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Background In the last years, consumers are more conscious about nutrition, welfare, authenticity, and quality of dairy products. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology has gained attention as a potential method for food quality and authenticity purposes. Scope and approach This review aimed to comprehensively explain and discuss the use of NMR for quality and authenticity of milk and dairy products. Key findings and conclusions The NMR technology showed to be an effective tool to ensure the authenticity and to control the quality of dairy products during the processing and storage. It may be used to measure the fat content of milk and dairy products, evaluate the geographic origin, the molecular water mobility and the water retention capacity of cheeses, study the water mobility in milk beverages, and quantify the bound water molecules in ice creams. Additionally, NMR can detect whey, urea, hydrogen peroxide, synthetic urine, and synthetic milk in raw milk. Furthermore, it can evaluate physicochemical and sensory parameters of the products. NMR is a non-destructive technique, no need sample preparation or solvent separation, is fast and simple, and has high instrumental stability. However, it has disadvantages, like the high costs of acquisition and maintenance. The characterization of dairy foods may benefit from the combination of NMR and chemometrics, mainly to deal with large data matrices and highlight differences/similarities among samples.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on the fatty acid profiles and physicochemical composition of Crassostrea gasar cultured in two locations with differences in salinity and precipitation gradients. The study period was divided into four seasonal divisions—the rainy–dry transition period, the dry season, dry–rainy transition and the rainy season. The salinity, pH and temperature were measured at each site during specimen collection. A total of 712 oyster samples were used for fatty acid profiling and physicochemical analysis. Salinity and precipitation were the environmental parameters that influenced the fatty acid profile and physicochemical characteristics of oysters. C. gasar exhibited excellent values of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA and eicosatrienoic), with a predominance of these acids during periods of higher precipitation. Variations in precipitation and salinity resulted in significant differences in oyster nutritional characteristics. Oysters grown in Amazonian estuaries can be considered nutritious throughout the year, with better conditions during the rainy season.

This study evaluated the nutritional profile and volatile compounds present in a novel prebiotic (inulin) soursop whey beverage, due to the effects of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS). The prebiotic soursop whey beverage was produced and processed by non-thermal high-intensity ultrasound varying the power (0, 200, 400 and 600 W) and by high-temperature short time (72 °C for 15 s) thermal treatment. Total acidity, pH, ascorbic acid content, total phenolics compounds content, antioxidant activity, hypertensive activity, fatty acid profile, volatile organic compounds, macro and micro minerals, as well as the heavy metals in these products, were analyzed. Overall, the HIUS technology induced some positive changes in the nutritional profile of the soursop whey beverage including beneficial effects, e.g., increase of phenolic content, improvement of the antioxidant and anti-hypertensive activity and reduction of undesired minerals. Although some negative changes, such as degradation of the ascorbic acid, decrease of some minerals and production of certain volatile compounds were found, the beneficial effects were prominent, thus, opening new opportunities to develop healthy functional beverages.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of xylooligosaccharide (XOS, 1.25 g/100 mL) on the pH, physicochemical composition, functional properties, volatile profile, rheological properties, and sensory acceptance of strawberry-flavored whey beverage. The addition of XOS resulted in whey beverages with better functional characteristics (greater antioxidant activity, ACE inhibitory activity, and ⍺-amylase and ⍺-glucosidase inhibition), rheological properties (higher viscosity), volatiles profile, and sensory acceptance (aroma, texture and overall liking), besides providing adequate concentrations of the prebiotic in the product (1.25 g/mL). XOS is an interesting ingredient to improve the functional potential of strawberry-flavored whey beverages.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the probiotic addition methodology (direct addition of the lyophilized commercial culture, probiotic activated by propagation, or probiotic encapsulated in alginate, 108 CFU/mL) on the physical and chemical characteristics, rheological parameters, volatile compounds profile, probiotic culture survival and sensory acceptance of orange juice during refrigerated storage (7 °C/28 days). The direct addition of the commercial culture was the most suitable methodology, resulting in products with physical and chemical characteristics and sensory acceptance similar to those of the pure product. Furthermore, it improved the volatile compounds profile (presence of octanal, nonanal, decanal, gamma-terpinene, α-phellandrene, o-cymene, alpha-cubebene and 1-hexanol). The addition of the activated probiotic culture resulted in products with higher content of organic acids (acetic, lactic and citric), absence of important volatile compounds and lower sensorial acceptance. The addition of the encapsulated probiotic culture resulted in more consistent products (higher consistency index and lower flow behavior index), decreased organic acid content and lower sensorial acceptance. This is the first study that evaluated the impact of different probiotic addition methodologies on the quality parameters of fruit juices and it indicated that the conventional methodology (by propagation) is not the most appropriate.

