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Many teleost fishes can withstand long feed deprivation periods, either due to an eventual lack of food or because of their behavior during reproduction and/or parental care. In this work, the effects of total food restriction on the oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and reproductive hormones of the neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus were studied. Specifically, different pairs were isolated after having a spawning event and were feed-deprived or daily fed for 3 weeks. After that period, gonadal histology, messenger levels of genes related to reproduction (gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1, gonadotropins, and insulin-like growth factor 1) and 11-ketotestosterone plasma levels were evaluated in both groups. Food restriction did not affect the reproductive axis in females since follicular maturation and gene expression showed no differences with respect to controls. However, in males, food restriction showed a stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis, reflected in a greater number of spermatozoa in their seminiferous lobes and spermatic ducts, and in an increase in follicle stimulating hormone messenger expression. Despite the negative effect reported for many fish species, C. dimerus seems to redirect their energy reserves towards gonadal development when faced with to a feed deprivation period.

To characterize the female reproductive biology of the endangered species Steindachneridion parahybae in captivity, the authors used the concentration of gonadal steroids and the oocyte development during the annual reproductive cycle (RC) and after artificial induced spawning (AIS) until 48 h. Three stages of gonadal maturation were identified, based on morphological and physiological features: early maturation or previtellogenic (PRV) oocyte, advanced maturation or vitellogenic (VTG) oocyte and regression (REG) or follicular atresia. They identified and characterized the following stages of germ cells: oogonia, perinucleolar and cortical alveoli, and VTG and atretic oocytes during RC. The oestradiol levels were higher in PRV than those in VTG and REG during the RC, whereas androgens showed higher levels of oestradiol in VTG than those in PRV and REG. The progestogen levels remained unchanged during the whole RC. The final oocyte maturation (FOM) was achieved after AIS and postovulatory follicles (POF) were identified. Plasma concentration of progestogens (17α,20β-dihydroxy-pregnen-3-one and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone) increased considerably after AIS, remaining high up to 6 h after AIS, and progressively decreased over time after AIS. During RC, the lack of FOM and POFs reveals that captivity negatively impacts S. parahybae reproduction. Nonetheless, the VTG stage of oocytes, reached during RC, is suitable for ovulation induction with artificial hormone manipulation, enabling the reproduction of this species in captivity and being essential for the success of fish farming and/or fish conservation programmes (conservationist aquaculture).

O objetivo foi descrever as alteracoes morfofisiologicas dos testiculos de Salminus hilarii durante o ciclo reprodutivo anual. Os animais foram coletados na Bacia do Alto Tiete entre as cidades de Salesopolis e Biritiba Mirim (SP). As analises macro/microscopicas dos testiculos permitiram classificar o desenvolvimento em tres estadios (pre-espermatogenico, espermatogenico e regressao) e identificar seis tipos celulares (espermatogonias, espermatocitos, espermatides, espermatozoides, celulas de Sertoli e Leydig). As concentracoes plasmaticas de estrogeno/progestageno nao variaram durante o ciclo reprodutivo. Entretanto, os androgenos, testosterona e 11-cetotestosterona, aumentaram progressivamente com a maturacao testicular (alteracao do epitelio germinativo continuo para descontinuo) e concomitantemente com o aumento do indice gonadossomatico. Estes resultados morfofisiologicos sugerem que o periodo reprodutivo ocorre entre os meses de setembro a fevereiro.

Many teleost fishes can withstand long feed deprivation periods, either due to an eventual lack of food or because of their behavior during reproduction and/or parental care. In this work, the effects of total food restriction on the oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and reproductive hormones of the neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus were studied. Specifically, different pairs were isolated after having a spawning event and were feed-deprived or daily fed for 3 weeks. After that period, gonadal histology, messenger levels of genes related to reproduction (gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1, gonadotropins, and insulin-like growth factor 1) and 11-ketotestosterone plasma levels were evaluated in both groups. Food restriction did not affect the reproductive axis in females since follicular maturation and gene expression showed no differences with respect to controls. However, in males, food restriction showed a stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis, reflected in a greater number of spermatozoa in their seminiferous lobes and spermatic ducts, and in an increase in follicle stimulating hormone messenger expression. Despite the negative effect reported for many fish species, C. dimerus seems to redirect their energy reserves towards gonadal development when faced with to a feed deprivation period.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-30 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de Sao Paulo (CEBIMar) This study aimed to investigate the influences of alternative lipid sources rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) on production performance and lipid metabolism of Rachycentron canadum (cobia) juveniles. An 8-week feeding trial was carried out using four isoproteic and isolipidic diets as follows: FO-D (fish oil, as control diet), SFA-D (rich in SFA), MIX-D (same levels of SFA and MUFA), and MUFA-D (rich in MUFA). Experimental diets were supplemented with arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3, 5, and 10 g kg(1), respectively). The growth performance, fatty acid (FA) profile of liver and muscle, hepatocyte morphology, and gene expression related to the FA synthesis and oxidation on the liver were examined. In general, production performance was not impaired in fish-fed FO-free diets, supporting the hypothesis that alternative lipid sources could be used in cobia's aquafeed formulations when the LC-PUFA are adequately supplemented. High dietary SFA levels were disproportionally deposited the liver and muscle. Contrariwise MUFA was mainly deposited in the liver and muscle, reflecting the dietary inclusion levels. The main FA influencing this pattern were 12:0 and 18:1n-9. The expression of fatty acid synthase (fas) was up-regulated in the FO-D group compared to SFA-D and MIX-D groups. There were no differences in the relative expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt-1 alpha) and lipase lipoprotein (lpl). The liver morphology results indicated that fish-fed SFA-D presented a smaller lipid vacuoles area than those fed other experimental diets. This study shows that SFA with shorter carbon chains such as 12:0 can be administered in cobia aquafeeds to stimulate these molecules' catabolism, providing energy for growth, and retaining LC-PUFAs in tissues, especially in the muscle, exhibiting a healthier fillet for consumers. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Fisiol, Inst Biociencias, Rua Matao,Trav 14,321, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo CEBIMar USP, Ctr Biol Marinha, Rodovia Manoel Hipolito Rego,Km 131,5, BR-11612109 Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil CSIRO Agr & Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Isl Res Ctr, Woorim, Qld 4507, Australia Univ Autonoma Baja California UABC, Inst Invest Oceanol, Km 107 Carretera Tij Eda, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UABC, Inst Invest Oceanol, CONACYT, Ensenada, BC, Mexico Univ Mogi das Cruzes, Nucleo Integrado Biotecnol, Ave Dr Candido Xavier Almeida Souza 200, BR-08780911 Mogi Das Cruzes, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2019/092469 FAPESP: 2014/163207 FAPESP: 2017/067650 FAPESP: 2019/260180

The recently erected macrocnemic family Hydrozoanthidae comprises relatively few species recorded from tropical and subtropical regions. In the Atlantic Ocean, this family has been reported only fr...

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on lipid metabolism, productive performance and biological indexes of striped bass exposed to different temperatures. Within this purpose, four isoproteic (44% of crude protein) and isolipidic (11% of lipid) experimental diets were formulated based on defatted meals and different lipid sources. Fish oil was used as primary lipid source in the control diet (FO), whereas a mixture of coconut, peanut, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosaexaenoic acid (DHA) oils, and different amount of ARA was added to three experimental diets (ARA1–0.3%, ARA2–0.7%, and ARA3–1.2%). Additionally to the ARA, differences in the levels of specific fatty acids as 16:0, 16:1, 18:1n-9 and EPA were observed between FO and ARA diets. Morone saxatilis (striped bass) juveniles (5.31 ± 0.18 g), were distributed (30 fish) into each tank (12; with 500 L water volume) in triplicate groups. All fish were exposed to the same temperature, which was raised every fourteen days to a higher temperature (14, 18, 22, and 26 °C). All dietary treatment remained 14 days at each temperature and an additional seven acclimation days to the new temperature. After seventy-seven days of the feeding trial, a decrease in growth and mainly survival rate were observed in fish fed the FO diet, compared to the rest of the treatments. Our results suggested that different diets composition, mostly higher dietary ARA influenced greater feed intake, weight gain, and especially survival. ARA was efficiently retained in liver and fillet at higher temperatures, while at lower temperatures, it was probably synthesized in other compounds, such as prostaglandins. Additionally, the temperature rise influenced a higher lipid deposition in hepatocytes of animals from all experimental groups. Dietary ARA and temperature modulated the expression of genes related to the prostaglandin synthesis and fatty acid synthesis and catabolism. It is concluded that ARA, such as DHA, is an essential fatty acid needed at higher levels (0.7 to 1.2% in diet), especially when fish is exposed to low sub-optimal temperatures. While when fish oil was used in the control diet (containing 0.33% ARA), fish not only decrease in body mass but compromise its physiological status, resulting in mass mortalities when the temperature reached the optimum range for this species.

