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Root-associated endophytic fungi (RAF) are found asymptomatically in almost all plant groups. However, little is known about the compositions and potential functions of RAF communities associated with most Orchidaceae species. In this study, the diversity of RAF was examined in four wild epiphytic orchids, Acampe rigida, Doritis pulcherrima, Renanthera coccinea, and Robiquetia succisa, that occur in southern China. A culture-independent method involving Illumina amplicon sequencing, and an in vitro culture method, were used to identify culturable fungi. The RAF community diversity differed among the orchid roots, and some fungal taxa were clearly concentrated in a certain orchid species, with more OTUs being detected. By investigating mycorrhizal associations, the results showed that 28 (about 0.8%) of the 3527 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) could be assigned as OMF, while the OTUs of non-mycorrhizal fungal were about 99.2%. Among the OMFs, Ceratobasidiaceae OTUs were the most abundant with different richness, followed by Thelephoraceae. In addition, five Ceratobasidium sp. strains were isolated from D. pulcherrima, R. succisa, and R. coccinea roots with high separation rates. These culturable Ceratobasidium strains will provide materials for host orchid conservation and for studying the mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Renanthera coccinea Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 521, 1790 Specimens examined:— SAGAING. Kale District: fide Aung et al. (2020: 101). TANINTHARYI. Dawei District: Parish 167 (K); same loc., 22 Feb 1928, Ba Pe 8134 (K); same loc., 180 m, 24 Mar 2012, Saw Lwin et al. TNRO 57 (SING). Also reported from Chin State by Kress et al. (2003: 87), but we have not seen material from this area. Distribution:— Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina and southwestern and southern China., Published as part of Ormerod, Paul, Kurzweil, Hubert & Watthana, Santi, 2021, Annotated List of Orchidaceae for Myanmar, pp. 1-262 in Phytotaxa 481 (1) on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5417592, {"references":["Aung, Y. L., Mu, A. T., Aung, M. H., Liu, Q. & Jin, X. H. (2020) An annotated checklist of Myanmar orchid flora. PhytoKeys 138: 49 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 138.36144","Kress, W. J., DeFilipps, R. A., Farr, E. & Yin Yin Kyi (2003) A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1 - 590."]}

Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1891: 200, 1891 Specimens examined:— CHIN. Mindat District: 1145 m, 1 May 1956, Kingdon-Ward 22182 (BM); same loc., 1065 m, 1 May 1956, Maung Gale-2 5494 (RAF); same loc., 18 Apr 2012, Law Shein 088433 (MBK). SHAN. Taunggyi District: 1525 m, May 1938, Dickason 9332 (AMES). Also reported from Mandalay Region by Kress et al. (2003: 87), but we have not seen material from this area. Distribution:— The eastern Himalayas, northeastern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina and southwestern China., Published as part of Ormerod, Paul, Kurzweil, Hubert & Watthana, Santi, 2021, Annotated List of Orchidaceae for Myanmar, pp. 1-262 in Phytotaxa 481 (1) on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5417592, {"references":["Kress, W. J., DeFilipps, R. A., Farr, E. & Yin Yin Kyi (2003) A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1 - 590."]}

Renanthera isosepala Holttum in G.Seidenfaden & T.Smitinand, Orch. Thail. (Prelim. List): 825, 1965 Specimen examined:— KAYIN. ‘ Mountains on Thai border’, native collector in Rice s.n. (not located), fide Rice (2007: 2). Distribution:— Southern Myanmar and Thailand. Renanthera pulchella Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 213, 1914. Type:— MYANMAR. Without locality: cult. Peeters s.n. (holotype: K) Heterotypic synonym: Renanthera hennisiana Schltr., Orchis 8: 114, 1914. Type:— MYANMAR. Without locality, cult. Hennis s.n. (holotype: B, destroyed). Specimens examined:— WITHOUT LOCALITY. Types; cult. Hennis s.n . (M). Distribution:— Endemic. Note:— A sheet at M has two flowers from Hennis, which could serve as a neotype for R. hennisiana., Published as part of Ormerod, Paul, Kurzweil, Hubert & Watthana, Santi, 2021, Annotated List of Orchidaceae for Myanmar, pp. 1-262 in Phytotaxa 481 (1) on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.481.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5417592, {"references":["Rice, R. (2007) Renanthera isosepala. Oasis 3 (3): 2."]}

Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe is an epiphyte of genus Renanthera in family Orchidaceae. R. imschootiana is a rare tropical orchid with high ornamental value. We determined its complete chloroplast ...

