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The debate about the ‘just price’ has ancient origin and returns forcefully to the scene when, in the event of crises of various kinds, there is a rapid and significant increase in prices of given goods or services. The main issue is whether price increases of such a nature could, or should, be considered illicit and ground the issue of sanctions against the firms increasing prices, thus focusing on a macro-systemic level of analysis. The central part of the article reviews different theories on what a ‘just price’ should be and focuses on the idea that a price is ‘just’ when it functions as an index of relative scarcity in free markets. It is claimed that such a function deserves protection by Italian and EU law. Therefore price adjustments in response to shocks cannot and should not be considered illegal: it is unacceptable to sanction private firms by attributing them the wrong of not having substituted themselves, at their own expense, for the exercise of a public function (that of making sure that price increases do not put at risk solidarity and other constitutional principles). Le debat sur le juste prix est d’origine ancienne mais revient iterativement sur les devants de la scene lorsqu’a l’occasion de crises de diverses sortes, il y a une augmentation significative du prix de certains biens ou services. La question principale est de savoir si de telles augmentations devraient ou pourraient etre considerees comme etant illicites et entraine a son tour celle du fondement de sanctions eventuelles contre les firmes qui y procedent, placant le debat sur le terrain de la macro-analyse economique. La partie centrale de cet article revisite diverses theories relatives a la determination du juste prix et identifie parmi elles le critere du juste prix comme etant celui qui signale la rarete dans des marches non regules. Il est donc soutenu que cette fonction de signalement devrait etre protegee par le droit italien comme par le droit de l’Union. Par consequent, les ajustements de prix en reponse aux crises ne devraient pas etre tenus pour illicites. Il est inacceptable de sanctionner des entreprises privees en leur imputant la faute de ne pas s’etre substituees, a leur propre depens, au regulateur public, qui doit s’assurer que les marches ne mettent pas en risque la solidarite sociale ou d’autres principes constitutionnels. Die Diskussion zum Thema ‘iustum pretium’ (gerechter Preis) hat alte Wurzeln, nimmt jedoch heute wieder machtig Momentum auf, namentlich, wenn in den verschiedensten Krisen Preise fur bestimmte Guter oder Dienstleistungen erheblich anziehen. Die Hauptfrage geht dahin, ob solchermasen ausgeloste Preissprunge als illegitim gesehen werden konnen oder sollen, mit anderen Worten: eine Frage, die vor allem makro-systemisch zu sehen ist. Im Kernstuck des Beitrages werden verschiedene Theorien analysiert, was denn als ‘gerechter Preis’ zu sehen ist. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der Auffassung gewidmet, dass Preise die richtigen Indikatoren fur relative Knappheit in freien Markten bilden sollten. Das Argument geht dahin, dass diese Funktion von Preisen in der Tat im EU-Recht und auch beispielsweise im italienischen Recht geschutzt bzw. vorausgesetzt wird. Daher sollte eine Reaktion auf Preisschocks nicht per se als illegal oder illegitim eingestuft werden. Private Unternehmen sollten nicht dafur “bestraft” werden, dass sie nicht auf eigene Kosten Vorsorge fur etwas getroffen haben, was als Staatsaufgabe verstanden werden sollte (namentlich, dass gewahrleistet wird, dass Preisentwicklungen nicht im Widerspruch zu verfassungsrechtlichen Grundprinzipien, etwa dem der Solidaritat, stehen).

Seaweed bioinvasions increasingly affect coastal environments around the world, which increases the need for predictive models and mitigation strategies. The biotic interactions between seaweed invaders and invaded communities are often considered a key determinant of invasion success and failure and we here revise the current evidence that the capacity of seaweed invaders to deter enemies in newly reached environments correlates with their invasion success. Particularly efficient chemical defences have been described for several of the more problematic seaweed invaders during the last decades. However, confirmed cases in which seaweed invaders confronted un-adapted enemies in newly gained environments with deterrents that were absent from these environments prior to the invasion (so-called “novel weapons”) are scarce, although an increasing number of invasive and non-invasive seaweeds are screened for defence compounds. More evidence exists that seaweeds may adapt defence intensities to changing pressure by biological enemies in newly invaded habitats. However, most of this evidence of shifting defence was gathered with only one particular model seaweed, the Asia-endemic red alga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, which is particularly accessible for direct comparisons of native and non-native populations in common garden experiments. A. vermiculophyllum interacts with consumers, epibionts and bacterial pathogens and in most of these interactions, non-native populations have rather gained than lost defensive capacity relative to native conspecifics. The increases in the few examined cases were due to an increased production of broad-spectrum deterrents and the relative scarcity of specialized deterrents perhaps reflects the circumstance that seaweed consumers and epibionts are overwhelmingly generalists.

The excellent adaptability of Callithrix jacchus to life in captivity presents advantages in comparison to other nonhuman primates that are used in experimental models for biomedical research, which explains the increasing scientific interest in investigating the anatomical characteristics of this species. Owing to the relative scarcity of publications on the descriptive morphology of the heart of C. jacchus, the aim of this study was to quantify the presence of collagen in the left and right ventricular myocardium using modified picrosirius red and acid fuchsine colorimetric assays. The myocardium of the right ventricle presented a higher percentage of collagen than that of the left ventricle. No sex-related differences were observed between the groups. Interestingly, the absolute values of collagen were different depending on the method used for quantification (modified picrosirius red vs. acid fuchsine). The level of collagen quantification observed in the ventricular myocardium of C. jacchus was similar to that seen in other nonhuman primates traditionally used in experimental models of cardiac diseases.