The tripletail Lobotes surinamensis inhabits tropical and subtropical oceans, including the South Atlantic, where information about its reproductive biology is scarce. We combined physiological and morphological tools to study the reproductive cycle of L. surinamensis in the western South Atlantic. Adult females and males were sampled in Paraty Bay (Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil) for 2 years, and the animals were grouped into three seasons: spring, summer, and autumn/winter. Gonadal morphology, plasma levels of gonadal steroids, 17β-estradiol (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP) were quantified in females, and testosterone (T) and 11-KT were quantified in males. The gene expression of the β subunit of pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated in all seasons. The histological analysis of the gonads showed that L. surinamensis is a multiple spawner with an asynchronous oocyte development. The gene expression of fshβ did not change throughout the reproductive cycle in males and females, while the gene expression of lhβ in males was higher in the summer compared to the autumn/winter periods. Plasma E2 was higher in females and 11-KT in males during spring. Gonadal development, plasma level of E2 (females), and 11-KT (males) are indicators that L. surinamensis reproduce during the spring and summer in Paraty Bay, while the gene expression levels of gonadotropins in females and fshβ in males were not useful physiological tools to establish the reproductive season. The results suggest an active expression throughout the year, a profile expected in multiple spawning species, as proposed here for the L. surinamensis.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:18:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The present study aimed to evaluate two different methods of artificial reproduction induction, and characterize the embryonic development ofSalminus hilarii. Different than observed for other tropical fish species, artificial reproduction induction followed by hand-stripping of gametes was considered unfeasible forS.hilarii, as no gamete fertilization was observed. However, females that were induced and spawned naturally presented a fertilization rate of 65.64 +/- 0.54%. With a mean temperature of 26.20 +/- 0.90oC it was possible to clearly distinguish a large perivitelline space at 14 min after fertilization (AF) and at 49 min AF more than 50% of the embryos presented two blastomeres, and these cleavages occurred until 1 h 54 min AF. The gastrula phase was characterized at 3 h 56 min AF, and blastopore closure was observed at 8 h 31 min AF. At 9 h 1 min, organogenesis started, with a clear distinction of the yolk mass, embryonic axis, cephalic and caudal regions; at 11 h 51 min AF the embryos already had advanced segmentation and a free tail. Total hatching occurred at 21 h 17 min and after opening the mouth, which occurred at 33 h 9 min, the larvae ofS.hilariipresented a strong and characteristic cannibalism. This information can be considered fundamental to improvingS.hilariiproduction in captivity and for collaboration with a conservation programme in the upper Tiete river basin. Univ Mogi das Cruzes, Nucleo Integrad Biotecnoi, Av Dr Candido Xavier de Almeida Souza 200, BR-08780911 Mogi Das Cruzes, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castaane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Fisiol, Rua Matao,Trav 14,321, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Biol Marinha, Rodovia Manoel Hipolito do Rego,Km 131,5, BR-11612109 Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castaane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: FAPESP 2001/10483-1 FAPESP: 2008/57687-0 FAPESP: 2014/16320-7 FAPESP: 2017/06765-0 CNPq: CNPq 134451/2005-8

The present study aimed to evaluate two different methods of artificial reproduction induction, and characterize the embryonic development of Salminus hilarii. Different than observed for other tropical fish species, artificial reproduction induction followed by hand-stripping of gametes was considered unfeasible for S. hilarii, as no gamete fertilization was observed. However, females that were induced and spawned naturally presented a fertilization rate of 65.64 ± 0.54%. With a mean temperature of 26.20 ± 0.90ºC it was possible to clearly distinguish a large perivitelline space at 14 min after fertilization (AF) and at 49 min AF more than 50% of the embryos presented two blastomeres, and these cleavages occurred until 1 h 54 min AF. The gastrula phase was characterized at 3 h 56 min AF, and blastopore closure was observed at 8 h 31 min AF. At 9 h 1 min, organogenesis started, with a clear distinction of the yolk mass, embryonic axis, cephalic and caudal regions; at 11 h 51 min AF the embryos already had advanced segmentation and a free tail. Total hatching occurred at 21 h 17 min and after opening the mouth, which occurred at 33 h 9 min, the larvae of S. hilarii presented a strong and characteristic cannibalism. This information can be considered fundamental to improving S. hilarii production in captivity and for collaboration with a conservation programme in the upper Tietê river basin.

The expression of territorial behavior in wild species is especially suited to explore how animals integrate individual traits with dynamic environmental and social contexts. In this study, we focused on the seasonal variation of the determinants of territory size in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus omarorum. This species is a seasonal breeder that displays year-long territorial aggression, in which female and male dyads exhibit indistinguishable non-breeding territorial agonistic behavior and the only significant predictor of contest outcome is body size. We carried out field surveys across seasons that included the identification of individual location, measurements of water physico-chemical variables, characterization of individual morphometric and physiological traits, and their correlation to spatial distribution. Although Gymnotus omarorum tolerates a wide range of dissolved oxygen concentration, territory size correlated with dissolved oxygen in both seasons. In the non-breeding season, we show that territory size is sexually monomorphic and explained only by body size. In the breeding season, while body size no longer correlated with territory size, evidence of sexual differences in territory size determinants emerged. First, the overall spatial arrangement adopted a sexual bias. Second, territory size depended on gonadal hormones in both sexes, which was expected for males, but not previously reported in females. Third, females’ territory size correlated with gonadal size and females showed relatively larger territories than males, probably to meet sexually dimorphic energetic requirements. This study provides evidence of seasonal changes in factors correlated with territory size and contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying behavioral plasticity.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:40:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-09-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) An 8-week nutritional experiment was conducted with the aim of evaluating the influences of different arachidonic acid (ARA) levels and two different temperatures (29.5 degrees C and 26.5 degrees C) on the growth performance, tissue and whole-body fatty acid (FA) compositions, plasma prostaglandin concentration, liver morphology and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in cobia juveniles. A basal fat-reduced diet was manufactured and subsequently coated with different FA sources, distinct levels of ARA (ARA1, 0.5%; ARA2, 1.2%; and ARA3, 1.9%) and fish oil (FO: 8.8%, as a control diet). All diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isolipidic. Cobia juveniles (5.86 +/- 0.40 g) were randomly divided into 24 tanks with 18 animals each. Twelve tanks were kept at 29.5 degrees C, and 12 tanks were kept at 26.5 degrees C. The animals were fed twice per day with each experimental diet until apparent satiation in triplicate tanks at both temperatures. The results revealed that the animals maintained at 26.5 degrees C and fed with the ARA diets exhibited better growth than those fed with the FO diet and kept at 29.5 degrees C. In contrast to observations in other teleost species, ARA excess did not reduce growth or survival. The FA compositions of the livers, fillets and whole bodies generally reflected the diet compositions, i.e., gradual increases in ARA were observed according to the diet level. Additionally, greater depositions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the fillets of the animals from the ARA2 group that was kept at 26.5 degrees C were observed. The plasma prostaglandin levels were greater in the animals that were kept at 29.5 degrees C for all experimental diets and in the ARA2 animals compared with the FO groups at both temperatures. The FAS and SREBP-1 expressions in the livers were down-regulated in the ARA1 and ARA2 animals that were maintained at 26.5 degrees C compared with the animals that were fed the same diets but kept at 29.5 degrees C. Additionally, SREBP-1 expression was up-regulated in the ARA2 animals compared with the FO animals at both temperatures. The results of this study indicated that ARA inclusion between 0.5 and 1.9% combined with a temperature of 26.5 degrees C can improve juvenile cobia growth performance and directly influence the modulation of prostaglandin synthesis and the relative expressions of lipid genes. Univ Mogi das Cruzes, Nucl Integrado Biotecnol, Av Dr Candido Xavier de Almeida Souza 200, BR-08780911 Mogi Das Cruzes, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo CEBIMar USP, Ctr Biol Marinha, Rodovia Manoel Hipolito Rego Km 131,5, BR-11600000 Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil CSIRO, Agr & Food, Aquaculture Program, Bribie Isl Res Ctr, Woorim, Qld 4507, Australia Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Fisiol, Rua Matao,Trav 14,321, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/16320-7 FAPESP: 2016/12435-0

