55%. The treatment also decreased pH, total dissolved solids, hardness, and chemical oxygen demand. The theoretical BMP of water hyacinth was determined using Buswell's equation. Water hyacinth grown in the concentration of the biogas slurry exhibited the highest methane yield at 199 mL CH4/gm VS, along with the highest relative growth rate. This study used experimental data to create a mathematical model that describes how the relative growth of water hyacinth depends on the number of days and biogas slurry concentration (C). The model's quality and effectiveness were evaluated using the goodness of fit (R2) and observable approaches. The polynomial model, referred to as Poly model 1, 2, is the best fit for describing the relationship between the growth percentage of water hyacinth, days, and nutrient solution concentration. In this model, C has a polynomial degree of one (normalized mean of 69.84 ± 43.54), while D has a degree of two (normalized mean of 30 ± 21.65). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient cycling through leaf litter consumption is an essential ecological function performed by macrodetritivorous invertebrates such as isopods and millipedes. Leaf litter consumption rates can vary greatly depending on the environment, consumer identity and litter traits, but generalizations about the effects of plant traits on macrodetritivore leaf litter consumption, assimilation and growth are not well established and are mostly indirectly inferred.We conducted a systematic search of the global literature and obtained 456 standardized measures from laboratory experiments of relative consumption (RCR), assimilation (RAR) and growth (RGR) rates of terrestrial isopods and millipedes, extracted from 56 different articles. We investigated if commonly measured leaf traits, plant functional groups, prior microbial conditioning of leaves and climatic conditions affected these rates. We obtained data on commonly measured leaf traits from the TRY global plant trait database, inferred plant functional groups from taxonomic groupings and obtained climatic data from information reported within articles.RCR, RAR and RGR varied greatly among macrodetritivore and plant species, but overall, there were no differences between isopods and millipedes. Microbial conditioning of litter greatly increased RCR. Plant functional group was an important predictor of RCR, with eudicot trees and forbs being consumed in greater quantities than magnoliid trees and grasses. Fresh leaf N:P ratio had a positive effect on RAR, and leaf N and C:N ratio had positive and negative effects on RGR, respectively, while climatic variables had weak effects on the three rates.Our work shows that plant traits (both those associated with plant functional groups and commonly measured leaf traits) exert strong effects on resource processing rates by terrestrial macrodetritivores. Further, prior microbial conditioning of leaf litter has a large and globally consistent positive effect on macrodetritivore litter consumption, suggesting that they may consume little, if any, freshly senesced leaf material when microbially conditioned litter is available. Our results suggest that, where extremes of temperature or precipitation do not occur, variables reflective of food quality (leaf traits and microbe conditioning) are more important drivers of macrodetritivore leaf litter consumption than are extrinsic climatic variables. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerrado, a Neotropical savanna, is the second largest vegetation domain in Brazilian territory and presents a gradient of physiognomies. Among the savanna formations, the cerrado stricto sensu stands out. The responses of woody species of the cerrado related to increased CO2 concentration ([CO2]), as predicted by global climate change, may differ among distinct leaf persistence groups. Elevated [CO2] could enhance the resprouting capacity of woody species, which might intensify encroachment in grasslands, such as the cerrado stricto sensu. We investigated the influence of elevated [CO2] (eCO2) on vegetative growth, root non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and biomass allocation pattern among roots, stems, and leaves in two deciduous and three evergreen cerrado woody species. We carried out the experiment in open-top chambers with five young individuals of cerrado woody species under ambient [CO2] (aCO2) and eCO2 of 430 and 700 ppm, respectively. Measurements occurred in young plants with 294, 379, and 466 days old, i.e., after 104, 189, and 276 days of eCO2 exposition. While the species under aCO2 decreased the NSC in roots on the 189th day, the plants under eCO2 did not show a decrease over time. The deciduous species under eCO2 showed higher RGR at the beginning of the experiment (104 days) than the evergreens species under eCO2. Also, the eCO2 promoted fast leaf development in four out of five studied species (except Anadenanthera peregrina). The characteristics analyzed among the species could demonstrate that the deciduous grown under eCO2 presented higher relative growth rate and root/stem ratio than the species with evergreen habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparisons of plant traits between native and invasive congeners are useful approaches for identifying characteristics that promote invasiveness. We compared germination patterns and seedling growth of locally sympatric populations of native Mimosa himalayana and two varieties of invasive M. diplotricha (var. diplotricha and var. inermis) growing in southeastern Nepal. Seeds were germinated under a 12‐h photoperiod or complete dark, low (25/15°C day/night) and high (30/20°C) temperatures, different water stress levels (0, −0.1, −0.25, −0.5, −0.75 and −1.0 MPa), and soil depths (0, 2, and 4 cm). Plant height, biomass allocations, and relative growth rate (RGR) of seedlings were measured. Invasive M. diplotricha had higher germination percentage, rate, and shorter germination time compared with the native species. Germination of both congeners declined as water stress increased, but the decline was more pronounced in native species. Seedling emergence declined with increasing depth in all taxa. The seedlings of invasive species were taller with higher leaf number and allocated greater proportion of biomass to shoot, whereas the native congener allocated greater biomass to root. The RGR was nearly twice as high in invasive species as it was in the native congener. Seedling height and number of leaves were always higher in invasive than in native species, and the native–invasive differences increased over time. Better germination and higher growth