Aims Vaccine hesitancy is widely recognised as one of the most serious threats to current global health. While the causes underlying vaccine hesitancy have been extensively described and several mitigation strategies trialled amongst current and prospective parents, there is a relative scarcity of research investigating its extent and causative factors amongst university students, a critical demographic due to its temporal proximity to the average child-rearing age. The present study sought to address this literature gap by elucidating the social and demographic factors that might underpin vaccine hesitancy in university students. Subject and methods An anonymous online survey was carried out to investigate the opinions and perspectives on the practice of vaccination within undergraduate students’ social sphere. The statistical significance of the differences observed between groups of participants was analysed using non-parametric tests of variance. Results Amongst the 739 volunteers who participated in the survey, vaccine confidence varied significantly (p p Conclusions By shedding new light on the factors underpinning vaccine hesitancy within undergraduate students’ social network, the present study provides a stepping stone towards the development of targeted mitigation strategies.

Epilepsy is a chronic and the fourth most common neurological disorder which affects people of all age groups. Recently research and awareness on epilepsy-related deaths have rapidly grown over the past two decades. Many previous studies are attributed to the guidelines that apprise health care professionals in handling these deaths, but there is a relative scarcity of information accessible for clinicians and pharmacists who are responsible for manufacturing or preparing the extemporaneous anti-epileptic suspensions in the hospitals. Mostly in partial seizures, phenytoin is one of the first-choice drugs. In Saudi Arabian hospitals, the extemporaneous preparation of phenytoin suspension is common, but the hot climatic weather in Saudi Arabia possesses stability problems that should be tackled as the prepared suspension should pass all the stability tests to ensure uniform dosage of the extemporaneous formulation. In the current study, the commercial capsules were used to prepare the oral phenytoin sodium extemporaneous suspension. The physical, chemical and microbiological stability of phenytoin sodium suspension is analyzed at various temperatures.

Background 3D printing (3DP) has gained interest in many fields of medicine including cardiology, plastic surgery, and urology due to its versatility, convenience, and low cost. However, critical care medicine, which is abundant with high acuity yet infrequent procedures, has not embraced 3DP as much as others. The discrepancy between the possible training or therapeutic uses of 3DP in critical care and what is currently utilized in other fields needs to be addressed. Objective This narrative literature review describes the uses of 3DP in critical care that have been documented. It also discusses possible future directions based on recent technological advances. Methods A literature search on PubMed was performed using keywords and Mesh terms for 3DP, critical care, and critical care skills. Results Our search found that 3DP use in critical care fell under the major categories of medical education (23 papers), patient care (4 papers) and clinical equipment modification (4 papers). Medical education showed the use of 3DP in bronchoscopy, congenital heart disease, cricothyroidotomy, and medical imaging. On the other hand, patient care papers discussed 3DP use in wound care, personalized splints, and patient monitoring. Clinical equipment modification papers reported the use of 3DP to modify stethoscopes and laryngoscopes to improve their performance. Notably, we found that only 13 of the 31 papers were directly produced or studied by critical care physicians. Conclusion The papers discussed provide examples of the possible utilities of 3DP in critical care. The relative scarcity of papers produced by critical care physicians may indicate barriers to 3DP implementation. However, technological advances such as point-of-care 3DP tools and the increased demand for 3DP during the recent COVID-19 pandemic may change 3DP implementation across the critical care field.

El objetivo de estudio se basa en analizar los alcances que tiene el comercio Intra-industrial, en potenciales contextos que enfrentan las industrias en el comercio internacional, así como la movilidad de los factores de producción. La problemática que origina la investigación es la limitación del modelo de libre movilidad de bienes entre países. La metodología se basa en la aplicación ecuaciones factoriales, el resultado de la investigación obtuvo varios resultados, uno de ellos es la ventaja que la empresa local obtiene cuando es intensivo capital, lo cual da como resultado que r-w=(1,42), porque los trabajadores aprovechan su escasez relativa; mientras que *r-w** empresa extranjera gana un trabajador (1,12). Como conclusión se establecen, que los industrias con componente intensivo en conocimiento son quienes decidan si tiene libre de movilidad de factores.

Maritime migration and island adaptation by anatomically modern humans (AMH) are among the most significant issues in Southeast Asian anthropology and archaeology, and directly related to their behavioural and technological advancements. A major research hotspot is Wallacean Archipelago located between the past Sunda and Sahul continents during the late Pleistocene. The gaps between the Wallacean islands and both landmasses are very likely the major factor for the relative scarcity of animal species originating from Asia and Oceania and the high diversity of endemic species in Wallacea. They are also considered as a barrier for hominin migration into Wallacean islands and Sahul continent. We report about new archaeological research on the eastern coast of Sulawesi, which could have been the most potential location for the early AMH migration by sea crossings from the Maluku Islands along the northern routes towards Sahul. Based on the new findings, we discuss the evidence and timeline for migrations of early modern humans into the Wallacean islands. This includes an overview of the excavated stone and bone artefacts and faunal remains in the region in the context of changes in human foraging behaviour as well as the technological and cognitive aspects of human adaptation as a response to rapidly changing ecological conditions during the late Pleistocene to Holocene periods.