Mineral and trace elements (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Mn) in commercial strawberry-flavored yogurts and fermented whey beverages in Brazil were investigated. K, Ca, Na, Mg and Fe concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 1.4, 1.4 to 1.1, 0.74 to 0.68, 0.16 to 0.11, and 0.01 mg g-1 for yogurts and whey beverages, respectively. Similar concentrations of the minerals were observed for both products, except Mg (0.16 mg g-1 in yogurts and 0.11 mg g-1 in whey beverages). Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Pb was found below the detection limit (21.4 to 94.1 μg g−1), demonstrating safety levels for consumption. Regarding the mineral daily intake, consumption of 100 g of the product has relevance for calcium in infants (>40%) and children between 4 and 8 years (>13%), and a greater contribution of yogurt over whey beverage was observed. PLSDA model suggested that Mg analytical determination should be performed to ensure the identity of the product.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of prebiotics (xylooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, polydextrose, fructooligosaccharide, or inulin) on the quality parameters of Greek yogurt. Composition, rheological parameters, and the volatile compounds profile were evaluated. The effect of prebiotic addition was dependent on the type of the component used. The addition of galactooligosaccharide, polydextrose, and inulin resulted in more consistent (increase in k and decrease in n), elastic (increase in G′), viscous (decrease in tan δ) and firm products (increase in G * and z). In addition, the volatile compounds profile was diverse, with the appearance of isobutyric acid, 5-hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-4-octanone, 2 (5H) -furanone and/or 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, which contributes to the sweet aroma, sweet taste, and buttery flavor of the products. The addition of fructooligosaccharides had a negative impact on the rheological parameters, resulting in less consistent, elastic, viscous, and firm products. The addition of xylooligosaccharide resulted in products with intermediate characteristics. Therefore, galactooligosaccharide, polydextrose, and inulin proved to be technological and interesting alternatives for the manufacture of prebiotic Greek yogurts.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the process time (5, 10, and 15 min) and flow rate (10, 20, and 30 mL/min) of cold plasma technology on physio-chemical characteristics (pH), bioactive compounds (DPPD, Total Phenolic Compounds, ACE-inhibitory activity values), fatty acid composition, and volatile compounds profile of chocolate milk drink. The mild (lower flow rate and process time) and more severe (higher flow rate and process time) conditions led to a reduction of the bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds and ACE-inhibitory activity), changes in fatty acid composition (increased saturated fatty acid and decreased monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid), less favorable health indices (higher atherogenic, thrombogenic and hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids and lower desired fatty acids), and lower number of volatile compounds. In contrast, in intermediate cold plasma conditions, an adequate concentration of bioactive compounds, fatty acid composition, and health indices, and increased number of volatile compounds (ketones, esters, and lactones) were observed. Overall, cold plasma technology has proven to be an interesting alternative to chocolate milk drinks, being of paramount importance the study of the cold plasma process parameters.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cold plasma processing parameters (time and flow rate) on the physical (rheological parameters and particle size), microstructure (optical microscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry) of chocolate milk drinks. The beverages treated by cold plasma presented particles with increased size and had higher consistency and altered melting profile (lower temperature and bound water and higher enthalpy) than the pasteurized product, suggesting denaturation processes and formation of protein aggregates. More severe conditions resulted in beverages with particles of larger surface areas ([D 3,2]) and volume diameters ([D4,3]), resulting in higher consistency. Intermediate processing conditions resulted in products with characteristics more similar to the pasteurized beverages. The results indicate that the beverages submitted to cold plasma and pasteurization have different physical characteristics, melting profile and microstructure. Chocolate milk drinks with different characteristics could be obtained varying the cold plasma process parameters.

Reducing the fat content of processed meat products has become necessary due to consumer-driven demand for healthier foods. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize chicken mortadella with total and partial replacement of chicken skin by green banana biomass (GBB). Five treatments (with two repetitions each and weighing 400 g) were prepared: F0 (control treatment formulated with 100% chicken skin), F1, F2, F3, and F4 (25, 50, 75, and 100% of chicken skin replacement by GBB, respectively). Samples were characterized according to physicochemical composition - approximate composition, energy value, pH, water activity (Aw), emulsion stability (ES), water-holding capacity (WHC), instrumental color (L*, a* and b*), instrumental texture, fatty acid profile, and microstructure) - nutritional quality and sensory properties (dynamic profiling by Temporal Check-all-that-apply and acceptance). The replacement of 100% chicken skin by GBB increased the WHC of mortadella and did not affect the ES in all formulations. The addition of GBB did not affect the typical mortadella flavor of the samples, and the dominance of the flavor was directed towards the fibrous and fat flavor attributes. In addition, all formulations had acceptance scores above 6.5. Based on the results, replacement up to 100% of chicken skin with GBB is possible and obtains a healthier emulsified meat product with good sensory acceptance.

The effect of different types of sugar (sucrose, demerara, brown, fructose, coconut sugar, and honey) on sheep milk kefir was evaluated. Microbial counts (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, yeast), antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens, microstructure (scanning electron microscopy), and antiproliferative activity of cancer cells were evaluated. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (DPPH), inhibitory activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, lactose content, lactic and acetic acids and ethanol, fatty acid profile and volatile organic compounds were determined. The addition of sugars increased the Lactobacillus population (up to 2.24 log CFU/mL), metabolites concentration, antagonistic activity against pathogens, antioxidant activity (11.1 to 24.1%), ACE inhibitory activity (27.5 to 37.6%), α-amylase inhibition (18 to 37.4%), and anti-proliferative activity. Furthermore, it improved the fatty acid profile and volatile compounds. The results suggest that the replacement of sucrose with different types of sugar constitute an interesting option to be used in sheep milk kefir formulations.