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This work describes gonadotropic (GtH) cells and their morphological and immunohistochemical changes during the spermatogenic cycle of Serrasalmus maculatus (continuous spermatogenesis) and Pimelodus maculatus (seasonal spermatogenesis). GtH cells, widely distributed in the proximal pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, were characterized as round-shaped cells with eccentric nucleus, and cytoplasm with basophilic secretory granules and a variable number of vacuoles for both species. Immunohistochemistry against β-follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and β-luteinizing hormone (Lh) in adjacent sections showed two separated GtH-producing cell populations, and a third population where both GtHs are expressed in the same cell for both species. In the seasonal spermatogenesis of P. maculatus, GtH cells seemed to be more abundant during developing and spawning capable phases. In contrast, no cyclic changes were detected in the continuous spermatogenesis of S. maculatus, except for the strong immunoreaction for Fsh and Lh in males with intense spermiogenesis. We conclude that changes reported here might reflect the type of spermatogenic cycle (seasonal or continuous) which are under different regulatory mechanisms (environmental and internal cues) controlling the reproduction in these species. Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University UNESP Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo USP Department of Physiology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo USP Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1524 Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University UNESP FAPESP: 2003/11078-9

The effect of arachidonic acid (ARA) was evaluated on Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Growth performance; hepatopancreas and muscle fatty acid compositions; hepatopancreatic cells morphology; and expression of lipid-relevant genes were estimated after six-week experiment. A basal fat-reduced diet was manufactured and subsequently coated with different fatty acids sources, distinct levels of ARA (0, 0.3, and 0.6%), fish and soybean oil (50:50 Control diet). L. vannamei juveniles (1.10 ± 0.22 g) were randomly divided into twelve tanks with thirty animals each. The animals were fed three times per day, with 8% of the total biomass. The results showed that animals fed with diet containing 0.3% of ARA presented a lower final weight compared to the Control. Different levels of ARA inclusion in the experimental diets directly influenced in the tissues fatty acid profile with lower ARA levels in Control and 0% followed by 0.3% and 0.6%. In muscle and hepatopancreas tissues, a higher accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was revealed in the Control compared to the rest of the experimental treatments. The expression pattern of lipoxygenase (alox5), prostaglandin E synthase (pges2), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp1) and cycloxygenase (cox2) were significantly affected by the ARA inclusion, showing the highest expression in the Control treatment with a decrease according to the increasing levels of dietary ARA. It is concluded that ARA inclusion in shrimp diets result in a negative impact on the overall performance, probably modulated by a differential gene expression related to the eicosanoids synthesis, lipolytic and lipogenic pathways. Besides, the lipid deposition on the hepatopancreatic cells was reduced.

Astyanax fasciatus is a group of neotropical fish with two different diploid chromosome numbers, and in the wild, these individuals are found in sympatry. The annual reproductive cycles of adult females of species with different numbers of chromosomes (G1: 46 chromosomes, low responsiveness to induced spawning; G2: 48 chromosomes, responsive to induced spawning) were investigated in the wild and in captivity. Plasma estradiol (E2) levels, relative fecundity (RF), oocyte diameter, gonadosomatic index, and ovarian morpho-histology were evaluated to identify the ovarian maturation stage. The G1 females in both environments began the vitellogenic phase during winter, concurrent with increased plasma E2 levels. In wild G1 females, large numbers of vitellogenic oocytes were observed during spring and summer, when plasma E2 levels remained high. In contrast, captive G1 females showed higher E2 levels during the winter. They also retained significantly higher RF and vitellogenic oocyte numbers than wild females, but showed no spawning and slow yolk reabsorption. Wild G2 females began the vitellogenic phase in autumn and had progressively increasing E2 levels that peaked in the spring, with spawning occurring during the summer. In captive G2 females, the E2 levels and RF remained high throughout the year. These data suggest that A. aff. fasciatus with different numbers of chromosomes differ in their reproductive performance in the wild and show altered sensitivity to environmental cues in captivity. Our results indicate that G1 females likely respond best to artificial spawning just after winter, whereas G2 females should respond year-round.