A Cidade de Belém do Pará, também conhecida como cidade das águas, localizada ao norte do Brasil, é a porta de entrada da Bacia Amazônica, e é entrecortada por 13 bacias hidrográficas e cercada por rios e bahias. No entanto, sua identidade ribeirinha tem sido negada, havendo uma relação conflituosa entre a população e as características naturais da cidade. Ora os conflitos estão relacionados às características naturais ou modificadas dos rios e suas bacias, conflitando com o sítio urbano da cidade, ora o conflito se dá pela falta de água ou escassez relativa, advinda principalmente pela oferta de serviço de abastecimento público. Desta forma, existe um conflito de interesses no uso e acesso a água na cidade. Assim, pretendemos discutir o conflito histórico com as águas na Cidade das Águas

This essay ponders the relative scarcity of ecocritical analyses of George Eliot’s fiction and argues that Eliot’s ecological “credentials” are to be sought less in the themes foregrounded in her novels than in the conjoint reading of her fiction with recent re-interpretations of Spinoza’s Ethics as an “ecosophy” led by contemporary European philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, and Corine Pelluchon. Taking its inspiration from critic John Parham’s template for a specifically “Victorian ecology” in literature, the essay examines the relations the characters of Middlemarch entertain with the various environments or “mediums” in which they move, from the physical “land” they own or exploit, to the less tangible (albeit solidly depicted) social “medium” of rumour and gossip which hampers, clogs and contaminates their endeavours, to the minds of other characters which form the “medium” in which their sense of self takes shape. The focus is thus shifted away from the moral framework of “sympathy” in which Eliot’s work is often cast, and onto an ethology of bodies that combine to form more or less harmonious communities or sociabilities.

Spinal metastases have unique epidemiological features and treatment methods. Unfortunately, the relative scarcity of spinal metastases has limited the widespread development of descriptive epidemiological studies, especially in Asian countries. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with metastatic spinal tumors in China between 2007 and 2019.From January 2007 and July 2019, data on patients with spinal metastases were collected from five cancer centers in China, and demographic characteristics, primary tumor types, segments and numbers of vertebral lesions, disease-related scores, and treatment methods were reviewed.A total of 2228 patients with spinal metastases were reviewed in this study, including 1279 male patients and 949 female patients, and the male to female ratio was 1.35: 1. More than half of patients developed metastatic diseases between the ages of 50 years and 69 years (64%). Overall, lung cancer (824 cases, 37%) was the most common primary tumor type and the most common level of spinal involvement was multi-level of metastases (860 cases, 39%). 705 patients (32%) had undergone surgical treatments, 1028 patients (46%) had undergone radiotherapy for metastatic vertebrae, and 855 patients (38%) had received systemic treatments. The age, primary tumor type, number of involved vertebrae, Frankel grade, and spinal instability neoplastic score would affect the surgical decision-making.This study provides insight into the epidemiological characteristics of spinal metastasis and health care service utilization in spinal metastasis patients in China.ICD-10: International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status; SINS: Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score; SOSG: Spine Oncology Study Group; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; CT: Computed Tomography; ECT: Emission Computed Tomography.

espanolLos antecedentes del estudio se relacionan con la economia internacional, la reduccion de costos de transporte, la facilidad de las transacciones informaticas, la constitucion de corresponsalias, y la apertura del periodo de paz mas largo de los ultimos tiempos, constituyen un espacio para la internacionalizacion de los negocios. El objetivo de este articulo es analizar las implicaciones que tiene el comercio Intraindustrial y equilibrio integrador basados en el modelo Hecksher-Ohlin (HO), para determinar posibles escenarios que enfrentan los paises en el comercio Intraindustrial, asi como la movilidad de los factores de produccion como limitacion del modelo y opciones de libre movilidad de bienes entre 2 paises. Los principales resultados se obtuvo mediante la aplicacion de una metodologia analitica basada en el estudio de las principales variables de tipo transversal, se desarrollo ecuaciones factoriales donde se obtuvo varios resultados, uno de ellos es la ventaja que el pais local obtiene cuando es intensivo capital, lo cual da como resultado que r-w=(1,62), porque los trabajadores aprovechan su escasez relativa; mientras que *r-w** pais extranjero gana un trabajador (1,22), esto trae como principales resultado que los dos paises sean beneficiados por el comercio ya que el equilibrio mundial se da con especializacion total. Como conclusion se establecen, que los paises con factor intensivo en conocimiento son quienes decidan si tiene libre de movilidad de factores. EnglishThe background of the study is related to the international economy, the reduction of transport costs, the ease of computer transactions, the establishment of correspondents, and the opening of the longest peace period of recent times, constitute a space for internationalization of bussiness. The objective of this article is to analyze the implications of Intra-industrial trade and integrative balance based on the Hecksher-Ohlin (HO) model, to determine possible scenarios that countries face in Intra-industrial trade, as well as the mobility of the factors of production like limitation of the model and options of free mobility of goods between 2 countries. The main results were obtained through the application of an analytical methodology based on the study of the main crosssectional variables, factorial equations were developed where several results were obtained, one of them is the advantage that the local country obtains when it is capital intensive, which results in rw = (1.62), because workers take advantage of their relative scarcity; While * r-w ** foreign country earns a worker (1.22), this brings as a main result that the two countries are benefited by trade since the global balance is given with full specialization. In conclusion, it is established that countries with knowledge-intensive factors are the ones who decide if they have factor-free mobility

This article discusses the epistemological structure of At-Tafsīr al-Iqti ṣ ādī li al-Qur'ān al-Karīm by Rafīq Yūnus al-Maṣrī. The author of this tafseer is an economist, a researcher at the Center for Islamic Economic Studies University of Malik 'Abdul' Azīz, and is active in Al-Jam'iyah Ad-Dauliyah li Al-Iqtisād London. The author's background makes this book very interesting to study because not many economists have written tafsir studies. This article is a literature study employing a descriptive-analysis method and a historical-philosophical approach. This study shows that the interpretation of At-Tafsīr al-Iqti ṣ ādī li al-Qur'ān al-Karīm was written in a tartib mushafi model, and predominantly used tafsīr bi ar-ra'yi with the nuances of the tafsīr iqti ṣ ādī . The nuances of the iqti ṣ ādī interpretation come from tafsīr ʻ ilmī , which shows scientific theories from the Qur’an. Through the tafsīr iqti ṣ ādī , Rafīq Yūnus al-Maṣrī attempted to show that the Qur’an can be interpreted using an economic approach and argued that the Qur’an provides the existence of economic theories. Among these theories are Musykilah an-Nadirah an-Nisbiyah (relative scarcity), at-Taf ḍ īl az-Zamanī (time preference), and Ta’dzīm al-manāfi’ (profit maximisation).