The effect of microwave heating (MH, 65 and 75 °C for 15, 30, and 60 s) on the bioactive compounds, fatty acid profile, and volatile compounds of orange juice-milk beverage (OJMB) was evaluated during 28 days of refrigerated (4 °C) storage. Conventionally pasteurized (75 °C/15 s) and untreated beverages were used as controls. MH-OJMB presented a lower browning index and higher levels of ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and carotenoids, higher antioxidant activity, and greater α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE inhibitory activity than the pasteurized product, similar to the untreated beverage. No significant differences were observed in the volatile organic compounds and fatty acids levels. Lower temperatures (65 °C) and longer process times (60 s) resulted in higher retention of bioactive compounds. MH can be an alternative to conventional pasteurization for OJMB processing.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 as a probiotic culture on the production of volatile organic compounds and metabolic profile of Minas Frescal cheese. Lactose (α-lactose and β-lactose), fatty acids (unsaturated and saturated), citric acid, tryptophan, and benzoic acid were the main compounds. Compared with the control cheese, probiotic cheese was characterized by the highest concentration of tryptophan and presented a higher number of volatile acids. The control cheese was characterized by the highest concentration of benzoic acid and fatty acids, resulting in a higher number of volatile alcohols and esters. No differences were observed for α-lactose, β-lactose, and citric acid contents. A clear separation of probiotic and control Minas Frescal cheese was obtained using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, demonstrating that the addition of probiotic culture altered the metabolic profile of Minas Frescal cheese. Overall, the findings suggested that the addition of probiotic culture promoted the proteolysis in the fresh cheeses, decreased the lipolysis, and altered the volatile compounds. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics tools could be used to differentiate probiotic and conventional cheeses.

This study aimed to develop and characterize mixed beverages (suchás) formulations based on organic apple juice and cardamom tea (F1= 50:50 vv−1, F2 = 60:40 vv−1 and F3 =70:30 vv−1). The formulation (F3) presented the highest total phenolic compounds content (31.79 mg EAG g-1), antioxidant activity (50.04 µg mL-1), total soluble solids (5.1 oBrix), acidity (pH 4.17 and total acidity 0.15 g malic acid 100 mL-1) and sensory acceptance (flavor and overall impression). Furthermore, it presented important volatile compounds (2-methyl-1-butanol, formic acid butyl ester, acetyl pentyl acetate, and α-terpinolene). A synergistic effect of apple juice and cardamom tea was observed for the antioxidant activity and number of volatile compounds, demonstrating the potential of this mixed beverage as a functional food. In conclusion, it was possible to develop a mixed beverage with suitable nutritional, physicochemical and sensory properties using 70% of organic apple juice and 30% of cardamom tea.

Overheating is still a major problem in the use of conventional heating for milk and various dairy products, because it leads to the lowering of quality and sensory and nutritional values. Microwave (MW) heating has been credited with providing superior-quality dairy-based products with extended shelf-life, representing a good alternative to conventional heat treatment. The main drawback of MW heating refers to nonuniform temperature distribution, resulting in hot and cold spots mainly in solid and semisolid products; however, MW heating has been shown to be suitable for liquid foods, especially in a continuous fluid system. This review aims to describe the main factors and parameters necessary for the application of MW heating technology for dairy processing, considering the theoretical fundamentals and its effects on quality and safety aspects of milk and dairy products. MW heating has demonstrated great ability for the destruction of pathogenic/spoilage microorganisms and their spores, and also inactivation of enzymes, thereby preserving fresh characteristics of dairy products.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds with a structure consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms that have more than two fused aromatic rings. Most PAHs have carcinogenic effects on animal or humans and induce various cancers. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a consequence of environmental pollutants, imperfect burning or pyrolysis of organic substances during industrial processing. Additionally, foods can be contaminated during their processing and preparation through different heat treatments. This review highlights the formation, occurrence and health impacts of PAHs in milk and milk products, and analytical technique used for their determination in dairy products. © 2018 Society of Dairy Technology

Whey acerola-flavoured drink was subjected to Ohmic Heating (OH) under different operational conditions (45, 60, 80 V at 60 Hz and 10, 100, 1000 Hz with 25 V, 65 °C/30 min) and conventional pasteurization (65 °C/30 min). Bioactive compounds (total phenolics, DPPH, FRAP, ACE levels), fatty acid profile, volatile compounds (CG-MS), thermal behaviors (DSC) and water mobility (TD-NMR) were performed. Reduction of frequency (1000–10 Hz) resulted in a lower bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of the samples, except for the DPPH values. Concerning the thermal behaviors, fatty acids profile and volatile compounds, different findings were observed as a function of the parameters used (voltage and frequency). In respect of TD-NMR parameters, OH led to a slightly reduction of the relaxation time when compared to the conventional treatment, suggesting more viscous beverages. Overall, OH may be interesting option to whey acerola-flavoured drink processing.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mineral content of seven Brazilian infant dairy product categories (petit Suisse cheeses, fermented milks, yogurts, fermented dairy beverage, dairy dessert, Requeijão cremoso spreadable cheese and UHT dairy beverages) and estimate their contribution to daily intake. Design/methodology/approach The composition of major (Ca, K, Mg, and Na) and trace (Pb, Cd, Cu and Mn) minerals was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the mineral levels with the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) at different child development stages was carried out. Findings High Ca levels were observed in petit Suisse (3.44±1.66 mg g−1), dairy dessert (3.88±0.02 mg g−1) and Requeijão cremoso (4.14±0.07 mg g−1). Dairy dessert presented the highest K level (2.57±0.07 mg g−1), while the Requeijão cremoso presented the highest Na content (4.78±0.10 mg g−1), and both products had the highest Mg contents (238.55±16.27 and 197.39±5.18 µg g−1, respectively). Trace elements (Cd, Cu, Mn and Pb) were below the limit of detection for all commercial dairy foods. Among food products analyzed, petit Suisse cheese and dairy dessert can be considered good sources of calcium, while Requeijão cremoso is high in both calcium and sodium. Originality/value This study is the first to analyze the mineral levels of several Brazilian infant dairy foods and the daily intake contribution during important child development stages. These findings provide valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners trying to develop healthy and nutritious dairy products for infants and children.