performance of invasive species than the congeneric native one suggests that seed germination and seedling growth can be useful traits for the prediction of species' invasiveness in their introduced range during risk assessment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a heavy feeder and highly responsive to nutrient input, where the proper quantity and timing of nutrient supply is most critical component in achieving high productivity in potato cultivation. To assess the crop response and productivity, the potato variety 'Kufri Jyoti' was taken under different integrated nutrient management practices. The recommended dose of fertilizer was at 150:80:100 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha, 25 kg/ha of ZnSO4 and 15 kg/ha of Borax were applied during the experiment. The results indicated that there were highly significant effects of higher doses of nitrogen with recommended P and K combined applied with Zinc and Boron on tuber yield, plant NPK uptake efficiency and enzymatic activities. Results from the experiment expressed that the application of 125% RDN along with the application of Zn and B ensured maximum total tuber yield (24.73 t/ha), crop growth rate (5.222 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (0.066 g/g/day) at peak growth stages and quality such as starch (15.64%) and sucrose synthase activity (695 µg/g of fresh weight of tuber) of potato grown with the above nutrient management practices. This study indicated that production variation for higher nitrogen doses from inorganic sources of fertilizer existed among 16 different nutrient application treatments, and with better quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major insect pest of various agricultural crops worldwide. In this study, the effects of eight sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Poaceae] cultivars (Payam, Pegah, Sepideh, Spidfid, Kimia, KGS23, KFS2, and KFS18) on life table parameters, feeding performance, and activities of digestive enzymes in H. armigera were assessed under laboratory conditions. The insects were fed grains of the eight cultivars. Furthermore, the phytochemicals starch, proteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in the grains were quantified to investigate their relationship with ecological and physiological parameters in H. armigera. Our results revealed that H. armigera had the shortest development time when reared on cv. Sepideh and the longest development time when reared on cv. Payam. The insects reached the highest and lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) on cv. Sepideh and Payam, respectively. The relative growth rate (RGR) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) of larvae were highest and lowest on cv. Sepideh and Payam, respectively. Larval proteolytic activity was highest on cv. KFS18 and lowest on cv. Sepideh. Concerning phytochemicals, protein content was highest in cv. KFS18 and lowest in cv. Payam and KGS 23. Total phenolic levels were highest in cv. Payam and lowest in cv. Sepideh. According to the correlation analysis, overall, plant protein content was negatively correlated with insect development time, but positively correlated with pupal weight and r. Total phenolic content was positively correlated with insect development time, and negatively correlated with r and RGR. Cluster analysis indicated that cv. Sepideh was the most susceptible host, whereas cv. Payam was the most resistant. Therefore, cv. Payam may be a candidate for use in integrated pest management (IPM) against H. armigera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus flowers during both hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters in Nepal, yet it remains unknown if there are differences in seed germination and seedling growth during these contrasting seasons. We analysed seed germination and seedling growth of summer and winter cohorts of P. hysterophorus in Kathmandu Valley. Seeds were germinated at low (25/15°C) and high (30/20°C) temperatures, 12/12 h photoperiod and complete dark, and at different levels of water stress. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse to determine biomass allocation and relative growth rate (RGR). Winter seeds had higher seed biomass than summer seeds, and both seed types germinated under complete dark and 12/12 h photoperiod. Summer seeds germinated at significantly lower rates and percentage than winter seeds at the low temperature, but this difference in germination was not present when summer and winter seeds were incubated at the high temperature. Winter seeds had higher germination (percentage and rate) and took a longer time to reach maximum germination than summer seeds at different levels of water stress. Seedling emergence of both seed types declined with increasing soil depth. Seedling RGRs were nearly equal (summer: 73 mg g−1 day−1, winter: 77 mg g−1 day−1). Biomass allocation to stem and leaves were similar in both cohorts but root biomass allocation was higher in the winter than in the summer cohort. Overall, the maternal environmental effect was moderate on seed germination, and weak on seedling growth. Lack of a pronounced difference in the germination and seedling growth of summer and winter cohorts of P. hysterophorus suggests a wide environmental tolerance of the species, and this could be one of the reasons for the species' ability to invade diverse climatic and geographic regions globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: With the global atmospheric CO2 concentration on the rise, developing crops that can thrive in elevated CO2 has become paramount. We investigated the potential of hybridization as a strategy for creating crops with improved growth in predicted elevated atmospheric CO2. Methods: We grew parent accessions and their F1 hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 and analyzed numerous growth traits to assess their productivity and underlying mechanisms. Results: The heterotic increase in total dry mass, relative growth rate and leaf net assimilation rate was significantly greater in elevated CO2 than in ambient CO2. The CO2 response of net assimilation rate was positively correlated with the CO2 response of leaf nitrogen productivity and with that of leaf traits such as leaf size and thickness, suggesting that hybridization‐induced changes in leaf traits greatly affected the improved performance in elevated CO2. Conclusions: Vegetative growth of hybrids seems to be enhanced in elevated CO2 due to improved photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency compared with parents. The results suggest that hybrid crops should be well‐suited for future