Sabine R. Huebner and Christian Laes, ed., The Single Life in the Roman and Later Roman World . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 434 pp. ISBN 9781108470170. $130.00. “All the single ladies” will not be surprised nor will their male and gender fluid counterparts: there was never a time in history without persons who lived the single life, however defined. What is surprising is that the single life has received comparatively scant scholarly attention, especially in the premodern period. Indeed, as Christian Laes observes, “sociocultural research on the single life in the Roman empire has been virtually absent so far” (21). Once one considers how to define “the single life,” however, the relative scarcity of scholarly investigation becomes easier to fathom. What is “the single life?” In his detailed and sophisticated introduction to this important volume Christian Laes makes it clear that Christian asceticism is not what is primarily at issue (though it does of course play a role), but rather something akin to “not married and not in a sexual partnership” without a religious motivation to forgo either and while of an age at that allows for both. In other words, many human beings experience such a situation at some point in the course of their life, for example while not yet married or no longer married because of being widowed or divorced. But does that mean they live a single life? After all, they could be part of an extended family; does that count? In short, analyzing the single life in premodern societies such as the Roman and Later Roman world poses significant conceptual and methodological challenges. As Laes points out, even in today's Western industrialized societies that form the basis of his comparative analysis (3–5), the single life encompasses such potentially contradictory elements as “the legal fact of not being married or not being in an exclusive relationship” (whereby being in an exclusive relationship is only sometimes a legal fact); “living alone and the possible …

In this address, I distinguish and explore three conceptions of wages. A wage is a reward, given in recognition of the performance of a valued task. It is also an incentive: a way to entice workers to take and keep jobs, and to motivate them to work hard. Finally, a wage is a price of labor, and like all prices, conveys valuable information about relative scarcity. I show that each conception of wages has its own normative logic, or appropriate justification, and these logics can come apart. This explains some of the debate about wages and makes the project of justifying a wagesimpliciterdifficult. I identify which logic we should choose, since we must choose, and say what this means for how we should think about the justification of pay.

Photoacoustic (PA) dyes, which absorb near-infrared (NIR) light to generate an ultrasonic signal, can be detected at centimeter depths in tissues with significantly higher resolution than dyes imaged with fluorescence-based methods. As such, PA agents show great promise as research tools for the study of live-animal disease models. However, the development of activatable PA probes has been hampered by the relative scarcity of appropriate PA-active molecular platforms with properties that can be manipulated in a rational manner. Herein we synthesized and evaluated six modifications to the aza-BODIPY dye platform with respect to their absorbance, fluorescence, and PA properties. We identified a promising conformationally restricted aza-BODIPY (CRaB) scaffold that prioritizes three criteria necessary for the design of stimulus-responsive dyes with optimal ratiometric PA response: absorbance at NIR wavelengths, strong PA intensity, and large Δλ upon interaction with the desired stimulus. Using this scaffold, we synthesized three chemically diverse stimulus-responsive PA probes and demonstrated between 2- and 8-fold improvements in theoretical ratiometric response in vitro. This suggests that improvements in PA parameters are generalizable. Finally, we validated the in vitro turnover of each CRaB PA probe and demonstrated the in vivo potential of the CRaB scaffold by direct comparison to an established hypoxia-responsive probe for the detection of tumor hypoxia.

Bengali food, especially in the domestic context, has received much attention in recent academic scholarship, but there is a relative scarcity of studies on cultures of public dining practices in r...

This article describes and analyses China’s pursuit of natural resources in Latin America, particularly oil, iron, copper and soybeans, which account for over 70% of its imports from the region. This is motivated by the rapid growth and relative scarcity of natural resources in China itself, and the country’s long-term planning that sees the region as a major supplier. In the case of oil, access occurs mainly through loans for oil and direct investments, while in iron and copper it is obtained through direct investments and imports. The method chosen by China to guarantee supply security seems to involve physical control of the resource in question. In the case of soybeans, the path chosen has involved imports increasingly intermediated by trading companies already present in the region, which have recently been taken over by China.

The rationale for application of nanotechnology in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is sound. However, the translational strategy requires attention. Formulation of TAT in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems has the potential to resolve many of the issues currently experienced. As α-particle emitters are more cytotoxic compared to beta-minus-emitting agents, the results of poor biodistribution are more dangerous. Formulation in nanotechnology is also suggested to be the ideal solution for containing the recoil daughters emitted by actinium-225, radium-223, and thorium-227. Nanoparticle-based TAT is likely to increase stability, enhance radiation dosimetry profiles, and increase therapeutic efficacy. Unfortunately, nanoparticles have their own unique barriers towards clinical translation. A major obstacle is accumulation in critical organs such as the spleen, liver, and lungs. Furthermore, inflammation, necrosis, reactive oxidative species, and apoptosis are key mechanisms through which nanoparticle-mediated toxicity takes place. It is important at this stage of the technology’s readiness level that focus is shifted to clinical translation. The relative scarcity of α-particle emitters also contributes to slow-moving research in the field of TAT nanotechnology. This review describes approaches and solutions which may overcome obstacles impeding nanoparticle-based TAT and enhance clinical translation. In addition, an in-depth discussion of relevant issues and a view on technical and regulatory barriers are presented.

Despite the relative frequency of both bleeding and clotting disorders among patients treated in the neonatal intensive care unit, few clear guidelines exist for treatment of neonatal coagulopathies. The study and treatment of neonatal coagulopathies are complicated by the distinct hemostatic balance and clotting components present during this developmental stage as well as the relative scarcity of studies specific to this age group. This mini-review examines the current understanding of neonatal hemostatic balance and treatment of neonatal coagulopathies, with particular emphasis on emerging treatment methods and areas in need of further investigative efforts.