The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl and the flavor enhancers addition (arginine, yeast and oregano extract) on the bioaccessibility of five minerals (Mg, Ca, K, P and Zn) from potentially Probiotic Prato cheese was evaluated. After 1, 30, and 60 d of refrigerated storage (processing, ripening and refrigerated storage), total concentrations of Mg, Ca, K, P and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In addition, bioaccessibility assay with a simulated (in vitro) gastrointestinal digestion model was used. Sodium reduction and the addition of flavor enhancers revealed some significant (p

Cheese is a suitable matrix to deliver probiotic strains but it contains a high amount of sodium. The effect of partial substitution of NaCl by KCl and the addition of flavor enhancers (l-arginine, yeast and oregano extract) on probiotic Prato cheese was investigated after 1, 30, and 60 d of refrigerated storage (immediately after manufacturing, and during ripening and storage). Microbiological (lactic acid bacteria and probiotic Lactobacillus casei 01 counts and survival under gastrointestinal conditions), physicochemical (pH, proteolysis, fatty acids), bioactivity (antioxidant effect and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity), rheological, and water mobility by means of time domain low-field nuclear magnetic resonance were investigated. Significant changes in probiotic survival were observed; however, the sodium reduction and the addition of flavor enhancers did not constitute an obstacle to L. casei 01 (>108 CFU/g) during storage. Slight changes were observed in proteolysis, bioactivity, water mobility, texture profile, and fatty acids of the cheeses as a function of the flavor enhancer added. The sodium reduction and the supplementation of Prato cheese with probiotic cultures may be an effective alternative to the production of a potentially functional cheese.

This study presents the emerging high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) processing as a non-thermal alternative to high-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST). Chocolate milk beverage (CMB) was subjected to different ultrasound energy densities (0.3–3.0 kJ/cm3), as compared to HTST pasteurization (72 °C/15 s) aimed to verify the effect of the HIUS processing on the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the beverage. The application of HIUS at an energy density of 3.0 kJ/cm3 was able to reduce 3.56 ± 0.02 logarithmic cycles in the total aerobic counts. In addition, the ultrasound energy density affected the physical properties of the beverage as the size distribution of fat globule and rheological behavior, as well as the chemical properties such as antioxidant activity, ACE inhibitory activity, fatty acid profile, and volatile profile. In general, the different energetic densities used as a non-thermal method of pasteurization of CMB were more effective when compared to the conventional pasteurization by HTST, since they improved the microbiological and physicochemical quality, besides preserving the bioactive compounds and the nutritional quality of the product.

Background Thermal pasteurization and sterilization are predominantly used in the dairy industry due to their efficacy in improving the product safety and shelf life. However, heat treatment can cause undesirable protein denaturation, non-enzymatic browning, loss of vitamins and volatile flavor compounds, freezing point depression, and flavour changes. Cold plasma is a non-thermal technology that has gained attention in recent years as a potential alternative method for chemical and thermal disinfection in foods using ambient or moderate temperatures and short treatment times. Scope and approach This review aims to describe the fundamentals, parameters, and technology on cold plasma, discussing the critical processing factors involved in this technology. Also, it describes the mechanisms of microbial inactivation and provides an overview of the effects of non-thermal plasma on the quality of dairy products, considering a physicochemical, sensory and microbiology perspective. Key findings and conclusions Cold plasma uses less aggressive mechanisms of action to the milk matrix when compared to the techniques currently used, and has shown an excellent performance on the elimination of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms besides maintaining, in many cases, the nutritional, functional, and sensory characteristics of the product.

The effect of supercritical carbon dioxide technology (SCCD, 14, 16, and 18MPa at 35±2°C for 10min) on whey-grape juice drink characteristics was investigated. Physicochemical characterization (pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids), bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, DPPH and ACE activity) and the volatile compounds were performed. Absence of differences were found among treatments for pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total anthocyanin and DPPH activity (p-value>0.05). A direct relationship between SCCD pressure and ACE inhibitory activity was observed, with 34.63, 38.75, and 44.31% (14, 16, and 18MPa, respectively). Regards the volatile compounds, it was noted few differences except by the presence of ketones. The findings confirm the SCCD processing as a potential promising technology to the conventional thermal treatment.

The addition of organic green banana flour (GBF, 0%, 1%, 3%, or 5% w/v) on the quality parameters of fermented milk was investigated (21 days/5 °C). Suitable viability of lactic and probiotic cultures (>6 log CFU/g) and resistant starch level (3.01–10.29 g/100 g) were observed. 1% and 3% GBF addition increased post acidification, proteolysis and concentration of lactic and acetic acids, but at suitable ranges. Furthermore, it improved the fatty acid (long-chain) and volatile profiles, increasing aroma and flavor acceptance. 3% GBF addition resulted in higher firmness, lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and better aromatic profile than 1%, allowing the consumption of lower quantities of the fermented milk (100 g) to provide the minimum daily intake of resistant starch. GBF at 3% is a suitable ingredient in fermented milk formulation, contributing to the development of a synbiotic product with shelf life of at least 21 days.