conditions, but hybrid weeds may also be more competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in plant traits are indicative of plant adaptations to forest environments, and studying their relationships with tree growth provides valuable insights into forest regeneration. The spatial arrangement of plant seeds within the forest litter or soil critically influences the variations of root–leaf traits, thereby affecting the adaptive strategies of emerging seedlings. However, our current understanding of the impacts of individual root–leaf traits on seedling growth in different relative position, and whether these traits together affect growth, remains limited. This study focuses on the dominant tree species, Castanopsis kawakamii , within the Sanming C. kawakamii Nature Reserve of China. The present experiment aimed to examine the variations in root–leaf traits of seedling, focus on the relative positions of seeds within different layers: beneath or above the litter layer, or within the bare soil layer (without litter). Our findings provided evidence supporting a coordinated relationship between root and leaf traits, wherein leaf traits varied in conjunction with root traits in the relative positions of seeds. Specifically, we observed that seedlings exhibited higher values for specific leaf area and average root diameter, while displaying lower root tissue density. The mixed model explained 86.1% of the variation in root–leaf traits, surpassing the variation explained by the relative positions. Furthermore, soil nitrogen acted as a mediator, regulating the relationship between seedling growth and root–leaf traits, specifically leaf dry matter content and root tissue density. Therefore, future studies should consider artificially manipulating tree species diversity based on root–leaf traits characteristics to promote forest recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: With the global atmospheric CO2 concentration on the rise, developing crops that can thrive in elevated CO2 has become paramount. We investigated the potential of hybridization as a strategy for creating crops with improved growth in predicted elevated atmospheric CO2. Methods: We grew parent accessions and their F1 hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 and analyzed numerous growth traits to assess their productivity and underlying mechanisms. Results: The heterotic increase in total dry mass, relative growth rate and leaf net assimilation rate was significantly greater in elevated CO2 than in ambient CO2. The CO2 response of net assimilation rate was positively correlated with the CO2 response of leaf nitrogen productivity and with that of leaf traits such as leaf size and thickness, suggesting that hybridization‐induced changes in leaf traits greatly affected the improved performance in elevated CO2. Conclusions: Vegetative growth of hybrids seems to be enhanced in elevated CO2 due to improved photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency compared with parents. The results suggest that hybrid crops should be well‐suited for future conditions, but hybrid weeds may also be more competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) is a fruit tree with broad phytogeographic domain and suitable for different silvicultural systems in the tropics. The knowledge associated with the relative growth rate of species such as G. americana, provides important guidelines for the effective establishment and survival of seedlings after planting in the field. In this study we investigated differences in growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of seedlings originating from different mother plants of G. americana in southern Bahia, Brazil. For this, we evaluated fifteen variables associated with carbon balance at the whole plant and leaf scales of twelve G. americana progenies. All seedlings grew over a period of 198 days under similar microclimatic conditions with approximately 65% full sun. Our results showed significant differences in the relative growth rates (RGR), with the highest and lowest mean values being 29.0 and 38.0 mg g-1 day-1, respectively. Differences in RGR between G. americana progenies were highly related to differences in biomass allocation at both whole plant and leaf scales. From a practical point of view, we demonstrate that the selection of mother plants to produce seedlings with higher growth rates, and consequently greater establishment capacity in field plantings, can be made from evaluations of growth and biomass allocation variables at the whole plant scale.

Abstract Background Cannabis is a historically, culturally, and economically significant crop in human societies, owing to its versatile applications in both industry and medicine. Over many years, native cannabis populations have acclimated to the various environments found throughout Iran, resulting in rich genetic and phenotypic diversity. Examining phenotypic diversity within and between indigenous populations is crucial for effective plant breeding programs. This study aimed to classify indigenous cannabis populations in Iran to meet the needs of breeders and breeding programs in developing new cultivars. Results Here, we assessed phenotypic diversity in 25 indigenous populations based on 12 phenological and 14 morphological traits in male and female plants. The extent of heritability for each parameter was estimated in both genders, and relationships between quantitative and time-based traits were explored. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified traits influencing population distinctions. Overall, populations were broadly classified into early, medium, and late flowering groups. The highest extent of heritability of phenological traits was found in Start Flower Formation Time in Individuals (SFFI) for females (0.91) Flowering Time 50% in Individuals (50% of bracts formed) (FT50I) for males (0.98). Populations IR7385 and IR2845 exhibited the highest commercial index (60%). Among male plants, the highest extent of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) was observed in the IR2845 population (0.122 g.g− 1.day− 1). Finally, populations were clustered into seven groups according to the morphological traits in female and male plants. Conclusions Overall, significant phenotypic diversity was observed among indigenous populations, emphasizing the potential for various applications. Early-flowering populations, with their high RGR and Harvest Index (HI), were found as promising options for inclusion in breeding programs. The findings provide valuable insights into harnessing the genetic diversity of indigenous cannabis for diverse purposes.