International audience; Driven by the unprecedented availability of data, machine learning has become a pervasive and transformative technology across industry and science. Its importance to marine science has been codified as one goal of the UN Ocean Decade. While increasing amounts of, for example, acoustic marine data are collected for research and monitoring purposes, and machine learning methods can achieve automatic processing and analysis of acoustic data, they require large training datasets annotated or labelled by experts. Consequently, addressing the relative scarcity of labelled data is, besides increasing data analysis and processing capacities, one of the main thrust areas. One approach to address label scarcity is the expert-in-the-loop approach which allows analysis of limited and unbalanced data efficiently. Its advantages are demonstrated with our novel deep learning-based expert-in-the-loop framework for automatic detection of turbulent wake signatures in echo sounder data. Using machine learning algorithms, such as the one presented in this study, greatly increases the capacity to analyse large amounts of acoustic data. It would be a first step in realising the full potential of the increasing amount of acoustic data in marine sciences.

Fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) is an important and challenging problem due to large intra-class differences and small inter-class differences caused by deformation, illumination, angles, etc. Although major advances have been achieved in natural images in the past few years due to the release of popular datasets such as the CUB-200-2011, Stanford Cars and Aircraft datasets, fine-grained ship classification in remote sensing images has been rarely studied because of relative scarcity of publicly available datasets. In this paper, we investigate a large amount of remote sensing image data of sea ships and determine most common 42 categories for fine-grained visual categorization. Based our previous DSCR dataset, a dataset for ship classification in remote sensing images, we collect more remote sensing images containing warships and civilian ships of various scales from Google Earth and other popular remote sensing image datasets including DOTA, HRSC2016, NWPU VHR-10, We call our dataset FGSCR-42, meaning a dataset for Fine-Grained Ship Classification in Remote sensing images with 42 categories. The whole dataset of FGSCR-42 contains 9320 images of most common types of ships. We evaluate popular object classification algorithms and fine-grained visual categorization algorithms to build a benchmark. Our FGSCR-42 dataset is publicly available at our webpages.

The research aimed to study alternative economics of rice through the relative scarcity of water in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, and to develop a concept to reduce the cultivated areas in the governorates in line with the requirements of producers and the goals of the national economy, Study the development of the productive capacity of the rice crop and alternative crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate,So Study the relative importance of the cultivated area of the rice crop in the governorates and estimate the separate impact of the area and productivity on the production capacity, The rates of temporal change indicate that there is a decrease in the production capacity of the rice crop with its two elements, the cultivated area and the acre productivity at the national and local levels in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, and Kafr El Sheikh Governorate contributed about 20.8% of the rice production capacity in the Republic, nd the effect of feddan productivity on production capacity exceeds the effect of the cultivated area in the governorates of Dakahlia, Beheira, and Gharbia, and that the effect of the cultivated area on production outweighs the impact of feddan productivity. In the governorates of Kafr El Sheikh, Sharkia, Damietta.

Geochemical modeling offers the opportunity to predict the extraction behavior of rare earth elements (REEs) from secondary resources, as well as to mechanistically confirm the governing reactions that control leachability and speciation. In this chapter, several studies on the extraction and recovery of REEs from coal combustion residues and mining wastes, where geochemical modeling was utilized, are reviewed. The motivation of each study is discussed and compared, the methodologies utilized in each study are summarized and contrasted, and the main results obtained in these studies are described. Elements of interest for recovery from secondary resources, due to their economic value and relative scarcity, include light (e.g., Nd), middle (e.g., Tb) and heavy (e.g., Er) REEs, in addition to scandium and yttrium. Furthermore, the role that geochemical modeling has to play in environmental studies cannot be overemphasized, and is topic of discussion throughout. Future studies on the geochemical modeling of REEs will likely investigate the leaching kinetics and the long-term stability of REEs in waste storage sites, especially as the capability of geochemical modeling software and the comprehensiveness of thermodynamic databases expand to include the needed tools and data for these types of studies.

The DSHARP survey evidenced the ubiquity of substructure in the mm dust distribution of large, bright protoplanetary discs. Intriguingly, these datasets have yet higher resolution information that is not recovered in a CLEAN image. We first show that the intrinsic performance of the CLEAN algorithm is resolution-limited. Then analyzing all 20 DSHARP sources using the 1D, super-resolution code Frankenstein (frank), we accurately fit the 1D visibilities to a mean factor of 4.3 longer baseline than the Fourier transform of the CLEAN images and a factor of 3.0 longer baseline than the transform of the CLEAN component models. This yields a higher resolution brightness profile for each source, identifying new substructure interior to 30 au in multiple discs; resolving known gaps to be deeper, wider, and more structured; and known rings to be narrower and brighter. Across the survey, high contrast gaps are an average 14% wider and 44% deeper in the frank profiles relative to CLEAN, and high contrast rings are an average 26% narrower. Categorizing the frank brightness profiles into trends, we find that the relative scarcity of features interior to 30 au in the survey's CLEAN images is an artifact of resolving power, rather than an intrinsic rarity of inner disc (or compact disc) substructure. Finally the rings in the frank profiles are narrower than the previously inferred deconvolved widths, indicating smaller alpha / St ratios in the local gas disc., Comment: Revised version, accepted to MNRAS. Changes: added CLEAN .model profiles to Sec.3 and 4, quantified gaps/rings in frank profiles in Sec.5 and Table 3, expanded analysis of alpha/St in Sec.5.3.1. All frank fits are now available at https://zenodo.org/record/5587841