The addition of galactooligosaccharide, (GOS, 0, 1.5, 3 or 4g/100g) on the quality parameters of requeijão cremoso was investigated. Chemical characteristics (pH, moisture, fat and protein), color (L*, a*, b*), water mobility by TD- nuclear magnetic resonance, rheology (flow curve and oscillatory tests), microstructure and sensory acceptance (consumer test) were evaluated. The addition of GOS provided a denser and compact structure and reduced number and size of fat globules. Increased GOS level (3 and 4g/100g) improved the softness and spreadability (decrease of G', G″ and apparent viscosity and an increase of tan δ and melting index) and impacted positively on the aroma and taste of the requeijão cremoso. Overall, the addition of GOS in requeijão cremoso was proved to be a potential and interesting technological option.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact in nutritional and rheological parameters on sheep milk ice cream by fat replacement for different prebiotic fibers (inulin, fructo-oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide, resistant starch, soluble corn fiber, and polydextrose), also consumer perception (Pivot Profile). Low caloric content, around 98 kcal/100 g, were observed due to prebiotic fibers supplementation; without loss on moisture, carbohydrates or protein values. Sheep milk ice creams presented a pseudoplastic behavior when submitted to flow curve analysis. Moreover, inulin and fructo-oligosaccharide have proven to be a promising alternative as fat substitutes in sheep milk ice cream formulation, due to the similar rheological properties, such as hardness, viscoelasticity and consistency. Sheep milk ice creams containing inulin or fructo-oligosaccharide were also perceived creamier and brighter than control full-fat ice sheep milk ice cream. In addition, most prebiotic ice creams were cited as sweeter than control, meaning those fibers could act as sweeteners. In conclusion, the replacement of sheep milk fat by prebiotics to manufacture sheep milk ice cream can be an effective alternative to improve the nutritional and physiological aspects due to low caloric value and functionality provided by prebiotics.

Background Non-thermal food processing is configured as an interesting alternative for the food industry due to the increased nutrient retention and minimal sensory changes in processed products. Scope and approach The aim of this review is to address the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide technology, emphasizing milk and dairy processing, including the historical aspects, main advantages, microbial inactivation mechanisms, as well as effects in some quality parameters of dairy products. Key findings and conclusions The use of supercritical carbon dioxide technology (SC-CO2) presents great potential application in dairy processing, since it is effective to reduce microbial load when compared to the pasteurization process, thus obtaining a product with greater shelf life and better organoleptic properties with minimal and sometimes positive changes in the intrinsic quality parameters.

The effect of ohmic heating (OH) (1.82, 3.64, 5.45, 7.30, 9.1 V cm−1, 90 °C/3 min) and conventional pasteurization in the parameters of quality of dairy desserts with blueberry flavor was investigated. Processes performances (heating rate, thermal load and energy consumption), physicochemical characteristics (fatty acids profile, volatile compounds, rheological assay and color parameters) and bioactive compounds (total phenolics, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase, and angiotensin-converting enzymes) were evaluated. OH technology proportionated decreased heat generation, energy consumption and heat rate compared to conventional process. OH-treated dairy desserts subjected to higher electric field strength greater inhibition of α-glucosidase and ACE enzymes, without difference in fatty acid profile; however negative effects were observed in color parameters, volatiles profiling and rheological behavior. Overall, the results suggest the influence of ohmic heating on blueberry dairy processing is multidimensional, being the conditions of operation should be carefully chosen to keep the functional and structural aspects of the product.

This study was aimed at developing a new functional fermented beverage manufactured with semi-skimmed sheep milk and strawberry pulp (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and commercial prebiotic ingredients. We also compared the performance of the yogurt starter cultures and a Lactobacillus plantarum strain (CECT_8328) with potential probiotic properties. We assessed the nutritional profile, bioactivity compounds, viability of lactic acid bacteria during storage, and survival of L. plantarum after in vitro simulated digestion during the storage period. The lactic acid bacteria were viable throughout the storage period, but only L. plantarum maintained good viability after simulated digestion. Nevertheless, neither inulin nor potato starch increased bacterial viability. The fermented semi-skimmed sheep milk strawberry beverages we developed are good sources of minerals and proteins.

The efficacy of probiotic Prato cheese against the inflammatory and oxidative damage in mice organs induced by cigarette smoke exposure was investigated. Forty C57BL/6 male mice were assigned to four groups: (CS) exposed to cigarette smoke and fed regular chow; (CS + C) exposed to cigarette smoke and fed daily conventional cheese ad libitum; (CS + PC) exposed to cigarette smoke and fed daily probiotic (Lactobacillus casei-01) cheese ad libitum; and a control group (C) exposed to ambient smoke-free air and fed regular chow. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), blood, gut and liver homogenates were used for biochemical assays. The (CS + PC) group exhibited fewer BAL leukocytes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and BAL and gut lipid peroxidation than the (CS) and (CS + C) groups, which had findings similar to the (C) group. Probiotic cheese consumption did not change the red blood cell count, but lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in plasma, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and peroxynitrite expression were observed compared to the (CS) and (CS + C) groups, with findings similar to the (C) group. These results suggest that probiotic Prato cheese consumption reduced oxidative stress in the lungs, gut, and liver.

A broad survey on fatty acid profile and gross composition of different types of Brazilian artisanal cheeses (BAC; n = 402) produced in North, South, Northeast, Central-West, and Southeast regions of the country was performed. Results suggested that cheeses from North and Northeast regions have a different gross composition and fatty acid profile than the cheeses produced in the other regions. Butter cheese presented a higher fat content and a lower polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level, with a higher atherogenic index (AI). Marajo cheese presented lower ash and protein content and higher fat content and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) level, with consequent lower AI and thrombogenic index (TI) and higher desired fatty acid (DFA). Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) proportionated the cheeses' good discrimination based on geographical origin and free fatty acid composition.