Plant growth indicators (GIs) are important for evaluating how different genotypes respond to normal and stress conditions separately. They consider both the morphological and physiological components of plants between two successive growth stages. Despite their significance, GIs are not commonly used as screening criteria for detecting salt tolerance of genotypes. In this study, 36 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) along with four genotypes differing in their salt tolerance were grown under normal and 150 mM NaCl in a two-year field trial. The performance and salt tolerance of these germplasms were assessed through various GIs. The analysis of variance showed highly significant variation between salinity levels, genotypes, and their interaction for all GIs and other traits in each year and combined data for two years, with a few exceptions. All traits and GIs were significantly reduced by salinity stress, except for relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and specific leaf weight (SLW), which increased under salinity conditions. Traits and GIs were more correlated with each other under salinity than under normal conditions. Principal component analysis organized traits and GIs into three main groups under both conditions, with RGR, NAR, and specific leaf area (SLA) closely associated with grain yield (GY) and harvest index, while leaf area duration (LAD) was closely associated with green leaf area (GLA), plant dry weight (PDW), and leaf area index (LAI). A hierarchical clustering heatmap based on GIs and traits organized germplasms into three and four groups under normal and salinity conditions, respectively. Based on the values of traits and GIs for each group, the germplasms varied from high- to low-performing groups under normal conditions and from salt-tolerant to salt-sensitive groups under salinity conditions. RGR, NAR, and LAD were important factors determining genotypic variation in GY of high- and low-performing groups, while all GIs, except leaf area duration (LAR), were major factors describing genotypic variation in GY of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive groups. In conclusion, different GIs that reveal the relationship between the morphological and physiological components of genotypes could serve as valuable selection criteria for evaluating the performance of genotypes under normal conditions and their salt tolerance under salinity stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the growth of literature produced as a result of Indo-US collaboration in the bioinformatics domain covering the period 1999-2021. A total of 719 publications have been produced through Indo-US collaboration in bioinformatics, the data for which were downloaded using Scopus and subjected to analysis using MS Excel software. To examine the growth pattern and trend in publications, various growth models were applied to the literature. Overall, an increasing trend has been observed, and the declining RGR tends to reflect the slow but steady increase in the number of articles published, as evidenced by an increase in DT. The growth of literature produced as a result of Indo-US partnership in the area of bioinformatics follows the Linear Growth Model. When the different growth models using curve fit values based on R² have been applied, the Power Growth Curve is found to be the best match, followed by the Exponential Growth Curve, Linear Growth Curve, and Logarithmic Growth Curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of online learning has acquired the attention of learners and educators in the 21st century. The need has arisen especially when the world has suffered from the Covid-19 pandemic, the institutions of higher learning have come up with the latest technologies to combat the learning environment scenario. The present study mainly analysis the existing works of literature published on the topic of online learning which is abstracted from SpringerLink. The bibliometrics method of analyzing the data was adopted for the study. The study analysis the components such as the growth of literature, year-wise distribution, annual growth rate (AGR), compound annual growth rate (CAGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and doubling time (DT) of the publications authorship pattern and authors productivity of literature, Study the citation, altmetrics, download and access pattern of literature, the most prominent journals, publisher-wise, country-wise distribution of literature, most productive institutions and top-cited paper in the published literature on "online learning". The study shows that the highest number of publications can be noticed from the conference papers and there is a frequent rise in publications. The annual growth rate of the published literature is 533.34 in 2003 and the number of authors per publication on average was highest in 2017. The study shall contribute to examining the existing scenario of the published literature measurement on online learning and shall encourage more exciting researchers and academicians to work more in this specific field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dynamic landscape of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) electrical sector, accurately predicting long-term trends is paramount for sustainable energy planning. Owing to the consistently elevated temperatures experienced in the Gulf region during the summer months, there is a notable surge in demand for electricity in the UAE, leading to an increased energy consumption per capita. This heightened demand during the summer renders the power system particularly susceptible, posing a substantial risk of power outages, production shortfalls, and a subsequent escalation. This study delves into the realm of forecasting using Non-Homogeneous Discrete Grey Modeling (NDGM), a cutting-edge approach tailored to the unique challenges of the UAE's electrical domain. By leveraging NDGM, this research aims to provide a robust framework for anticipating electrical trends over an extended period. Precise load demand forecasting would impact energy-generating capacity scheduling and power grid management. The results promise valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and energy planners, facilitating informed decision-making to meet the ever-evolving demands of the UAE's power sector. The findings of this study were unique in that it avoids increasing generation capacity in mid- and long-term plans, which will assist in avoiding load shedding and meeting energy demands in various sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative growth rate (RGR) and doubling time (Dt) of journal publications on the productivity of bibliometrics and scientometrics research at the world level from 1969 to 2022 and the Indian level from 1983 to 2022 are considered for this study. It was discovered that the search results for articles published in journals received 36328 and 2771 publications at the global and Indian level respectively. It is found from the results of the study that the decreasing trend in RGR and increasing rate of Dt in publications suggests that growth is not exponential. The global relative growth of bibliometric and scientometric articles declined from 0.693 in 1970 to 0.207 in 2022, while the doubling time increased from 1.000 in 1970 to 3.352 in 2022. The significant results of the study revealed that the number of journal publications from India is increasing linearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many exotic conifer species have been introduced for wood production in temperate regions. Some of these species can display an invasive behavior and negatively impact native ecosystems. It is therefore crucial to identify potentially invasive