The research problem can be summarized in the decline of economic culture regarding social media posts. So, we notice an increase in the percentage of debtors who do not do well in many countries of the world, but social media has increased social jealousy that urges for extravagance and the waste of available economic resources. The importance of the study arises from two main points: the importance of the subject of the study, which is the economic culture and the preservation of the economic resources available in the world in light of the scarcity of resources or their relative scarcity, as well as the huge inflation in the number of social media users, where the users of the three methods (subject of study) reached more than 3.5 Billion at the beginning of 2019, which raised the global percentage to 45% of the total number of people around the world. The study objectives focus on showing the groups benefiting from this personal experience through Instagram, Twitter and YouTube, shedding light on the economic aspects that this personal experience was keen to cover through social media, as well as detailing the beneficiary groups, along with mentioning samples of the feedbacks of those who follow the experience through social media. The study concentrated on the time limits from 2017 to 2020, while its human limits are all viewers and listeners of all Arabic native speakers.

espanolLa peste fue el shock demografico mas devastador registrado en la historia de la humanidad. Sin embargo, los efectos en la poblacion europea y en sus economias fueron asimetricos. Este trabajo estudia los efectos econo-micos de la peste en Espana en el corto y largo plazo en perspectiva europea. Mientras que el impacto demo-grafico en Espana fue moderado comparado con la media europea, los efectos economicos fueron mas severos y el ingreso per capita descendio abruptamente. Esto se debio a la existencia de una economia de frontera en Espana caracterizada por la escasez de trabajo y un fragil equilibrio entre los factores de produccion. Al contra-rio que en la mayoria de Europa, en Espana la peste incremento la desigualdad al descender la remuneracion del trabajo mas rapidamente que las ganancias de los propietarios. En el largo plazo la peste reforzo el estatus de economia de frontera EnglishThe Black Death was the most devastating demographic shock in recorded human history. However, the effects in the European population were highly asymmetrical as were its economic consequences. This paper surveys the short and long run economic effects of the plague in Spain in European perspective. While the demographic impact in Spain was moderate compared to the European average, the economic effects were more severe and incomes per head fell sharply. This was a consequence of the existence of a frontier economy in Spain charac-terised by a relative scarcity of labour and a fragile equilibrium between factors of production. Unlike most of Europe, in Spain the Black Death increased inequality as the remuneration of labour decreased more rapidly than proprietors’ gains. In the long term the Plague reinforced the frontier economy status.

Every year approximately 450–500 new pediatric patients are diagnosed with various types of cancer in Israel, and approximately 90–100 of these children succumb to their disease every year. Although the number of childhood deaths each year may seem small, the emotional, social, and financial impacts are extraordinary. Pediatric palliative care (PPC) in Israel exists and functions on three levels: hospital, community, and hospice. All these three levels of PPC are connected to and dependent on each other and deliver their services to pediatric oncology patients who spend most of their time at home after being regarded as incurable. In Israel, an absolute majority of children with chronic and life-limiting conditions, including cancer, die in hospital. The reasons for this are several and reflect medical, psychosocial, and organizational aspects characteristic of the last phase of life of pediatric oncology patients in the country. The relative scarcity of both human and material resources for providing highly professional and comprehensive pediatric palliative care at the community level, as well as an underdeveloped pediatric hospice network, further complicates the current situation. For the improved development of PPC at the homes of children with advanced and progressive cancer, many improvements in such fields as continuous professional education and creation of financial mechanisms directed at stimulation and reimbursement policy in the field should be considered and implemented.

A prominent hurdle in developing small molecule probes against RNA is the relative scarcity of general screening methods. In this study, we demonstrate the application of a fluorescent peptide displacement assay to screen small molecule probes against four different RNA targets. The designed experimental protocol combined with statistical analysis provides a fast and convenient method to simultaneously evaluate small molecule libraries against different RNA targets and classify them based on affinity and selectivity patterns.

Since the financial crisis of 2008, the international literature on neoliberalism is booming. Despite the ubiquity of neoliberalism as a topic in Dutch public debate, Dutch academia thus far seems to be an exception to the trend. This introduction reflects on the relative scarcity of Dutch academic literature on neoliberalism, provides a brief overview of recent developments in the international literature and proposes a historicalsociological approach to study neoliberalism, with particular emphasis on the pivotal role of ideas and their translation into policy practices.

Children’s mastery of linguistic resources for achieving textual competence is crucial to writing development. There is, however, a relative scarcity of empirical evidence regarding how writing develops during the primary years of schooling. This chapter contributes to understanding the development of writing capacity, focusing on the linguistic resources primary children use to make meaning in two widely used text types – Information Reports and Expositions. Of particular interest in this chapter is the way the noun group structures are used to make meaning appropriate to the text types. This research draws on findings from a larger study that examined, within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the texts of primary aged children (in Australia, Years 3 to 6, inclusive). The chapter contributes to an enriched understanding of an expansion of the noun group as a marker of development in textual competence. The analysis sheds light on how teachers and educators may craft developmental pathways to facilitate student textual competence, particularly in the two genres investigated.

Mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics has revolutionized phosphoprotein analysis and enhanced our understanding of diverse and fundamental cellular processes important for human health and disease. Because of their relative scarcity, phosphopeptides must be enriched before analysis. Many different enrichment methods and materials have been described, and many reports have made claims about the advantages of particular materials and methodological variations. We demonstrate an effective and highly reproducible single-step enrichment method using an off-the-shelf preparation of calcium titanate. Using two different cell lines and replicate analysis, we show that our method achieves a purity and depth of analysis comparable or superior to a widely used TiO2-based method at a reduced cost and effort. This method provides a new and immediately available tool for expanding the reach of phosphoproteomic inquiry.