This study aimed at analyzing the energetic substrate (ES) in the main storage tissues of Steindachneridion parahybae, throughout the reproductive cycle in captivity. Differently from wild, in captivity, feeding is not interrupted during the reproductive period, the females do not spawn spontaneously, and they are sedentary. Adult females were sampled monthly and based on their histology and gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovaries were classified into: previtellogenic (PRV), vitellogenic (VTG), and regression (REG) stages. Ovaries at the VTG stage showed higher protein and lipids levels than at the PRV stage with a positive correlation between these substrates and the GSI. Muscle was the main source of proteins transferred to the ovaries, according to the negative correlation between these organs. Lipids remained unchanged in the liver, which is an important supplier in vitellogenesis, a pattern that probably occurs due to the continuous feeding. Muscular glycogen levels were higher at the VTG and REG than at the PRV stages. Plasma triglycerides were also higher during REG, while glucose levels were more elevated during the VTG stage. These results suggest that with constant food supply, the pattern of deposition of ES in S. parahybae is different from that described for other wild potamodromous species. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição do substrato energético (SE) nos principais tecidos de armazenamento de Steindachneridion parahybae, durante todo o ciclo reprodutivo em cativeiro. Diferentemente do ambiente natural, em cativeiro, a alimentação desses animais não é interrompida durante o período reprodutivo, as fêmeas não desovam espontaneamente, e são sedentárias. Fêmeas adultas foram amostradas mensalmente e baseada na histologia e no índice gonadossomático (IGS), os ovários foram classificados: estádios pré-vitelogênico (PRV), vitelogênico (VTG) e regressão (REG). Os ovários no estádio VTG apresentaram uma maior concentração de lipídeos e proteínas em relação ao estágio PRV. Esses substratos correlacionaram-se positivamente com o IGS. O músculo foi a principal fonte de proteína transferida aos ovários, como foi confirmado pela análise de correlação negativa entre esses órgãos. Os lipídeos mantiveram-se inalterados no fígado, considerado um importante órgão fornecedor de lipídeos para a vitelogênese, padrão que possivelmente ocorreu devido à contínua alimentação. A concentração do glicogênio muscular foi mais elevada durante os estágios VTG e REG em relação ao PRV. A concentração de triglicerídeos plasmática apresentou maiores valores no estádio REG enquanto a concentração de glicose no plasma foi maior durante os estádios VTG. Esses resultados sugerem que com alimentação constante, as fêmeas de S. parahybae apresentam um distinto padrão de mobilização dos substratos energéticos em relação ao que já foi descrito para outras espécies potamódromas de ambiente natural.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize pituitary cells of Steindachneridion parahybae females in captivity, highlighting the possible relationship with reproductive disorders at this level, since this species shows oocyte final maturation, ovulation and spawning dysfunction in captivity. The localization and distribution of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), somatolactin (SL), β-luteinizing hormone (β-LH), and β-follicle stimulating hormone (β-FSH) immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the adenohypophysis was studied by immunohistochemical and Western blot methods. In addition, cellular morphometric analyses and semi-quantification of ir-cells optical density (OD) during the annual reproductive cycle and after artificial induced spawning (AIS) were performed. Results showed that the distribution and general localization of pituitary cell types were similar to that of other teleost species. However, the morphometrical study of adenohypophysial cells showed differences along the reproductive cycle and following AIS. In general, females at the vitellogenic stage presented greater OD values for GH, PRL and SL than at other maturation stages (previtellogenic and regression stages), probably indicating an increased cellular activity during this stage. Conversely, β-LH OD did not vary during the annual reproductive cycle. After AIS, β-LH, SL and GH ir-cells showed an increase in OD values suggesting a possible involvement on oocyte final maturation, ovulation and spawning or a feedback control on the brain-pituitary-gonads axis. Reproductive dysfunction in S. parahybae females in captivity may be due to alteration of the synthesis pathways of β-LH. In addition, GH family of hormones could modulate associated mechanisms that influence the reproductive status in this species.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the characteristics of the reproductive classes and semen quality in curimbatá (Prochilodus lineatus) breeders maintained in two different rearing systems. To achieve this goal, cages (Cs) and earthen ponds (EPs) were used as experimental systems to provide unsuitable and suitable conditions, respectively. The fish were maintained under the experimental conditions for 18 months. During this period, males were randomly sampled every 2 months for biometric analysis (n = 30 per sample) and for an evaluation of selected characteristics of the testes (n = 5 per sample). After this period, males maintained in EPs and males maintained in Cs (CMs) were evaluated in induced breeding experiments. We observed that rearing P. lineatus in a C at a high stocking density for the long 18-month period of study produced reductions in growth, testis development, gonadosomatic index values, and sperm quality in the fish. We found differences between the groups in all the reproductive classes examined, especially in the regression class, which showed a pronounced accumulation of immature germ cells in the CMs. In this group, we also noted a less intense transition from a continuous to discontinuous germinal epithelium, with an extended and abnormal but less intense spermatogenic period resulting in decreases in semen volume and sperm concentration in the breeding season. Together, such dysfunctions resulted in the production of low-quality sperm in the CMs, as demonstrated by lower-quality DNA (as evaluated by the comet assay), low fertilization success, and low hatching success. In conclusion, to ensure high-quality semen in P. lineatus, appropriate management conditions must be provided throughout the reproductive cycle, especially for the regressed class, even in winter, two seasons before the breeding season. Fil: de Souza Siqueira, Thiago Giordano. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Hainfellner, Patrick. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Kuradomi, Rafael Y.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Muñoz, Mario E.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Moreira, Renata G.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Batlouni, Sergio R.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This study evaluated by immunohistochemical and Western blot methods, the distribution of two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs), corresponding to catfish GnRH (cfGnRH or GnRH1) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II or GnRH2), in Steindachneridion parahybae females in captivity, focusing these analyses on the reproductive cycle by semi-quantification of optical density (OD). Further, we found that the GnRH neuronal systems co-localized with their respective GnRH-associated peptides (GAPs). A group of neurons immunoreactive (ir) to GnRH1 were identified along the ventral region of the olfactory bulb (vOB) in the telencephalon (vTel) and in the main areas of the diencephalon (especially the medial basal hypothalamus, HBM), including fibers extending into the pituitary gland. In contrast, GnRH2 neurons were confined to the midbrain tegmentum, close to the ventricular surface, without projections to the pituitary gland. Moreover, a cfGAP (GnRH1)-specific band (9 kDa) was identified in the brain and pituitary gland, while a cGAP-II (GnRH2)-specific band (26 kDa) was observed only in the brain extract. During the reproductive cycle, GnRH1-ir presented greater OD values at the vitellogenic and regression stages than at the previtellogenic stage and after artificially induced to spawn. Larger GnRH2-ir neurons were observed during the reproductive cycle, but a higher OD was identified only in the regression stage compared with the other maturation stages. Finally, GnRH1 axons were found to be directed towards the pituitary, and this GnRH type, which is probably the hypophysiotropic form, can contribute to the reproductive dysfunction that occurs in S. parahybae females in captivity, whereas GnRH2 may act as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter. Departamento de Fisiologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321 Centro de Aquicultura Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, S/N, 14884-900, Jaboticabal Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP) Unidade de Hidrobiologia e Aquicultura Rodovia dos Tamoios, km 38. 12260-000 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires & IBBEA CONICET-UBA Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA) Centro de Aquicultura Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, S/N, 14884-900, Jaboticabal FAPESP: 2008/57687-0

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have the potential to alter fish reproduction at various levels of organization. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a natural environment with heavily anthropogenic influence on the physiological processes involved in reproduction in the freshwater fish lambari (Astyanax fasciatus) using different biomarkers. Adult males and females were collected in different seasons from two distinct sites in the same watershed: Ponte Nova Reservoir (PN) considered a pristine or small anthropogenic influence reference point; and Billings Reservoir (Bil), subjected to a large anthropogenic impact. Biological indices, such as hepatosomatic index and gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonadal histomorphology, fecundity, and biomarkers such as plasma levels of estradiol (E2) as well as hepatic gene expression of its alfa nuclear receptor (ERα), were analyzed. Hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression was evaluated in both sexes, as an indicator of xenoestrogen exposure. Females collected at PN presented a typical annual variation reflected in GSI, whereas for those sampled at Bil the index did not change through the seasons. The higher concentration of E2 in males collected at Bil during spring/2013, together with the detection of VTG gene expression, suggest the presence of EDCs in the water. These EDCs may have also influenced fecundity of females from Bil, which was higher during winter and spring/2013. Gene expression of ERα and ovarian morphology did not differ between fish from both sites. Water conditions from Bil reservoir impacted by anthropic activity clearly interfered mainly with biomarkers of biological effect such as plasma E2 levels and absolute and relative fecundity, but also altered biomarkers of exposure as VTG gene expression. These facts support the notion that waterborne EDCs are capable of causing estrogenic activity in A. fasciatus. Fil: Tolussi, Carlos E.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Olio Gomes, Aline Dal. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Kumar, Anupama. CSIRO Land and Water; Australia Fil: Ribeiro, Cristiele S.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Lo Nostro, Fabiana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática; Argentina Fil: Bain, Peter A.. CSIRO Land and Water; Australia Fil: Souza, Gabriela B. de. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Da Cuña, Rodrigo Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática; Argentina Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Moreira, Renata. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

For many species parental behavior is essential for the survival of the offspring. While the ultimate causes of teleost parental behavior have been widely studied, comparatively little is known about its proximate causes. The aim of this study was to analyze the yet unexplored, potential dual role of brain and gonadal aromatases, the enzymes responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens in the brains and gonads of teleosts, respectively, on the different stages of the maternal care period of the biparental cichlid Cichlasoma dimerus, locally known as chanchita. By immunohistochemistry we analyzed the neural distribution of brain aromatase and observed it exclusively within the forebrain, including areas involved in the regulation of parental behavior. We next analyzed the gene expression of brain aromatase in the brain, and gonadal aromatase in the ovary, of female chanchitas through the parental care period. To further characterize the physiological environment associated to maternal care, we also evaluated sex steroid levels (17β-estradiol, testosterone and 11-ketotestoterone) and ovarian follicle percentage. The onset of parental behavior specifically downregulated sex steroids synthesis and the rate of ovarian maturation, as denoted by a more than 10-fold decrease in steroid levels and delayed detection of mature follicles in females with offspring, compared to females which eggs were removed. Gene expression levels of both aromatases were independent of maternal care at the evaluated time points, even though they varied during the parental care period. Fil: Ramallo, Martín Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento; Argentina Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidade Do Sao Paulo. Departamento de Fisiología; Brasil Fil: Birba, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento; Argentina Fil: Morandini, Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento; Argentina Fil: Varela, María Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática; Argentina Fil: Genovese, Griselda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática; Argentina Fil: Moreira, Renata. Universidade Do Sao Paulo. Departamento de Fisiología; Brasil Fil: Somoza, Gustavo Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; Argentina Fil: Pandolfi, Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento; Argentina