The metabolic profiling of probiotic low-sodium Prato cheeses with addition of food enhancers (arginine, yeast extract, and oregano extract) along the ripening time (1, 30, 60 days) using NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools (PCA and PLS-DA) was evaluated. Aromatic and aliphatic structures and lactic acid were the most dominant compounds regardless of the flavour enhancer added. The addition of flavour enhancers decreased the lactic acid content and increased the content of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, fatty acids, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, benzoic acid, and formic acid. Principal components analysis differentiated cheese samples based on the contents of lactic, acetic, formic, benzoic, and fatty acids, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine. Partial least square discriminant analysis classified the cheese types based on composition and highlighted the compounds variability according to the ripening time. NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics may be an effective approach to investigate the metabolic profiling of probiotic cheeses.

Dairy industry has sought strategies for obtaining products that meet new market demands, focusing on foods of higher nutritional quality to be better options for consumers. In this competitive scenario, dairy foods have been developed to provide functional components and/or meet specific dietary needs, such as those observed in the setting of obesity and hypertension. Processed cheese, which originally has high-sodium and fat contents in its formulation, may also undergo a reformulation. In addition, nowadays, the addition of prebiotic ingredients into dairy products is a common technological practice to not only enhance their beneficial health effects but also to improve the final texture, replace fat components, and increase the fiber content. In the present review, we provide the state-of-the-art of the effects of fat and salt reduction and the positive impacts of adding prebiotics on the functional properties and sensory acceptance of processed cheeses.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of sheep milk yogurt smoothies (SMY) containing inulin at different levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%). Titratable acidity and pH, yogurt bacteria counts, fatty acids profile, and healthy lipid indices were evaluated during 28 d of refrigerated storage. As expected for yogurts, Streptococcus thermophilus counts decreased 1 to 3 log cycles and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus counts decreased 1 to 2 cycles from d 1 to 28. The protective effect of inulin on bacteria survival and viability in the food matrix was not verified in the prebiotic SMY during storage, regardless of inulin level. Although lower post-acidification was observed in prebiotic SMY due to inulin addition, no changes were verified in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In contrast, an increase in medium- and long-chain fatty acids (MCFA and LCFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was observed during storage in all SMY. The most significant levels of fatty acids in SMY were oleic acid, followed by palmitic and myristic acids. A high positive correlation between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and oleic acid (r=0.978) was observed. The cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer represented approximately 78% of total PUFA and 2% of total fatty acids, whereas α-linoleic acid comprised about 22% PUFA and 1% of total fatty acids in SMY. The fatty acid changes during storage were associated with the metabolic activity of the starter bacteria, especially for oleic acid and cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer. Thus, the SMY represented a great source of these compounds. We observed that inulin levels did not affect fatty acids. A nonsignificant decrease in atherogenic index was observed during storage in all SMY, and a positive correlation (r=0.973) was found between atherogenic index and thrombogenic index of SMY. High correlations were observed between lauric and myristic acids and saturated fatty acids (r=0.907 and r=0.894, respectively), providing evidence of their atherogenic and thrombogenic potential. A negative correlation was observed between stearic acid and atherogenic index (r=-0.612) and between oleic acid and atherogenic index. Sheep milk yogurt could be characterized as a food with low atherogenic and thrombogenic risk because of its healthy lipid composition. Therefore, addition of inulin to SMY could be a good option to improve functionality of this food matrix for dairy companies wishing to enter the functional food market.

The partial substitution of sodium chloride by potassium chloride (0%, 25%, and 50%) and addition of arginine (1% w/w) in probiotic Minas cheese was investigated. Microbiological (Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus counts, and functionality of the prebiotics L. acidophilus), physicochemical (pH, proteolysis, organic acids, fatty acids, and volatile profiles), rheological (uniaxial compression) and sensory (hedonic test with 100 consumers) characterizations were carried out. The sodium reduction and addition of arginine did not constitute a hurdle to lactic and probiotic bacteria survival, with presented values of about 9 log CFU/g, ranging from 7.11 to 9.21 log CFU/g, respectively. In addition, lower pH values, higher proteolysis, and a decrease in toughness, elasticity and firmness were observed, as well as an increase in lactic, citric, and acetic acid contents. In contrast, no change was observed in the fatty acid profile. With respect to the sensory acceptance, the probiotic low-sodium Minas cheese presented scores above 6.00 (liked slightly) for the attributes flavor and overall acceptance. The addition of arginine can be a potential alternative for the development of probiotic dairy products with reduced sodium content.

The addition of prebiotic ingredients (inulin or xylooligosaccharide, XOS, 2.5 g/100 g) on the quality parameters of Dulce de Leche (DL) was evaluated. Gross composition, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) values, rheological tests (texture profile analysis, TPA), color parameters, water mobility (TD-NMR), fatty acid profile, and crystal size (optical microscopy and predictive modelling) were performed. DL samples exhibited an appropriate gross composition and energy value. The addition of inulin improved the cohesiveness for full-fat milk samples while XOS led to a firmer, adhesive, and gummy texture, regardless of the fat content of the products. Regardless of the prebiotic ingredient, lower HMF values and more intense optical parameters were observed, without negative impact on the fatty acid profile. Regards TD-NMR, it was observed that inulin contributed to decrease the spin–lattice relaxation time (T1) when compared to XOS, resulting in a more homogeneous structure. The products with prebiotic components showed less development of lactose crystals compared to controls, and a delay in the increase of the crystal size during storage, observed by the predictive models. The addition of inulin or XOS to DL formulations proved to be an interesting alternative, inducing positive structural changes, and providing improved functionality, considering technological and functional purposes.