Age, position and orientation of leaf explants of Renanthera Tom Thumb ‘Qilin’ and plant growth regulators affected the induction of callus and the formation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and shoots. Calli, PLBs were only induced from the young leaf explants (≤3.5 cm) of flowering plants, particularly leaf tip and leaf base segments and when placed adaxial side up. PLBs formed in 38.33% of cultures after 120 days culture on Vacin and Went (VW) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 thidiazuron (TDZ), 1.0 g l−1 peptone, and 10% coconut water (CW). PLBs were sub-cultured 12 times on VW medium with 0.5 mg l−1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1.0 g l−1 peptone, 100 ml l−1 CW and 0.5 g l−1 activated charcoal (AC) over a two-year period with a 2.77- to 3.20-fold increase per subculture. VW medium containing 1.0 g l−1 peptone, 1.0 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 g l−1 AC was suitable for plantlet formation and 85.33% of plantlets developed from PLBs within 60 days culture. VW medium containing 100 g l−1 banana homogenate (BH), 1.0 g l−1 peptone, 1.0 mg l−1 NAA, 30 g l−1 sucrose and 1.5 g l−1 AC was suitable for plantlet growth and 99.67% of acclimatized plantlets survived. About 50,000 plantlets could be produced successfully within three years, showing no phenotypic variation. This protocol is an efficient means for the large-scale propagation of this Renanthera hybrid.

The Indo-Burmese mega-biodiversity 'hotspot' houses a number of ornamental orchids belonging to rare, endangered, threatened and vulnerable species possessing highly attractive flowers. However, till date, many of these beautiful orchids growing in the pristine forests of north-east India have remained largely unexplored and unexploited. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe is an IUCN red-listed rare and endangered orchid classified under Appendix-I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is renowned for its bright crimson, long-lasting floriferous spikes which bloom during spring every year. Vanda coerulea Griff. ex. L., and Vanda testacea (L.) Reichb.f. are simultaneously deeply coloured flowers with high aesthetic values. Using Renanthera imschootiana as the female parent, we have crossed it with the Vanda species and intergeneric hybrids have been synthesized, viz., Renantanda Kebisana Shija (R. imschootiana × V. coerulea) and Renantanda Prof GJ Sharma (V. testacea x R. imschootiana). These hybrids have been registered in The International Orchid Register of the Royal Horticultural Society, London. We have also developed in vitro propagation protocols for these parents and their hybrids keeping in view of their conservational and eco-restorative considerations. The synthesized hybrids produced beautifully coloured flowers with shelf-lives lasting from 1 to 1 1 / 2 months. Morphological as well as molecular characterizations of these hybrids have been made for confirmation of hybridity and other genetic information.

This brief chapter discusses the botanical and medicinal usage of Renanthera and Rhynchostylis, two very popular tropical orchids in cultivation, and Robequetia. Rhynchostylis retusa has a prominent place among Indian medicinal plants described by van Rheede in 1703 in his Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, the first European publication in which medicinal Asian orchid species were described.