Poco se sabe sobre la biología reproductiva de Steindachneridion parahybae , una especie de teleósteo gonocorístico en peligro de extinción que habita la cuenca del río Paraíba do Sul y en éste trabajo se describe por primera vez la aparición de individuo intersexo en juvenil de S. parahybae . También se describió el aspecto normal de los ovarios y de los testículos de individuos juveniles procedentes del mismo lote de cría para su comparación; se realizó además el análisis citogenético. Un espécimen fue clasificado a priori como hembra debido a las características macroscópicas de los ovarios, con pequeños oocitos amarillos, sin flecos (característica principal de los bagres macho) y más grande que los testículos; sin embargo el análisis microscópico reveló la presencia de un ovotestis, incluyendo una espermatogénesis completa. S. parahybae presentó un número diploide, 2n = 56 cromosomas, sin evidencia de cromosomas sexuales diferenciados o supernumerarios entre ellos. Estos hallazgos pueden deberse al resultado de la exposición de los individuos a desorganizadores endocrinos o estar influenciados por las condiciones ambientales. Sin embargo no se puede descartar la posibilidad de la presencia de intersexos de forma espontánea. Por lo tanto, la importancia funcional y las consecuencias reproductivas de estas anomalías permanecen aún sin ser determinadas, sugiriendo que esta especie puede ser susceptible a los disruptores endocrinos. Estos resultados contribuyen a ampliar el conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de esta especie en peligro de extinción en condiciones de cautiverio. Little is known about reproductive biology of endangered Steindachneridion parahybae , a gonochoristic teleost species inhabiting the Paraíba do Sul River Basin, and herein is the first description of intersex in S. parahybae juvenile. The normal appearance of ovaries and testes in juvenile from the same lot of breeding were also described for comparison, even as cytogenetic analysis was performed in these juveniles. One specimen was a priori classified as female due to the macroscopic characteristic of ovaries, with small yellow oocytes, without fringes (a main characteristic of catfish male), and larger than testes; however the microscopic analysis revealed the presence of ovotestes, including the complete spermatogenesis. S. parahybae had diploid number, 2n = 56 chromosomes with no evidence of differentiated sex chromosomes or supernumerary chromosomes among them. These findings may be due to the result of exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds or may also be influenced by environmental conditions. The possibility of intersexes might also happen spontaneously and it cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the functional significance and reproductive consequences of this anomaly remain to be determined, suggesting that this species may be susceptible to endocrine disruption. These results contribute to gain expertise about reproductive biology of an endangered species in captivity. Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caneppele, Danilo. Companhia Energética de São Paulo. Unidade de Hidrobiologia e Aquicultura; Brasil Fil: Pandolfi, Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Lo Nostro, Fabiana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Moreira, Renata G.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

The "surubim do Paraíba" (Steindachneridion parahybae) is a freshwater catfish endemic to the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil. This species has been seriously threatened by environmental disturbances in the last several decades. Wild Steindachneridion parahybae males and females were collected in 2003 and taken to the hatchery of a power plant of the Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP). Steindachneridion parahybae broodstocks were artificially induced to reproduce in December 2003 using a combination of carp pituitary extract (CPE) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Oocytes and milt were stripped; the fertilized eggs were transferred to 60-liter conical incubators and hatched larvae distributed in nine horizontal trays. Exogenous feed was started just after yolk sac absorption. A high rate of cannibalism and photophobia were observed during the larval period, resulting in a 26% survival rate from larvae to fingerlings. O "surubim do Paraíba" (Steindachneridion parahybae) é um bagre de água doce, endêmico da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, Brasil. Esta espécie foi seriamente ameaçada por distúrbios ambientais nas últimas décadas. Machos e fêmeas selvagens de Steindachneridion parahybae foram coletados em 2003 e transferidos para a piscicultura da CESP (Companhia Energética de São Paulo). Reprodutores de S. parahybae foram induzidos à reprodução artificial em dezembro de 2003 usando uma combinação de extrato hipofisário de carpa (CPE) e gonadotropina coriônica humana (hCG). Após a extrusão dos óvulos e do sêmen, os ovos fertilizados foram transferidos para incubadoras cônicas de 60 litros e, em seguida, as larvas eclodidas distribuídas em nove incubadoras horizontais. Após a absorção do saco vitelino, a alimentação exógena foi iniciada. Uma alta taxa de canibalismo e fotofobia foram observados durante o período larval, resultando em uma taxa de sobrevivência de 26% de larvas para os alevinos

Eutrophication results in a deficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) in aquatic food chains, affecting fish nutrition and physiology. The trophic transfer of FA (fatty acids) to fish species of different feeding habits was investigated in two reservoirs in southeast Brazil-the mesotrophic Ponte Nova Reservoir (PN) and the hypereutrophic Billings Reservoir (Bil). Total FA profile of stomach contents and adipose tissue, triacylglycerols (TAG), and phospholipids (PL) from liver and muscle of the omnivorous Astyanax fasciatus and the carnivorous Hoplias malabaricus were analyzed by gas chromatography. A prevalence of n-6PUFA, as 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) and 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) was observed in the stomach contents and in the tissues of A. fasciatus from the PN reservoir. In contrast, n-3 LC-PUFA, as 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) was accumulated in fish tissues from Bil, resulting in higher n3/n6 and EPA/ARA ratios, compared to fish from PN. This differential FA accumulation was also observed for H. malabaricus, but differences were slightly minor, and no changes were observed in the EPA/ARA ratios between fish from both reservoirs. Regardless reservoir, FA profiles of TAG resembled that of their diet, whereas FA profiles of PL were more conservative and mainly comprised by LC-PUFA. We conclude that reservoir trophic status affected the FA composition of food resources available to these fish species, resulting in differential allocation of n-3 and n-6 FA. As expected, FA profile of the investigated fish species also reflected their feeding habit and physiological demands.

Potamodromous teleosts that require migration to reproduce show dysfunctions that block ovulation and spawning while in captivity. To understand the physiological basis of these reproductive dysfunctions, follicle-stimulating hormone b subunit (fshb) and luteinizing hormone b subunit (lhb) gene expression analyses by real-time quantitative PCR, together with measurements of estradiol (E 2), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-DHP) levels, were carried out throughout the reproductive cycle of the potamodromous Salminus hilarii. The following reproductive stages were evaluated in captive and wild females: previtellogenic (PV), advanced maturation/mature (AM) and regression/spent (REG/SPENT). In the wild females, fshb expression decreased from the PV to the AM stage, and the opposite pattern was detected for E 2, which increased from the PV to the AM stage. fshb was expressed at lower levels in captive than in wild females, and this difference did not change during the reproductive cycle. lhb expression also increased from the PV to the AM stage in both groups, but the wild females at the AM and REG/SPENT stages showed higher lhb expression levels than the captive females. The concentrations of 17α-OHP did not change during the reproductive cycle, and the levels were higher in the captive than in the wild females at all reproductive stages. 17α,20β-DHP levels did not change between wild and captive females. However, in captive females, the transition from PV to AM stage was followed by an increase in 17α,20β-DHP levels. These data indicate that dysfunctions in the gonadotropins and steroids synthesis pathways cause the ovulation failure in captive S. hilarii.

Social animals with hierarchal dominance systems are particularly susceptible to their social environment. There, interactions with conspecifics and hierarchal position can greatly affect an individual's behavior, physiology and reproductive success. Our experimental model, Cichlasoma dimerus, is a serially-monogamous Neotropical cichlid fish with a hierarchical social system, established and sustained through agonistic interactions. In this work, we aimed to describe C. dimerus social structure and its association with hormonal profiles and testicular cellular composition. We recorded and quantified agonistic interactions from the territorial pair, i.e. the top ranked male and female, and the lowest ranked male of stable social groups. Plasma levels of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), testosterone, 17β-estradiol (E2) and cortisol were measured by ELISA. Results show that territorial pairs cooperatively guarded the territory, but rarely attacked in synchrony. Territorial males had higher testosterone and 11-KT plasma levels than non-territorial males, while E2 and an index of its metabolization from testosterone were higher in non-territorial males. No difference was observed in cortisol levels. Plasma 11-KT and an index of the conversion of testosterone to 11-KT, positively correlated with the frequency of aggressiveness, while E2 showed the opposite pattern. Territorial males had a higher gonadosomatic index than non-territorial males. The quantification of testicular cellular types revealed that the percentage of spermatocytes and spermatids was higher in non-territorial males, while territorial males showed a greater percentage of spermatozoa. Thus, C. dimerus male social position within a stable hierarchy is associated with distinct behaviors, steroid levels and testicular degree of development.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize pituitary cells of Steindachneridion parahybae females in captivity, highlighting the possible relationship with reproductive disorders at this level, since this species shows oocyte final maturation, ovulation and spawning dysfunction in captivity. The localization and distribution of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), somatolactin (SL), β-luteinizing hormone (β-LH), and β-follicle stimulating hormone (β-FSH) immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the adenohypophysis was studied by immunohistochemical and Western blot methods. In addition, cellular morphometric analyses and semi-quantification of ir-cells optical density (OD) during the annual reproductive cycle and after artificial induced spawning (AIS) were performed. Results showed that the distribution and general localization of pituitary cell types were similar to that of other teleost species. However, the morphometrical study of adenohypophysial cells showed differences along the reproductive cycle and following AIS. In general, females at the vitellogenic stage presented greater OD values for GH, PRL and SL than at other maturation stages (previtellogenic and regression stages), probably indicating an increased cellular activity during this stage. Conversely, β-LH OD did not vary during the annual reproductive cycle. After AIS, β-LH, SL and GH ir-cells showed an increase in OD values suggesting a possible involvement on oocyte final maturation, ovulation and spawning or a feedback control on the brain-pituitary-gonads axis. Reproductive dysfunction in S. parahybae females in captivity may be due to alteration of the synthesis pathways of β-LH. In addition, GH family of hormones could modulate associated mechanisms that influence the reproductive status in this species.