In the pre–direct-acting antiviral era, hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments were complex and largely managed by hepatologists, gastroenterologists, and infectious disease physicians. As direct-acting antivirals have driven up demand for treatment, the relative scarcity of these specialists has created a bottleneck effect, resulting in only a fraction of HCV-infected individuals offered treatment. The San Francisco Health Network is a safety net system of care. Its intervention was designed to be sustainable and scalable; with minimal time commitments for training providers, primary care–based HCV treatment increased 3-fold in a period of just over 3 years.

Methodologies and theories for writing histories of philosophy are particularly relevant today due to the abounding challenges to the discipline that have emerged: e.g. the problem concerning the precise mode of the inclusion of non-Western philosophies in the history of philosophy, the response to postcolonial considerations at large, the transformative impact of new media and the question whether the history of philosophy is primarily a philosophical, rather than merely historical, enterprise. A propos the relative scarcity that is to be witnessed in explicit articulations of methodologies and theories for writing histories of philosophy, in this note I focus on certain spontaneous, rather than theoretically planned, responses that have emerged to the above challenges – in particular, Peter Adamson’s History of Philosophy without any gaps – and in conclusion, as an example of methodological development, I touch on some of the problems we encounter in the case of the inclusion of Byzantine philos...

Numerical models are excellent tools for conducting process studies and testing hypotheses based on observations. They constitute a "virtual laboratory" in which the forcings can be set "on" or "off", or even the environmental conditions can be modified. The Rio de la Plata (RdP) is one of the most turbid estuaries in the world and the one most important in terms of continental discharge and drainage area. Observations of suspended fine sediments, particularly those remote and in situ collected on recent studies, have driven to the statement of several hypotheses about the processes that would determine the concentration of suspended sediments in the different parts of the estuary. Nevertheless, the relative scarcity of data do not allow to demonstrate the validity of those hypothesis and the role of several physical processes and of the morphology remain unknown. The objective of this work is, therefore, to analyze the role of the different forcing and the environmental conditions in the determination of the distribution of suspended fine sediments in the RdP applying processes oriented numerical simulations. Fil: Simionato, Claudia Gloria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina Fil: Moreira, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina

The ureters are retroperitoneal structures controlling urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder. Because of the relative scarcity of data on the biomechanical properties of human ureter and the established importance of knowing these properties for understanding its physiology, we initiated biomechanical studies in cadaveric tissue. Herein, we report definite zero-stress/no-load geometrical characterization at 15 regions along the ureter of human cadavers aged 23–82 years, estimating the opening angle, circumferential residual strains, axial curvature, and dimensional parameters. Opening angle decreased along the proximal 25% of ureter, increased and reached a maximum near the mid-ureter, and then gradually decreased toward the vesicoureteral junction (young: p 0.05; males: p 0.05 at most regions) and opening angle decreased ( p

The great majority of prior phytoscreening applications have been conducted in humid and temperate environments wherein groundwater is relatively shallow (~ 1–6 m deep). The objective of this research is to evaluate its use in semi-arid environments for sites with deeper groundwater (> 10 m). To that end, phytoscreening is applied to three chlorinated-solvent hazardous-waste sites in Arizona. Contaminant concentrations were quantifiable in tree-tissue samples collected from two of the sites (Nogales, Park-Euclid). Contaminant concentrations were detectable, but not quantifiable, for the third site. Tree-tissue concentrations of tetrachloroethene (PCE) ranged from approximately 400–5000 ug/kg wet weight for burrobrush, cottonwood, palo verde, and velvet mesquite at the Nogales site. In addition to standard trunk-core samples, leaf samples were collected to test the effectiveness of a less invasive sampling method. Leaf-sample concentrations were quantifiable, but several times lower than the corresponding core-sample concentrations. Comparison of results obtained for the test sites to those reported in the literature suggest that tree species is a major factor mediating observed results. One constraint faced for the Arizona sites was the relative scarcity of mature trees available for sampling, particularly in areas adjacent to industrial zones. The results of this study illustrate that phytoscreening can be used effectively to characterize the presence of groundwater contamination for semi-arid sites with deeper groundwater.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder with involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of PD, and it has been postulated that the disease may originate in olfactory and gastrointestinal nerve terminals. The prion-like behavior of α-synuclein has been convincingly demonstrated in vitro and in animal models of PD. Lewy-type pathology have been detected in peripheral organs many years prior to PD diagnosis, and 2 independent studies have now suggested that truncal vagotomy may be protective against the disorder. Other lines of evidence are difficult to reconcile with a peripheral onset of PD, most importantly the relative scarcity of post mortem cases with isolated gastrointestinal α-synuclein pathology without concomitant CNS pathology. This Scientific Perspectives article revisits some important topics with implications for the dual-hit hypothesis. An account of the neuroanatomical pathways necessary for stereotypical α-synuclein spreading is presented. Parallels to the existing knowledge on true prion disorders, including Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, are examined. Finally, the vagotomy studies and the somewhat inconsistent findings in the growing literature on peripheral α-synuclein pathology are discussed. It is concluded that the dual-hit hypothesis remains a potential explanation for PD pathogenesis, but several issues need to be resolved before more firm conclusions can be drawn. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

In spite of important recent work on the history of technology and the dynamics of technological change in Latin America, the literature in this field remains relatively undeveloped. In part, this is due to a relative scarcity of available sources for conducting research. This research note argues that national patent records are an important and untapped source for a wide range of studies on technology and technological change. The research note announces the creation of major new comprehensive databases of patent records in several Latin American countries, part of a larger, ongoing project to compile and make publically accessible patent records across the region. We also provide an introduction to the history of patents in Latin America, followed by a discussion of both the use (and misuse) of patents as historical evidence and recent advances in collecting and using patent evidence in Latin America. Resumen A pesar de valiosos trabajos sobre la historia de la tecnologia y las dinamicas del cambio tecnologico en America Latina, no se puede afirmar que exista una extensa historiografia sobre el asunto. En parte, esto se debe a la escasez relativa de fuentes de investigacion. Este articulo sostiene, precisamente, que los registros nacionales de patentes han sido muy poco explotados y pueden constituir una importante fuente para una amplia gama de estudios sobre la tecnologia y el cambio tecnologico. En concreto, se anuncia la creacion de nuevas y exhaustivas bases de datos historicas de patentes en varios paises de America Latina, como parte de un proyecto en curso, de mayor envergadura, que pretende compilar y hacer accesible al publico los registros de toda la region. Se aporta, en suma, una introduccion sobre la historia de las patentes en America Latina, seguida de un analisis de las ventajas e inconvenientes de su uso como evidencia historica, asi como de los ultimos avances en su recopilacion.