Renanthera porphyrodesme (Schltr.) Kocyan & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Saccolabium porphyrodesme Schltr. in Schumann & Lauterbach (1905: 229). Homotypic synonym: Porphyrodesme papuana Schlechter (1913: 983). Heterotypic synonyms: Renanthera sarcanthoides Smith (1917: 94); Porphyrodesme sarcanthoides (J.J.Sm.) Mahyar (1988: 418)., Published as part of Kocyan, Alexander & Schuiteman, André, 2013, New combinations in Aeridinae (Orchidaceae), pp. 61-85 in Phytotaxa 161 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.161.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5128794, {"references":["Schumann, K. & Lauterbach, K. (1905) Nachtrage zur Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Sudsee. Borntraeger, Leipzig, 446 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 710","Smith, J. J. (1917) Orchidaceae novae Malayenses VIII. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 25: 1 - 103.","Mahyar, U. W. (1988) Observations on some species of the orchid genus Renanthera Loureiro. Reinwardtia 10: 399 - 418."]}

New combinations are made in the genera Arachnis , Brachypeza , Dimorphorchis , Grosourdya , Phalaenopsis , Renanthera , Robiquetia , Taeniophyllum , Thrixspermum , Trachoma and Trichoglottis . Two new subgenera are established in Phalaenopsis (subgen. Ornithochilus and Hygrochilus ). These changes are proposed to begin aligning the genera recognized in subtribe Aeridinae with results of recent DNA analyses (published elsewhere).

Kersik Luway is one area in Padang Luway Nature Reserve, East Kalimantan which have some potential plants. Ornamental plants are can be found in this area, which several of them are attractive and useful. The aims of the research were to inventory interesting flora diversity in Kersik Luway. The method used in this research were explorative method at the place. The result showed that there were approximately 18 species of interesting flora in Kersik Luway. The plants are Uaccinium varingiaefolium, Ficus deltoideus, Eugenia zeylanica, Rhodomyrtus tomentosu.s, Arthrophy°llarm diver.sifoliurrr, Nepenthes reimwurdticrna. Hown eoricrc°ea. C'oelngune pandurata, Coelogyne foerstermannii, Renanthera elongata, Grammatophyllum .speciosum, Cymbidium finlaysonianum, Stenochlaena palustris, Nephrolepis hirsutula, Davallia denticulata, Schizaea dichotoma, P.silotum nudum, and Lygodium microphyllum. The botanical information of eachspecies is presented in this paper.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Flora, Kersik Luway, Nature Monument, East Kalimantan

KAMEMOTO, H., and K. SHINDO. (U. Hawaii, Honolulu.) Genome relationships in interspecific and intergeneric hybrids of Renantherm. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(7): 737-748. Illus. 1962.-Chromosome numbers and meiotic behavior of species and hybrids of Renanthera (Orchidaceae) were investigated. Renanthera elongata, R. histrionica, R. matutina, R. monwachica, and R. storiei were diploid (2n = 38). The race of R. coccinea commonly grown in Hawaii was found to be hexaploid (2n = 114), while a recently introduced clone from Thailand was diploid (2n = 38). Diploid interspecific hybrids formed about 18 bivalents at M-I, indicating a relatively strong homology of parental chromosomes. The tetraploid hybrid of diploid R. monachica and hexaploid R. coccinea showed predominantly 37 or 38 bivalents, indicating good homology of genomes of the 2 parental species, and autosyndetic pairing in the 2 additional genomes of R. coccinea. Intergeneric hybrids involving Renanthera spp. could be classified into 2 distinct groups: those with 14-11 bivalents that are generally oriented at the metaphase plate and eventually lead to a preponderance of tetrads or tetrads with microcytes, and those with fewer bivalents (9-5) many of which are unoriented pseudobivalents and which ultimately give rise to dyads and dyads with microcytes. Relationships of parental species on a taxonomic basis are closer in the former than the latter group. THE GENUS Renanthera comprises about 10 described species distributed from Southern China and Indo-China through Malaysia, including the Philippines (Schlechter, 1927; Holttum, 1953). This group of orchids belonging to the Vanda alliance has received considerable attention by orchid breeders in Hawaii because of the spectacular inflorescences of some species. Recently, several new interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have appeared, some of which have I Received for publication January 11, 1962. Published with the approval of the Director of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station as Technical Paper No. 564. This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (G-13582). proved outstanding. These hybrids as well as the available species of Renanthera were investigated cytologically to clarify genome and species relationships in Renanthera and closely allied genera. The chromosome number of Renanthera monachica has been recorded as 2n = 38 (Withner, 1959). Tanaka and Kamemoto (1961) recently reported the meiotic behavior of 3 intergeneric hybrids: Renanthera monachica X Vanda luzonica, Renanthera storiei X Vanda 'Clara Shipman Fisher,' and Renanthera monachica X Phalaenopsis sanderiana. The former 2 hybrids exhibited approximately 5 bivalents and 28 univalents at metaphase I, while the latter formed no bivalent This content downloaded from 157.55.39.88 on Thu, 21 Jul 2016 04:06:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