This study describes the reproduction of the silver John dory, Zenopsis conchifer, based on data collected before its fishery exploitation in the southwestern Atlantic, Brazil, in the early 2000s. Biological material was collected through bottom-trawl surveys in 2001 and 2002 from depths of 100 to 600 m. A total of 1,056 individuals ranging from 57 to 504 mm Ls were analyzed. A sex ratio analysis showed that males were predominant among the shorter fishes (, 240 mm Ls) and females among the longer ones (. 320 mm Ls). Between 240 mm and 319 mm Ls sex-ratio was 1:1. The silver John dory is a multiple spawner. Spawning is protracted and more intensive during August and November, when both females and males in spawning capable actively spawning and in regression/regeneration stages were predominant. In this period average values of gonadosomatic index were also higher. For both sexes, the first maturation occurs at 220 mm Ls and at 240 mm Ls all fish can be considered adult. The recruitment apparently takes place from February to May. The length-weight relationships fitted to all specimens and for both sexes yielded b coefficients of ,2.7. The virgin stock of Z. conchifer here characterized, may serve a basis for future studies on the effects of fisheries on the reproduction of the species. O presente estudo descreve a reprodução do peixe galo-de-profundidade, Atlântico Sudoeste, Brasil, iniciada nos anos 2000. As coletas foram realizadas durante cruzeiros de prospecção pesqueira com arrasto-de-fundo em 2001 e 2002, em profundidades entre 100 e 600 m. Um total de 1056 exemplares (comprimento padrão entre 57 mm e 504 mm) foi examinado. A proporção sexual mostrou que machos predominam em comprimentos inferiores a 240 mm, que entre 240 mm e 319 mm a proporção é de 1:1 e que fêmeas predominam a partir de 320 mm. O peixe galo-de-profundidade apresenta desova múltipla, mais intensa entre agosto e novembro, quando predominam fêmeas e machos desovantes ativos e em regressão/regeneração. Neste período foram registrados os maiores valores do índice gonadossomático. Para ambos os sexos a primeira maturação se dá aos 220 mm de comprimento padrão e com 240 mm os indivíduos são considerados adultos. O recrutamento de jovens para o estoque adulto foi mais intenso entre fevereiro e maio. Os valores dos coeficientes b das relações comprimento peso ajustadas para todos os peixes e por sexo ficaram em torno de 2,7. As condições do estoque virgem de Z. conchiferaqui caracterizadas podem servir como um referencial para futuros estudos sobre os efeitos da pesca na reprodução da espécie. Fil: Vaz Dos Santos, André Martins. Universidade Federal Do Parana; Brasil Fil: Rossi Wongtschowsk, Carmen Lúcia Del Bianco. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Bannwart, Denis. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

In teleosts, cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid secreted by the steroidogenic cells of the interrenal gland and an increase in its plasma concentration is a frequent indicator of stress. Cortisol has been postulated as an endogenous mediator involved in the regulation of reproduction and aggression related to social dynamics. The cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus, is a monogamous species that exhibits complex social hierarchies; males appear in one of two basic alternative phenotypes: non-territorial and territorial males. In this work, we postulated as a general hypothesis that the morphometry of the interrenal gland cells and the plasma levels of cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) are related to the social rank in adult males of C. dimerus. First, the location and distribution of the interrenal gland with respect to its context – the kidney – was studied. Plasma levels of cortisol and 11-KT in territorial and non-territorial males were established by ELISA. Finally, a morphometric analysis of steroidogenic and chromaffin cells of the interrenal gland was performed. Results showed that the interrenal gland was exclusively located in the posterior portion of the cephalic kidney. Non-territorial males presented a greater nuclear area of their steroidogenic cells. Additionally, plasma cortisol and 11-KT levels were lower and higher, respectively, in territorial males. Finally, plasma cortisol levels positively correlated with the nuclear area of interrenal steroidogenic cells. Thus, the interrenal gland, by means of one of its products, cortisol, may be fulfilling an important role in the establishment of social hierarchies and their stability. Fil: Morandini, Leonel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ramallo, Martín Roberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Moreira, Renata Guimarães. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Pandolfi, Matias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Freshwater fish that live exclusively in rivers are at particular risk from fragmentation of the aquatic system, mainly the species that migrate upriver for reproduction. That is the case of Salminus hilarii, an important migratory species currently classified as “almost threatened” in the São Paulo State (Brazil), facing water pollution, dam construction, riparian habitat destruction and environmental changes that are even more serious in this State. Additionally, this species show ovulation dysfunction in captivity. Our studies focused on the identification and distribution of the pituitary cell types in the adenohypophysis of S. hilarii females, including a morphometric analysis that compares pituitary cells from wild and captive broodstocks during the reproductive annual cycle. The morphology of adenohypophysial cells showed differences following the reproductive cycle and the environment. In general, optical density suggested a higher cellular activity during the previtellogenic (growth hormone) and vitellogenic (somatolactin) stages in both environments. Additionally, the nucleus/cell ratio analysis suggested that growth hormone and somatolactin cells were larger in wild than in captive females in most reproductive stages of the annual cycle. In contrast, prolactin hormone showed no variation throughout the reproductive cycle (in both environments). Morphometrical analyses related to reproduction of S. hilarii in different environmental conditions, suggest that somatolactin and growth hormone play an important role in reproduction in teleost and can be responsible for the regulation of associated processes that indirectly affect reproductive status.