species before they are widely planted. Seedling high relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) have been associated with enhanced invasiveness of trees in previous studies. However, it has been mainly demonstrated for light-demanding species in disturbed habitats, less for shade-tolerant species in closed forests. Here, we investigated the link between seedlings growth traits of 15 exotic conifer species and invasiveness considered at both global and local scale. Seedlings were grown outdoor, under a shade net, and harvested after 4 and 10 weeks. RGR, SLA, Shoot–Root ratio, shoot relative growth rate, relative height growth rate (RHGR) and relative needles production rate were measured. We developed a continuous approach to position each species along a gradient of invasiveness. Local invasiveness consists of a value based on regeneration densities and dispersal distances observed in forest arboreta in Southern Belgium, and is therefore related to the ability of species to invade closed forest ecosystems. Global invasiveness was calculated based on the GBIF Database and the Global Compendium of Weeds, and encompasses all potentially invaded habitats. It appeared that RHGR was positively related to both local and global invasiveness, while SLA was positively related to local invasiveness only. However, RGR was not significantly related with local nor global invasiveness. This study indicates that preferential investment in rapid vertical growth associated with fast resource acquisition is a strategy enhancing invasiveness of non-native conifers, also in closed, shaded temperate forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis is a historically, culturally, and economically significant crop in human societies, owing to its versatile applications in both industry and medicine. Over many years, native cannabis populations have acclimated to the various environments found throughout Iran, resulting in rich genetic and phenotypic diversity. Examining phenotypic diversity within and between indigenous populations is crucial for effective plant breeding programs. This study aimed to classify indigenous cannabis populations in Iran to meet the needs of breeders and breeding programs in developing new cultivars. Results: Here, we assessed phenotypic diversity in 25 indigenous populations based on 12 phenological and 14 morphological traits in male and female plants. The extent of heritability for each parameter was estimated in both genders, and relationships between quantitative and time-based traits were explored. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified traits influencing population distinctions. Overall, populations were broadly classified into early, medium, and late flowering groups. The highest extent of heritability of phenological traits was found in Start Flower Formation Time in Individuals (SFFI) for females (0.91) Flowering Time 50% in Individuals (50% of bracts formed) (FT50I) for males (0.98). Populations IR7385 and IR2845 exhibited the highest commercial index (60%). Among male plants, the highest extent of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) was observed in the IR2845 population (0.122 g.g− 1.day− 1). Finally, populations were clustered into seven groups according to the morphological traits in female and male plants. Conclusions: Overall, significant phenotypic diversity was observed among indigenous populations, emphasizing the potential for various applications. Early-flowering populations, with their high RGR and Harvest Index (HI), were found as promising options for inclusion in breeding programs. The findings provide valuable insights into harnessing the genetic diversity of indigenous cannabis for diverse purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from three plants, namely Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Mentha pulegium, along with their insecticidal activities and feeding deterrence against Plodia interpunctella, were investigated. The chemical composition of S. officinalis essential oil was majorly dominated by α-thujone (26.99%) and camphor (25.50%); on the other hand, limonene (66.12%), eucalyptol (66.12%), and camphor (14.31%) were the major compounds of L. angustifolia essential oil whereas for M. pulegium EO a dominance of pulegone (83.06%) was attained. M. pulegium essential oil showed important contact toxicity (100%) at 3 hours of exposure with the 0.25 μL/cm2 concentration, followed by S. officinalis and L. angustifolia with 90% of mortality reported with the highest concentration of 0.50% within 3 hours. A relative growth rate (RGR) of 0.08 mg/mg/day and -0.31 mg/mg/day was recorded with S. officinalis and M. pulegium oils, respectively, with the highest concentration of 32 μL/pellet. With L. angustifolia the lowest RGR of -0.08 mg/mg/day was attained with the 16 μl/pellet concentration. The food deterrence index experienced an increase to 89% with S. officinalis and L. angustifolia oils for the three concentrations; with M. pulegium, 68.18% was recorded with the 32 μL/pellet. In conclusion, this study suggests that these essential oils could potentially serve as an effective contact toxicant and a potent eco-friendly inhibitory of the feeding behavior of Plodia interpunctella larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study tries to determine the research trends of BRICS countries on cardiomyopathy disease research during 2011–2020. The study analyses 8,013 cardiomyopathy research documents retrieved from the Web of Science database for ten years. Findings of the study revealed that the maximum documents 1,189 were published in 2020, 23.07% maximum annual growth rate was recorded in 2013, and the highest 93.11% CAGR was recorded in the year 2012. The highest RGR 1.84 and doubling time 1.17 recorded in the year 2020 and 2013, respectively. The most prolific journal was the International Journal of Cardiology, with 209 articles. Zhang Y contributed the most number of documents (236, 2.94%). The University of Sao Paulo had the top most relevant affiliation with 787 documents. China led the list of most cited countries with 53,306 total citations, but the USA had the highest average article citations, i.e., 29.24. The majority of documents were in the form of articles. China contributed the most number of documents among all the BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a heavy feeder and highly responsive to nutrient input, where the proper quantity and timing of nutrient supply is most critical component in achieving high productivity in potato cultivation. To assess the crop response and productivity, the potato variety ‘Kufri Jyoti’ was taken under different integrated nutrient management practices. The recommended dose of fertilizer was at 150:80:100 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha, 25 kg/ha of ZnSO4 and 15 kg/ha of Borax were applied during the experiment. The results indicated that there were highly significant effects of higher doses of nitrogen with recommended P and K combined applied with Zinc and Boron on tuber yield, plant NPK uptake efficiency and enzymatic activities. Results from the experiment expressed that the application of 125% RDN along with the application of Zn and B ensured maximum total tuber yield (24.73 t/ha), crop growth rate (5.222 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (0.066 g/g/day) at peak growth stages and quality such as starch (15.64%) and sucrose synthase activity (695 µg/g of fresh weight of tuber) of potato grown with the above nutrient management practices. This study indicated that production variation for higher nitrogen doses from inorganic sources of fertilizer existed among 16 different nutrient application treatments, and with better quality parameters.