Ohmic heating (OH, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 V cm−1, 72 °C/15 s, 60 Hz) at Dulce de leche processing was investigated. The equipment consisted in an ohmic heating chamber, and rectangular 316 stainless steel electrodes positioned 10 cm apart. OH-treated milk resulted in improvements in the quality parameters of Dulce de leche, with a decrease in energy expenditure (69.85–141.86 vs 1260 kJ) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels (7.64–8.54 vs 9.53 μmol L−1), an increase in product homogeneity, and formation of volatile compounds important for the sweetness of Dulce de leche (butanoic acid and 2-furan methanol). In addition, the physicochemical composition, fatty acid profile, and health indices (atherogenic, thrombogenic, desired fatty acids, and hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids) of the products remained without changes. In particular, the use of higher electric field (> 6 V cm−1) led to a 14–78% decrease in process time, and improved volatiles profile. OH has proven to be a suitable technology for milk treatment, resulting in improvements in the quality parameters of Dulce de leche with positive impact at the process time and energy expenditure. Industrial relevance The Dulce de Leche processing is characterized by long cooking times to acquire its typical characteristic color and flavor. Normally, it is used pasteurized milk as raw material. Ohmic heating decreased the total time of processing in Dulce de leche manufacturing, providing an economy at the in the energy costs without significant change at the quality parameters of the final product.

The effect of ohmic heating voltage gradient (OH, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 V cm−1, 72–75 °C/15 s) on the physicochemical characteristics (partial and total hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels, whey protein nitrogen index (WPNI), color parameters, and water mobility), and on the volatile profile of infant milk formulas (IF) was investigated. The OH-treated samples presented the lower formation of free and total HMF, higher whiteness index, and lower viscosity, indicating good preservation of the nutritional value. Additionally, isoamylol, heptan-2-one, octan-3-one, nonan-2-one, butanoic acid, and isovaleric acid were detected in OH-treated samples, which contributed to their aroma. Overall, OH showed to be a promising technology to be used for processing of infant formula.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological, physicochemical and functional quality of an innovative goat whey orange juice beverage (GOB) processed by microfiltration. The microfiltration (0.2 µm) of the GOBs had a variation on the feed temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 °C) and were compared to the conventional heat treatment LTLT (63 °C/30 min). Microbiological (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, mold and yeast and lactic bacteria), physicochemical (pH, color, rheology and volatile compounds) bioactive compounds (acid ascorbic, total phenolics) and functional activity (DPPH, ACE, α-amilase and α-glucosidase) analysis were performed. The GOB processed by microfiltration using at least 30 °C presented adequate microbial counts (less than 4, 3 and 4 log CFU/mL, for AMB, molds and yeasts and LAB, respectively). In general, the pH, color parameters, volatile and bioactive compounds were not influenced by microfiltration temperature, but presented a difference from the LTLT processing. The rheological parameters were influenced by MF temperature and the utilization of temperatures of 20° and 30 °C maintained the consistency similar to the LTLT sample, preserving the compounds responsible for the texture. Therefore, it is suggested a processing of GOB by microfiltration using mild temperatures (between 30° and 40 °C) to preserve consistency and also obtain a desirable microbial quality, beyond the preservation of many functional properties and volatile compounds.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of prebiotic components (long-chain inulin, medium-chain inulin, oligofructose and polydextrose, 5 g/100 g) on the characteristics of ice cream processed with water-soluble extract of rice by-product. The products were evaluated for the technological parameters (overrun, melting rate, texture parameters, and color parameters), bioactive compounds (antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic activities), fatty acid profile, and volatile compounds profile. The addition of prebiotic components resulted in ice creams with greater functionality, due to the increase in antioxidant activity (1.3–1.4 times), ACE inhibitory activity (2.80–3.6 times), α-amylase inhibitory activity (2.5–2.93 times), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (2.56–3.42 times). The addition of polydextrose and oligofructose resulted in products with higher melting rate and altered texture and color parameters, but greater functionality (bioactive compounds) and health indices (decreased hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acid index and increased desired fatty acid index). Ice cream with long-chain inulin presented lower consistency, while ice cream with medium-chain inulin had improved volatile profile (appearance of 2-butanone, 3-methyl, fruity aroma). This is the first study involving a prebiotic ice cream processed with water-soluble extract of rice by-product, and the results indicate the potential of the product, which presented adequate physical-chemical, technological and functional characteristics.

The effect of ohmic heating processing (10, 100, 1000 Hz - 25 V;45, 60, 80 V - 60 Hz until 65 °C-30 min) on physical (color, rheology, particle size diameter), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC), physicochemical (time domain nuclear magnetic resonance, TD-NMR) and microstructural (optical microscopy) properties of raspberry-flavored whey drink was investigated. The samples were submitted to an ohmic system and conventional pasteurization (65 °C-30 min). Both processing led to increases in the color parameters (C*, h* and ∆E*) in the first 30 min. For the treatments, 10 Hz-25 V and 1000 Hz-25 V, more viscous, and consequently increased D[4,3] and D[3,2] values were observed, and similar results were obtained for the DSC behavior. The microstructure confirmed aggregation of cell structure in those configurations (10 Hz and 1000 Hz-25 V). OH, parameters for both ohmic configurations have an impact in all the evaluated parameters for raspberry-flavored whey drink, which can be interesting for the dairy industry.