Resumo: O trabalho apresenta contribuição teórica para investigações inerentes à temática da estratégia baseada em capacidades, um ramo de investigações das áreas de Administração e Economia. Seu ineditismo se assenta na relativa escassez de trabalhos com este perfil voltados para a área de Defesa, ao menos no que concerne à língua portuguesa e à matriz conceitual utilizada. A abordagem aqui apresentada procurou precisar o exato contexto teórico em que a estratégia baseada em capacidades se localiza, qual seja, a microeconomia e a economia dos custos de transação. Apresenta ainda um quadro referencial das necessidades estratégico-operacionais da área de Defesa no Brasil, basilares para que, conjugadas com as nuances da microeconomia, ajudem a assentar em bases sólidas os caminhos teóricos e os complexos contratos a serem celebrados entre os diferentes agentes que serão demandados nestes esforços de interesse nacional. Abstract: This paper offers a theoretical contribution to the research related to the capability-based strategy, a branch of research within the Administration and Economy areas. Its originality is based on the relative scarcity of work on this topic that focuses on the Defense area, at least work produced in Portuguese with the conceptual matrix used here. This paper focuses on clarifying the exact theoretical context of the capability-based strategy such as microeconomics and economy of transaction costs. It also represents a benchmark for the strategic-operational needs of the Defense area in Brazil; they -together with the nuances of microeconomics- are key to set on solid grounds the theoretical paths and complex contracts that will be entered into by and between the different agents needed in these efforts of national interest. Resumen: Este trabajo ofrece una contribución teórica para las investigaciones inherentes al tema de la estrategia basada en las capacidades, una rama de investigación dentro de las áreas de Administración y Economia. Su originalidad se basa en la relativa escasez de trabajos de este género enfocados en el área de Defensa, al menos con respecto al idioma português y a la matriz conceptual utilizada. Este trabajo se enfocó en precisar el contexto teórico exacto en el que se ubica la estrategia basada en capacidades, como la microeconomia y la economia de los costos de transacción. Además, representa un marco referencial para las necesidades estratégico-operacionales del área de Defensa en Brasil, que son claves para que -junto con los matices de la microeconomia- ayuden a asentar sobre unas bases sólidas los caminos teóricos y los complejos contratos que serán celebrados entre los diferentes agentes que serán necesarios en estos esfuerzos de interés nacional.

Computerized classification testing (CCT) aims to classify persons into one of two or more possible categories to make decisions such as mastery/non-mastery or meet most/meet all/exceed. A defining feature of CCT is its stopping criterion: the test terminates when there is enough confidence to make a decision. There is abundant research on CCT with a single cut-off, and two common stopping criteria are the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) statistic and the generalized likelihood ratio statistic (GLR). However, there is a relative scarcity of research extending the SPRT to the multi-hypothesis case for when there is more than one cut-off. In this paper, we propose a new multi-category GLR (mGLR) statistic as well as a stochastically curtailed version of the CCT with three or more categories. A simulation study was conducted to show that the mGLR statistic outperformed the existing stopping rules by generating shorter average test length without sacrificing classification accuracy. Results also revealed that the stochastically curtailed mGLR successfully increased test efficiency in certain testing conditions.

Markets are driving organisations worldwide towards digital transformation. This research investigates this phenomenon in a particular environment by looking at what drives and inhibits South African (SA) retail organisations to adopt digital transformation. It also looks at the proposed use cases in retail for selected digital technologies. Given the relative scarcity of academic research and available theory on the topic, a case study approach was adopted. The analytic framework used was the Technology, Organisational, and Environmental (TOE) framework, which proved a suitable way to systematically categorize the perceived drivers and challenges. The most prominent digital transformation initiatives in the SA retail industry were the adoption of cloud technologies and data analytics. The factors and use cases which were uncovered, as well as their relative importance, could inform other retailers in their decision-making process concerning digital transformation.

En 2016, la isla de San Andrés, en el Caribe Colombiano, fue declarada en calamidad pública al no contar con suficiente recurso hídrico para satisfacer la demanda de agua de una población residente y flotante que va en aumento. Paralelamente hay un modelo de turismo de masas que arraiga la escasez relativa y para comprender su impacto, el presente trabajo hace una valoración analítica del uso del agua en el servicio de alojamiento: se documenta la percepción, los patrones de uso y las estrategias de ahorro que el turista, el hotelero, las viviendas turísticas y las entidades gubernamentales tienen sobre el agua y finalmente los indicios de conflicto entre el sector turismo y los residentes por el recurso. In 2016, San Andrés Island, in the Colombian Caribbean, was declared a public disaster area on account of its scarce water resources insufficient to cover the needs of an increasing resident and floating population.. The mass tourism model adopted was the root of the exacerbation of the problem and its consequent negative outcome. The present article, as such, is designed to examine use of water in the hospitality industry. It documents perceptions, patterns and economising strategies of use as expressed by tourists, hoteliers, guesthouses and government entities and finally the signs of conflict as a result of scarcity of the resource between the tourism sector and the residents.