Abstract Comparisons of plant traits between native and invasive congeners are useful approaches for identifying characteristics that promote invasiveness. We compared germination patterns and seedling growth of locally sympatric populations of native Mimosa himalayana and two varieties of invasive M. diplotricha (var. diplotricha and var. inermis) growing in southeastern Nepal. Seeds were germinated under a 12‐h photoperiod or complete dark, low (25/15°C day/night) and high (30/20°C) temperatures, different water stress levels (0, −0.1, −0.25, −0.5, −0.75 and −1.0 MPa), and soil depths (0, 2, and 4 cm). Plant height, biomass allocations, and relative growth rate (RGR) of seedlings were measured. Invasive M. diplotricha had higher germination percentage, rate, and shorter germination time compared with the native species. Germination of both congeners declined as water stress increased, but the decline was more pronounced in native species. Seedling emergence declined with increasing depth in all taxa. The seedlings of invasive species were taller with higher leaf number and allocated greater proportion of biomass to shoot, whereas the native congener allocated greater biomass to root. The RGR was nearly twice as high in invasive species as it was in the native congener. Seedling height and number of leaves were always higher in invasive than in native species, and the native–invasive differences increased over time. Better germination and higher growth performance of invasive species than the congeneric native one suggests that seed germination and seedling growth can be useful traits for the prediction of species' invasiveness in their introduced range during risk assessment process.

Abstract Key message Among the variety of leaf defensive strategies to counteract herbivory attacks, the oak species analyzed in this study maximize investment in no more than one, with high-LMA oaks developing very tough leaves and low-LMA oaks favoring between high concentrations of condensed tannins or high growth rates. Context Plants develop a variety of defense strategies to counteract herbivory attacks, from physical and chemical defenses to tolerance strategies. Tradeoffs between strategies have been widely assessed from a resource allocation perspective, but there is a need to consider eventual interactions among them. Aim We evaluate the among-species tradeoff between three main constitutive plant defense traits, while considering the leaf mass per area ratio (LMA) as a proxy of leaf construction investment on area basis. Methods Leaf toughness measured as work of fracture, condensed tannins, and relative growth rate (RGR) were analyzed in a set of 19 Quercus L. species with contrasting LMA. Results Most species had low values either in two or in the three traits analyzed. Moreover, the highest values of work of fracture appeared in the species with high LMA; the highest values of condensed tannins were found in the species with the lowest LMA; and high values of RGR were measured in species with intermediate or lower values of LMA. Conclusion Oaks showed a trade-off among leaf defensive strategies influenced by LMA. Oaks with high LMA developed very tough leaves while oaks with low LMA presented lower values of toughness but favored between one of the two other strategies.

The expression of plant resistance traits against arthropod herbivores often comes with costs to other essential plant functions such as growth and fitness. These trade‐offs are shaped by the allocation of limited resources. However, plants might also possess the capability to allocate resources to both resistance and growth, thereby ensuring their survival when under herbivore attacks. Additionally, the extent of damage caused by herbivores could vary across different years or seasons, subsequently impacting plant performance. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the annual variations in herbivore abundance and damage levels affect plant performance. We generated F2 progeny through a cross between two populations of the annual herb Datura stramonium (Solanaceae). These populations are known to have differing levels of chemical defense and herbivory. These F2 plants were cultivated in a common natural environment for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). Our findings reveal that plants with higher resistance, attained higher seed production but this trend was evident only during 2018. This relationship coincided with a five‐fold increase in the abundance of Lema daturaphila (Chrysomelidae) larvae in 2018. Indeed, the plants experienced a 13‐fold increase in damage during this second year of study. Furthermore, our results indicated that there was no trade‐off between resistance, growth, and fitness in either of the 2 years. In contrast, during 2018, when plants faced stronger herbivore pressure, they allocated all available nutritional resources to enhance both resistance and growth. Our study highlights how the selection for plant resistance is dependent upon the inter‐annual variation in herbivore abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the idea that functional trade‐offs that underlie species tolerance to drought‐driven shifts in community composition via their effects on demographic processes and subsequently on shifts in species' abundance. Using data from 298 tree species from tropical dry forests during the extreme ENSO‐2015, we scaled‐up the effects of trait trade‐offs from individuals to communities. Conservative wood and leaf traits favoured slow tree growth, increased tree survival and positively impacted species abundance and dominance at the community‐level. Safe hydraulic traits, on the other hand, were related to demography but did not affect species abundance and communities. The persistent effects of the conservative–acquisitive trade‐off across organizational levels is promising for generalization and predictability of tree communities. However, the safety–efficient trade‐off showed more intricate effects on performance. Our results demonstrated the complex pathways in which traits scale up to communities, highlighting the importance of considering a wide range of traits and performance processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medicinal plants have a significant contribution in the production of existing medicines. Yarrow plant is one of the most important medicinal plants. The goal of the global community is to move towards sustainable agriculture, in order to reduce or eliminate chemical inputs and achieve performance stability and reduce adverse environmental effects. Sowing date is one of the factors that play a fundamental role in achieving the right conditions during the growth period to obtain the maximum yield of the plant. Finding the right level of fertilizer and the best sowing date it will help farmers to grow it as well as possible Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of sowing date and fertilizer levels on some growth characteristics of yarrow. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in the organic agriculture form in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University in 2019-2020. The experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on complete blocks design in three replications. Experimental treatments included four levels of farmyard manure (zero, 10, 20, 30 ton ha-1) as the main factor and three sowing dates (April 15, May 4, and May 24) as sub factors. The examined traits included leaf area index, total dry weight, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and grain yield. Traits were measured in two ways: destructive and final sampling. Destructive traits started about 50 days after planting the seedlings in the ground. To calculate the crop growth rate and relative growth rate the derivation method from the total dry weight equation was used. At the time of harvest, in order to measure the yield after removing the marginal effects, 5 plants were randomly picked from each plot and then the plants were transferred to the laboratory. After drying the samples, the grain yield was measured. Finally, data analysis was done using SAS software version 4.9 and Duncan's multiple range test (P≤0.05) was used to compare the mean of the data. Results and Discussion: The results showed that with the increase in the levels of animal manure application, the leaf area index, the crop growth rate and the total dry weight increased in all three sowing dates. So that the highest (3.15, 5.83 g m-2 d-1 and 810 g m-2, respectively) and the lowest leaf area index, crop growth rate and total dry weight (1.185, 0.44 g m-2 d-1 and 87 g m-2, respectively) were observed the treatment of the first sowing date and 30 ton ha-1 animal manure application and the treatment of the third sowing date and 0 ton ha-1 animal manure application, respectively. Animal manure had a significant effect on grain yield so the highest (1.7 g m-2) and the lowest (0.2 g m-2) grain yield were observed in the treatment of the first sowing date and 30 ton ha-1 of animal manure application and 0 ton ha-1 animal manure application and the third sowing date, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that for the yarrow plant, with the increase of sheep manure up to 30 tons per hectare and the sowing date of April 15, the studied growth characteristics such as leaf area index, total dry weight, crop growth rate, and relative growth ratio increased. Also, the sowing date of April 15 and the use of 30 tons of manure per hectare had a significant effect on the seed yield. According to the obtained results, the sowing date of April 15 was suitable which increased the growth period of yarrow plant. Therefore, using animal manures instead of chemical fertilizers can be a suitable alternative to increase yield and avoid the environmental harm of chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reforestation is promoted to address the dual global climate and biodiversity crises. This is particularly relevant for carbon‐rich, biodiverse tropical peatlands, for which active reforestation typically involves two post‐germination stages: nursery rearing of seedlings, then outplanting. Yet, linkages between these stages and cumulative seedling performance are rarely quantified during tropical peatland reforestation. By monitoring tree seedling survival and growth, we investigate factors influencing seedling performance (species identity, seedling source, treatments, and climate), whether nursery performance predicts outplanting performance, and calculate cumulative survival (nursery plus outplanting) in Sebangau National Park, Indonesian Borneo. Standardized survival at 2 years was higher in the nursery (mean 67% across 40 species) than outplanting (44% across 24 species). For nursery and outplanting, species identity was the main source of variation in survival and height growth. Seedling source, treatments, site condition, and precipitation had no significant impact on survival but did influence growth in some cases. Nursery survival did not predict outplanting survival, but nursery height did predict outplanting height. Across species, around a quarter of seedlings survived from nursery to outplanting over 4 years. Cumulative survival represents a more realistic basis for assessing the genetic and other resource costs of tropical peatland reforestation. Our two‐phase approach identified outplanting as the greater bottleneck to cumulative seedling survivability. We argue that the nursery stage may be used to harden seedlings for degraded peatland conditions by selecting more relevant treatments (e.g. flooding) and screening for resilience to common disturbances (e.g. fire) to enhance outplanted, and thus cumulative, seedling survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main purpose of this paper was to prepare the immunoactive peptides from Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus (MLIP) by enzymatic hydrolysis, optimize the enzymolysis conditions of MLIP, and studied its immune activity. Method: MLIP was used as raw material, and five commonly used proteases were chosen to hydrolyze. The proliferation rate of RAW264.7 cells was selected as an indicator to screen the most suitable protease for enzymolysis solution. Then, the single factor test was carried out, and three factors with significant impact were selected to optimize the enzymolysis conditions by response surface method, and MLIP was prepared with the optimized process parameters. In addition, this research also studied the effects of different concentrations of MLIP on the relative proliferation rate, cell morphology and NO release of RAW264.7 cells. Results: The proliferation rate results showed that complex protease was the most suitable enzyme to prepare MLIP. The optimal enzymatic parameters obtained by response surface optimization were: pH 6.8, solid-liquid ratio 1:6.2, enzyme dosage 3 493 U/g, enzymolysis at 45 °C for 3 hours. The relative proliferation rate of RAW264.7 cells was predicted to be 71.40%, which were basically the same with the results obtained by verification experiment. In addition, RAW264.7 cells showed the best proliferation promoting effect when the concentration of MLIP was 0.4 mg/mL. All dose of MLIP caused differentiation to varying degrees of cell differentiation and had a certain promoting effect on the release of NO of RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion: The results indicated that the MLIP exhibit desirable immune activity, which might provide reference for the preparation and further study of the MLIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Among the variety of leaf defensive strategies to counteract herbivory attacks, the oak species analyzed in this study maximize investment in no more than one, with high-LMA oaks developing very tough leaves and low-LMA oaks favoring between high concentrations of condensed tannins or high growth rates. Context: Plants develop a variety of defense strategies to counteract herbivory attacks, from physical and chemical defenses to tolerance strategies. Tradeoffs between strategies have been widely assessed from a resource allocation perspective, but there is a need to consider eventual interactions among them. Aim: We evaluate the among-species tradeoff between three main constitutive plant defense traits, while