The use of ohmic heating (OH, 4, 8, or 12 V/cm, 72–75 °C/15 s) for pasteurization of milk intended for the manufacture of Minas Frescal cheese was investigated. The cheeses were characterized for the gross composition, bioactive compounds (antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic activities), fatty acid profile, rheological parameters, volatiles profile, and sensory acceptance. OH decreased the elasticity, hardness, and firmness while improved the sensory acceptance of Minas Frescal cheese. In addition, higher antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic activities values as well as higher concentrations of short, medium and long-chain fatty acids were observed. Overall, OH can be considered a suitable technology to be used in milk for the Minas Frescal cheese processing.

The influence of temperature, frequency, composition and physicochemical characteristics of sheep milk on its dielectric properties was evaluated as well as the performance of different chemometric methods to predict the dielectric properties and classify the type of sheep milk (whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed). Of the chemometric methods evaluated, artificial neural network exhibited the best performance for prediction of the dielectric properties, while sensitivity analysis showed temperature, electrical conductivity, and fat and calcium content as variables with the most impact. All pattern recognition techniques showed 100% for recognition and prediction ability to classify correctly the type of milk. Although the approach used in this study is limited to the specific operating conditions and sheep milk studied, chemometric methods have proven to be promising tools because of accuracy and suitability for both prediction of the dielectric properties of sheep milk and monitoring quality control parameters of milk and dairy products.

The effect of cold plasma processing time and gas flow on bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, DPPH, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, fatty acids profile, and volatile compounds of guava-flavored whey beverage was investigated. For comparative purposes, a pasteurized beverage was also manufactured. Cold plasma increased the concentration of bioactive and volatile compounds, and proportionated changes in the fatty acids profile. The milder conditions like lower flow rate and processing time, resulted in higher vitamin C and volatile compounds levels, and higher antioxidant activity, but with a lower carotenoids content and a less favorable fatty acids profile. More drastic conditions like higher flow rate and processing time resulted in products with lower vitamin C and volatile compounds levels, but with higher carotenoids content and ACE inhibitory activity. It can be concluded that the cold plasma processing can improve the properties of the guava-flavored whey beverages (increased concentration of bioactive and volatile compounds), while the effect on the fatty acid profile and ACE inhibitory activity is dependent on the process parameters (processing time and flow rate).

The objective of this study was to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Coalho cheese samples (CC, n = 30) barbecued in charcoal at different distances (5, 15, or 20 cm). PAH were determined using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The CC samples presented all the 16 PAH monitored by the health agencies, including 8PAH considered as the most toxic. The benzo [a]anthracene (BaA) and dibenz [a,h]anthracene (DBA) levels were determined, which ranged from 140.7 to 149.4 μg kg−1 to 135.0–139.5 μg kg−1, respectively. The toxicity values showed that the human exposure to PAH in the preparation and consumption of CC is classified as a serious risk or potential risk to cause cancer in humans, with levels higher than 83% and 69% for BaA and DBA, respectively, which are the compounds with the highest carcinogenicity index. The distance to the heat source had no effect on the parameters evaluated. Thus, CC presented high concentrations of PAH and potential risk for the health of Brazilian consumers. Therefore, consumers should be aware of the type of preparation and consider the condition of lightly toasted CC as a food-safe and appropriate consumption profile.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound treatment on the microbiological quality, protein and free amino acid profile of fresh and frozen stored semi-skimmed sheep milk. Milk was treated as fresh or frozen and stored up to one, three and six months. Output power time and pulse time were the parameters combined to design four different ultrasound (US) treatments: power 78 W and duration 6 min (US1); power 78 W and duration 8 min (US2); power 104 W and duration 4 min (US3) power 104 W and duration 6 min (US4). Pulse duration was of 4 s for each treatment. Sample US1 was discarded due to non effectiveness of US treatment, while other samples showed interesting results. Also, it was verified a frost effect on microorganisms in all samples which were frozen before treatment. No relevant change was reported on amino acid profile. The study showed promising results: the ultrasound treatment inactivated or eliminated the studied contaminant bacteria in semi-skimmed sheep milk, while maintained acceptable amount of lactic bacteria, which could be advantageous for dairy products processing.

The present study aimed to compare the physicochemical (pH), physical (rheology parameters and particle size), microstructure (optical microscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry) of guava flavored whey-beverages submitted to cold plama technology in different processing time (5, 10, and 15 min) and gas flow (10, 20, and 30 mL min−1) conditions with a conventional pasteurized product. Whey beverages treated by cold plasma presented higher pH values, lower consistency and lower viscosity, and a flow behavior index similar to Newtonian fluids. Milder cold plasma conditions resulted in whey beverages with higher pH, lower viscosity and consistency, and similar particle distribution and microstructure compared to the pasteurized product. In contrast, more severe processing conditions resulted in a higher particle surface area ([D 3,2]) and smaller particles (~10 μM), due to the decrease in the number of larger particles (1000 μM), cell rupture, the formation of cell fragments, and higher viscosity and consistency. The treatments did not affect the thermal properties (enthalpy and bound water) of any sample.