SHINDO, K., and H. KAMEMOTO. (U. Hawaii, Honolulu.) Karyotype analysis of some sarcanthine orchids. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(1): 73-79. Illus. 1963.-Karyotypes were analyzed for 11 species in 10 genera of the sub-tribe Sarcanthinae (Orchidaceae). These were Luisia teres, Vanda teres, Renanthera monachica, Arachnis flos-aeris, Aerides odoratum, Vanda lamellata, Neofinetia falcata, Ascocentrum curvifolium, Phalaenopsis sanderiana, Trichoglottis philippinensis and Angraecum eburneum. The chromosome number of all plants investigated was uniformly 2n = 38, but differences were observed for chromosome size and morphology. The chromosomes of Vanda teres and Luisia teres were among the largest and could be easily distinguished from those of Phalaenopsis sanderiana which were the smallest. Also, the karyotypes of Vanda teres and Luisia teres were the most asymmetrical with the greatest number of chromosomes with subterminal centromeres, while Trichoglottis philippinensis exhibited the most symmetrical karyotype. The significance of similarities and differences of karyotypes in relation to taxonomy and evolution in the Sarcanthinae was briefly discussed.

Summary. An examination of the type of Aerides elongata Bl. shows it to belong to the genus Renanthera Lour., not to Porphyrodesme Schltr. In 1972 L. A. Garay transferred Aerides elongata Bl. to the genus Porphyrodesme Schltr. His only evidence was an observation by H. N. Ridley (1896, p. 354) that the spur of the labellum of the species described by Ridley as Renanthera elongata Lindl. was dilated and contained nectar, whereas the other species of Renanthera known to Ridley had spurs not dilated and lacking nectar. Garay had seen neither Blume's type nor a specimen of Ridley's. By implication, he denied that the plants named Renanthera elongata in my book on the orchids of the Malay Peninsula (1953) were correctly assigned to Renanthera. The taxonomic history of the species is confused, and the books available to me when I was in Singapore did not mention Blume's basionym, citing the species as R. elongata Lindl. I had long wished to clear up this matter, and recently when I was at the Rijksherbarium at Leiden I asked Dr E. F. de Vogel to examine Blume's type, which he kindly did. Lindley (1833) transferred Aerides elongata Bl. to Renanthera without comment, merely repeating Blume's brief description. The fact that he had not seen a specimen is indicated by his later publication (1843) of an illustration under the name R. matutina which in fact represents a plant of R. elongata. Then in 1849 Blume published a new name R. micrantha for a Philippine specimen, not mentioning his Aerides elongata. In 1855 Reichenbach published a description and illustration of R. micrantha, referring to R. elongata, of which he had seen no specimen, as 'species obscura'. But in 1857 Reichenbach stated that R.

The karyotypes of Renanthera storiei and Trichoglottis fasciata and the meiotic behavior in their hybrid were investigated. Considerable differences in chromosome morphology were observed for the two species. The karyotype of R. storiei was more asymmetrical with a lower mean F percentage than that of T. fasciata. Also, variation in the largest pair of chromosomes as well as in the satellite chromosomes was apparent. Meiosis in the hybrid was highly irregular. Observations on karyotypes and meiotic behavior indicate a more distant relationship between Trichoglottis and Renanthera than among Renanthera, Arachnis, and Vandopsis.