considering the leaf mass per area ratio (LMA) as a proxy of leaf construction investment on area basis. Methods: Leaf toughness measured as work of fracture, condensed tannins, and relative growth rate (RGR) were analyzed in a set of 19 Quercus L. species with contrasting LMA. Results: Most species had low values either in two or in the three traits analyzed. Moreover, the highest values of work of fracture appeared in the species with high LMA; the highest values of condensed tannins were found in the species with the lowest LMA; and high values of RGR were measured in species with intermediate or lower values of LMA. Conclusion: Oaks showed a trade-off among leaf defensive strategies influenced by LMA. Oaks with high LMA developed very tough leaves while oaks with low LMA presented lower values of toughness but favored between one of the two other strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that limits plant growth and production. However, the response patterns of plant growth and carbon metabolism to salt stress are still unclear. (2) Methods: We measured the relative growth rate, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations and pool size across organs, the leaf mass area (LMA), root-to-shoot ratio, midday leaf water potential (Ψmd), and photosynthetic characteristics of elm seedlings planted in the field under different salt stress intensities and durations. (3) Results: Salt stress can reduce the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and Ψmd and inhibit the growth of elm species. LMA increased with the degree and duration of salt stress, indicating an increase in leaf carbon investment to resist salt stress. The root-to-shoot ratio decreased under salt stress to reduce salt absorption by the roots. In the early stage of stress, the concentrations of starch and total NSCs in all organs increased to improve stress resistance and the survival of plants. In the late stage of stress, the concentration of NSCs in the root decreased, which could restrict root growth and water uptake. The relationships between NSC concentration and growth in different organs were contrasting. Meanwhile, the pool size of NSCs had a more significant impact on growth than their concentration. Moreover, the pool size of NSCs in below-ground organs is more closely related to growth than that of above-ground organs. (4) Conclusions: Our research elucidates the carbon allocation mechanism across organs under different salt stress intensities and durations, providing theoretical support for understanding the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under salt stress.

Selecting proper tree species for revegetation is important for restoring tropical peatland. Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) has been suggested one of the promising native species in Indonesia for the revegetation of tropical peatland; however, there is a lack of understanding of its growth in peat soil with different groundwater levels. We investigated the survival rate, plant height, number of leaves, root collar diameter, and dry biomass of tamanu seedlings grown in peat soil with different groundwater levels using a randomized block design in a water tank. The study involved five groundwater level treatments and 12 tree-level replicates each: M0 (non-groundwater level, control); M1 (−15 cm below the soil surface); M2 (−10 cm); M3 (−5 cm); and M4 (0 cm, soil surface level). The results showed that all tamanu seedlings survived in every treatment. However, their plant height, number of leaves, and root collar diameter growth were significantly inhibited in the highest groundwater level condition (M4, 0 cm) at 81 days after sowing, while their growth in −15 cm of groundwater level (M1) was as good as the growth in the fully drained conditions in M0 (control). This result indicates that the groundwater level should not be higher than −15 cm for the growth of tamanu. Considering that peatlands in Indonesia are assessed to be degraded when the groundwater level is lower than −40 cm, this study suggests that maintaining groundwater levels between −40 cm and −15 cm in peatland is the best condition for rapid growth of early tamanu seedlings while protecting peatlands. Further studies are needed to extend the range of water levels and water treatment duration.

The study highlights the research collaboration and growth rate in multiple disabilities by utilizing social network analysis based on 27708 scholarly communications that appeared during 2006-2020. It analyses the types and trends of authorship patterns through various indices and by employing social network analysis. The study aims to construct a coauthorship network at the micro and macro levels to disclose the intellectual structure of prolific authors. The study exemplifies the growth rate with mean average growth rate (0.09), relative growth rate (0.23) and doubling time (3.52) which specifies that there is no constant rate of augmentation found in the research field and authors tend to work collaboratively. While comparing the prolific authors' Scientometric measures with social network measures, the author Kappos L has secured the highest position in production (255), with the utmost H-Index (67), G-index (154), M-Index (3.914) and citation (24478). He is the best collaborator with the highest cluster level of 354, degree centrality (84) and close to other authors with (0.847).

Abstract The expression of plant resistance traits against arthropod herbivores often comes with costs to other essential plant functions such as growth and fitness. These trade‐offs are shaped by the allocation of limited resources. However, plants might also possess the capability to allocate resources to both resistance and growth, thereby ensuring their survival when under herbivore attacks. Additionally, the extent of damage caused by herbivores could vary across different years or seasons, subsequently impacting plant performance. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the annual variations in herbivore abundance and damage levels affect plant performance. We generated F2 progeny through a cross between two populations of the annual herb Datura stramonium (Solanaceae). These populations are known to have differing levels of chemical defense and herbivory. These F2 plants were cultivated in a common natural environment for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). Our findings reveal that plants with higher resistance, attained higher seed production but this trend was evident only during 2018. This relationship coincided with a five‐fold increase in the abundance of Lema daturaphila (Chrysomelidae) larvae in 2018. Indeed, the plants experienced a 13‐fold increase in damage during this second year of study. Furthermore, our results indicated that there was no trade‐off between resistance, growth, and fitness in either of the 2 years. In contrast, during 2018, when plants faced stronger herbivore pressure, they allocated all available nutritional resources to enhance both resistance and growth. Our study highlights how the selection for plant resistance is dependent upon the inter‐annual variation in herbivore abundance.