In this work we characterized the social hierarchy of non-reproductive individuals of Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840), independently for both sexes, and its relationship to the opportunity for social status ascent. Female and male individuals who were located on the top rank of the social hierarchy, ascended in social status when the opportunity arose, therefore indicating that dominance is directly correlated with social ascent likelihood. Dominance was positively correlated with size in males but not in females, suggesting for the latter a relationship with intrinsic features such as aggressiveness or personality rather than to body and/or ovarian size. Physiological and morphometrical variables related to reproduction, stress and body color were measured in non-reproductive fish and correlated with dominance and social ascent likelihood. Dominance was negatively correlated with plasma cortisol levels for both sexes. No correlation with dominance was found for androgen plasma levels (testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone). No correlation was detected between dominance and the selected morphological and physiological variables measured in females, suggesting no reproductive inhibition in this sex at a physiological level and that all females seem to be ready for reproduction. In contrast, social hierarchy of non-reproductive males was found to be positively correlated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) pituitary content levels and gonadosomatic indexes. This suggests an adaptive mechanism of non reproductive males, adjusting their reproductive investment in relation to their likelihood for social status ascent, as perceived by their position in the social hierarchy. This likelihood is translated into a physiological signal through plasma cortisol levels that inhibit gonad investment through pituitary inhibition of FSH, representing an anticipatory response to the opportunity for social status ascent. Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Honji, Renato Massaaki. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Moreira, Renata Guimarães. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Pandolfi, Matias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Steindachneridion parahybae is a freshwater catfish endemic to the Paraíba do Sul River and is classified as an endangered Neotropical species. An increasing number of conservation biologists are incorporating morphological and physiological research data to help conservation managers in rescue these endangered species. This study investigated the embryonic and larval development of S. parahybae in captivity, with emphasis in major events during the ontogeny of S. parahybae. Broodstocks were artificially induced to reproduce, and the extrusion occurred 200-255 degree-hours after hormonal induction at 24°C. Larval ontogeny was evaluated every 10 minutes under microscopic/stereomicroscopic using fresh eggs samples. The main embryogenic development stages were identified: zygote, cleavage, including the morula, blastula, gastrula phase, organogenesis, and hatching. The extruded oocytes showed an average diameter of 1.10 ± 0.10 mm, and after fertilization and hydration of eggs, the average diameter of eggs increased to about 1.90 ± 0.60 mm, characterized by a large perivitelline space that persisted up to embryo development, the double chorion, and the poles (animal and vegetative). Cell division started about 2 minutes after fertilization (AF), resulting in 2, 4, 8 (4 x 2 arrangement of cells), 16 (4 x 4), 32 (4 x 8) and 64 (2 x 4 x 8) cells. Furthermore, the blastula and gastrula stages followed after these cells divisions. The closed blastopore occurred at 11 h 20 min AF; following the development, the organogenetic stages were identified and subdivided respectively in: early segmentation phase and late segmentation phase. In the early segmentation phase, there was the establishment of the embryonic axis, and it was possible to distinguish between the cephalic and caudal regions; somites, and the optic vesicles developed about 20 h AF. Total hatching occurred at 54 h AF, and the larvae average length was 4.30 ± 0.70 mm. Gradual yolk sac reduction was observed during the first two days of larval development. The first feeding occurred at the end of the second day. During the larval phase, cannibalism, heterogeneous larval growth and photophobia were also observed. This information will be important in improving the artificial reproduction protocols of S. parahybae in controlled breeding programs.Steindachneridion parahybae é um bagre de água doce, endêmico do rio Paraíba do Sul e é classificado como espécie neotropical ameaçada. Um número crescente de biólogos conservacionistas estão incorporando dados de pesquisas morfológicas e fisiológicas para ajudar os gestores de conservação no resgate destas espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Este estudo investigou o desenvolvimento embrionário e larval de S. parahybae em cativeiro, com ênfase nos principais eventos durante a ontogenia de S. parahybae. Reprodutores foram artificialmente induzidos à reprodução e a extrusão ocorreu com 200-255 horas-graus após a indução hormonal a 24°C. A ontogenia larval foi avaliada a cada 10 minutos sob microscópio/ estereomicroscópio, utilizando-se amostras de ovos recém coletados. Os principais estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário foram identificados: zigoto, clivagem, incluindo as fases, mórula, blástula e gástrula, organogênese e eclosão. Os ovócitos extrusados apresentaram uma média de diâmetro de 1,10 ± 0,10 mm e depois da fertilização e hidratação dos ovos, a média de diâmetro dos ovos aumentou para 1,90 ± 0,60 mm, caracterizado pelo grande espaço vitelínico que persistiu até o desenvolvimento do embrião, duplo córion e os polos (animal e vegetal). A divisão celular iniciou-se aproximadamente dois minutos após a fertilização (AF), resultando em 2, 4, 8 (4 x 2 arranjo das células), 16 (4 x 4), 32 (4 x 8) e 64 (2 x 4 x 8) células. Adicionalmente, seguiram as fases de blástula e gástrula depois das divisões celulares. O fechamento do blastóporo ocorreu às 11 h 20 min AF; seguindo o desenvolvimento, os estágios de organogênese foram identificados e subdivididos, respectivamente em: fase de divisão inicial e fase de divisão avançada. Na fase de divisão inicial, depois do estabelecimento do eixo do embrião, foi possível distinguir as regiões cefálica e caudal; os somitos e as vesículas ópticas se desenvolveram com aproximadamente 20 h AF. A eclosão total ocorreu com cerca de 54 h AF e o comprimento médio foi de 4,30 ± 0,70 mm. A redução gradual do saco vitelínico foi observada durante os primeiros dois dias de desenvolvimento larval. A primeira alimentação ocorreu no final do segundo dia. Durante a fase larval, canibalismo, crescimento larval heterogêneo e fotofobia também foram observados. Estas informações serão importantes para aperfeiçoar o protocolo de reprodução artificial em S. parahybae em programas de reprodução controlada.

In addition to the strong influence of the broodstock diet on the development and survival of offspring, domestication may also interfere with the larval life success. We obtained eggs from wild and domesticated Salminus hilarii females and domesticated males. Wild females were caught in the Tiete River and tributaries, and the domesticated females were born three years before the beginning of the experiment in the Ponte Nova Fish Farm. Animals from both groups were fed with the same feed to exclude feed variables. The eggs and larvae were sampled at 0, 8, 16, and 28 h after spawning (HAS), with the last sampling (28 HAS) coinciding with hatching time. After hatching, samplings proceeded at 32, 48, 66, and 96 HAS, with the last sampling (96 HAS) corresponding to the end of yolk sac consumption. Finally, the last experimental period was during the larvae exogenous feeding phase, at 102, 118, 166, and 214 HAS. Our data revealed that domestication of S. hilarii females influenced fatty acid (FA) metabolism during embryo and larva development. However, the structure of membrane phospholipid FA remained mostly stable, with changes principally in the neutral fraction. When the external conditions, mainly water and feed quality, remained constant, domestication of S. hilarii females did not significantly affect the structural FA composition but influenced the selectivity of consumption and/or storage of specific FA.

Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes) é um bagre de água doce, endêmico da Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul (Brasil), e seriamente ameaçado de extinção. Fêmeas de S. parahybae quando criadas em cativeiro apresentam uma falha na maturação final, ovulação e desova. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gônadas, responsável pelo controle neuroendócrino da reprodução de forma a aumentar o conhecimento deste sistema em animais de cativeiro. Fêmeas adultas foram amostradas mensalmente (exceto nos meses de inverno) entre janeiro/2008 e março/2009 na piscicultura da Companhia Energética de São Paulo. As análises macroscópicas e microscópicas dos ovários permitiram classificar o desenvolvimento ovariano em três estádios de maturação: pré-vitelogênico (crescimento primário), vitelogênico (crescimento secundário) e regressão; e cinco fases de desenvolvimento oocitário foram identificadas: oogônia, oócito perinucleolar, oócito alvéolo cortical, oócito vitelogênico e oócito atrésico. Após a indução à reprodução artificial, a maturação final foi alcançada e os folículos pós-ovulatórios foram identificados. Em S. parahybae, o período reprodutivo foi evidente entre novembro e fevereiro e o desenvolvimento oocitário foi do tipo sincrônio em grupo, sugerindo-se que esta espécie apresenta múltiplas desovas durante este período. Os perfis plasmáticos de 17Beta-estradiol (E2) e testosterona (T) foram fundamentais no desenvolvimento oocitário, e a produção destes esteróides sexuais parece não ser afetada no bloqueio da reprodução em cativeiro. Entretanto, as concentrações de 17Alfa-hidroxiprogesterona (17Alfa-OHP), durante o ciclo reprodutivo e após a indução à reprodução, sugerem que a falha reprodutiva de S. parahybae esteja relacionada com uma disfunção nos progestágenos, principalmente na conversão do 17Alfa-OHP em 17alfa,20Beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (Maturation-Inducing Steroid, MIS), este último considerado como hormônio da maturação final e ovulação em teleósteos. O andrógeno 11-cetotestosterona (11-KT) apresentou maior concentração no estádio vitelogênico e nas fêmeas induzidas à reprodução, sugerindo um envolvimento deste andrógeno na reprodução de S. parahybae. No entanto, o sítio de síntese e ação, assim como, as possíveis funções de 11-KT ainda permanecem pouco investigadas em fêmeas. No sistema encefálico foram caracterizadas duas formas do hormônio-liberador de gonadotropinas (GnRH), catfish GnRH (cfGnRH) e chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II). cfGnRH foi identificado em toda região ventral do telencéfalo e em várias regiões ventrais do diencéfalo, e o cGnRH-II foi observado na região do tegumento do cérebro médio, próximo ao terceiro ventrículo. O cfGnRH está intimamente relacionado com a modulação da atividade da hipófise, e ao contrario, o cGnRH-II (que não inerva a hipófise), provavelmente está relacionado com a neuromodulação e/ou comportamento reprodutivo em S. parahybae. A hipófise é composta pela neuro-hipófise (NH) e adeno-hipófise (ADH), sendo que, a ADH é subdividida em: \"rostral pars distalis\" (RPD), \"proximal pars distalis\" (PPD) e \"pars intermedia\" (PI). Nestas sub-regiões da ADH foi caracterizado o hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH-18KDa), o hormônio luteinizante (LH-19KDa), o hormônio de crescimento (GH-21KDa), a prolactina (PRL-22KDa) e a somatolactina (SL-26KDa). Os resultados semiquantitativos de GH, PRL e SL sugerem que estes hormônios estejam envolvidos indiretamente na reprodução e podem ter um papel fisiológico na regulação e/ou na modulação de mecanismos associados à reprodução de S. parahybae. O padrão de síntese/liberação de FSH durante o ciclo reprodutivo foi adequado para estimular a síntese/liberação de E2 para promover a vitelogênese, que foi constatada nos ovários, pela presença de oócitos vitelogênicos. Desta forma, sugere-se que a falha na reprodução em fêmeas de S. parahybae quando mantidas em cativeiro, provavelmente foi devido às disfunções na síntese/liberação dos progestágenos, modulado pelo LH, e/ou falhas na conversão de 17Alfa-OHP em MIS em fêmeas vitelogênicas. Do mesmo modo, os nossos dados indicam que o cfGnRH, responsável pela modulação de LH, é sintetizado no estádio vitelogênico, mas como diminuiu nas fêmeas induzidas à reprodução, sugere-se que o cfGnRH também não foi sintetizado/liberado em quantidade suficiente. Esses dados, somados ao conhecimento dos eventos que acompanham o desenvolvimento larval, fornecem subsídios para aperfeiçoar o método de reprodução induzida e larvicultura de S. parahybae em pisciculturas de conservação, contribuindo para um melhor desempenho reprodutivo dessa espécie em cativeiro, o que auxiliará no programa de repovoamento na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes) is a freshwater catfish, endemic to the Paraíba do Sul River Basin (Brazil), and seriously threatened. S. parahybae females, when reared in captivity, exhibit failures in final maturation, ovulation and spawning. This study aimed to analyze the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis, responsible for the neuroendocrine control of reproduction, with the goal to increase the knowledge of this system in domesticated animals. Adult females were sampled monthly (except in winter months) from January/2008 to March/2009 in the Companhia Energética de Sao Paulo fish farm. The macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the ovaries allowed classifying the ovarian development in three maturation stages: pre-vitellogenic (primary growth), vitellogenic (secondary growth) and regression; and five oocyte development phases: oogonia, perinucleolar oocyte, cortical alveolar oocyte, vitellogenic oocyte and atretic oocyte. After the artificial induction to reproduction, the final maturation was achieved and the post-ovulatory follicles were identified. In S. parahybae, the reproductive period was evidenced from November to February and the oocyte development was synchronic in group, suggesting that this species shows multiple spawns during this period. The plasma profiles of 17Beta-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were essential in oocytes development, and the production of these sexual steroids seems not to be the cause of reproduction failure in captivity. However, the 17Alpha- hydroxyprogesterone (17Alpha-OHP) concentration profile during the reproductive cycle and after the induced spawning, suggests that reproductive failure of S. parahybae can be related to progestogens dysfunction, mainly in the conversion of 17Alpha-OHP in 17Alpha, 20Beta-dihydroxy-4- pregnen-3-one (Maturation-Inducing Steroid, MIS), the latter considered as the final maturation and ovulation hormone in teleosts. The androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) level was higher in the vitellogenic stage and in the females induced to spawn, suggesting an involvement of this androgen in S. parahybae reproduction. However, the site of synthesis and action, and the possible role of 11-KT remain unknown in females. In the brain system, two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were characterized, catfish GnRH (cfGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II). cfGnRH was identified throughout the ventral forebrain and cGnRH-II was observed in the midbrain tegument, close to the third ventricle. cfGnRH is closely related to the modulation of the pituitary activity, unlike that, cGnRH-II (which does not innervate the pituitary gland), is probably related to neuromodulation and/or reproductive behavior in S. parahybae. The pituitary is composed by the neurohypophysis (NH) and the adenohypophysis (ADH), whereas, the ADH is subdivided into: \"rostral pars distal\" (RPD), \"proximal pars distal\" (PPD) and \"pars intermedia\" (PI). In these ADH sub regions the following hormones were characterized: the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH- 18KDa), the luteinizing hormone (LH-19KDa), the growth hormone (GH-21KDa), the prolactin (PRL-22KDa), and the somatolactin (SL-26KDa). The semi-quantitative data of GH, PRL and SL suggest that these hormones are indirectly involved in reproduction and may have a physiological role in regulating and/or modulation of the mechanisms associated with reproduction of S. parahybae. The pattern of synthesis/release of FSH during the reproductive cycle was adequate to stimulate the synthesis/release of E2 to promote the vitellogenesis, which was confirmed in the ovaries, due to the presence of vitellogenic oocytes. Therefore, it is suggested that the reproductive failure in S. parahybae females when reared in captivity, was probably due to dysfunctions in progestogens synthesis/release, modulated by LH, and/or failure in the conversion of 17Alpha-OHP in MIS in vitellogenic females. Likewise, our data proposed that cfGnRH, responsible for the modulation of LH, is synthesized in the vitellogenic stage, but, as decreased in females induced to spawn, it is suggested that cfGnRH was also not synthesized/released sufficiently. These data, together with the knowledge of the events that followed the larvae development, subsidies the improvement of the artificial reproduction method of S. parahybae in conservation fish farms, contributing to a better reproductive performance of this species in captivity, which will allow the establishment of a more effective re-introduction program in the Paraíba do Sul River Basin.

Artificial reproduction and gamete fertilization were evaluated in Salminus hilarii wild and domesticated broodstocks. Wild and domesticated broodstocks were artificially induced to reproduction using a carp pituitary treatment. Four groups were considered: Group 1 (G1), fish caught in the wild maintained for three years in the same conditions as the domesticated broodstocks and spawned naturally; Group 2 (G2), broodstock born and raised in captivity and spawned naturally; Group 3 (G3), wild broodstocks, which were manually stripped for gamete collection and dry fertilization; and Group 4 (G4), domesticated males and females, also manually stripped. Oocytes, eggs, and larvae were sampled at different time intervals throughout embryonic development. Yolk sac absorption occurred approximately 24-29 h after hatching. Twenty-six h after hatching, the larvae mouths opened. Cannibalism was identified just 28-30 h after hatching. There was no morphological difference in embryonic development among all groups. The number of released eggs per gram of female was: G1: 83.3 ± 24.5 and G2: 103.8 ± 37.4; however, the fertilization success was lower in G2 (42.0 ± 6.37 %) compared with G1 (54.7 ± 3.02%) (P = 0.011). Hand-stripping of oocytes was not successful and the fertilization rate was zero. The reproduction of this species in captivity is viable, but it is necessary to improve broodstock management to enhance fertilization rates and obtain better fingerling production for restocking programs.A reprodução artificial e fertilização dos gametas foram avaliados em reprodutores selvagens e de cativeiro de Salminus hilarii. Reprodutores selvagens e de cativeiro foram induzidos artificialmente à reprodução utilizando hipófise de carpa. Quatros grupos foram considerados: Grupo 1 (G1), peixes capturados na natureza, mantidos por três anos nas mesmas condições de reprodutores de cativeiro e desovados naturalmente; Grupo 2 (G2), reprodutores nascidos e criados em cativeiro e desovados naturalmente; Grupo 3 (G3), reprodutores selvagens que foram extrusados manualmente para a coleta de gametas e fertilização a seco; e Grupo 4 (G4), com machos e fêmeas domesticadas, também extrusados manualmente. Oócitos, ovos e larvas foram amostrados em diferentes intervalos de tempo ao longo do desenvolvimento embrionário. A absorção do saco vitelínico ocorreu aproximadamente 24-29 h após a eclosão. Vinte e seis h após a eclosão, as larvas abriram a boca. O canibalismo foi identificado apenas 28-30 h após a eclosão. Não houve diferença morfológica no desenvolvimento embrionário entre todos os grupos. O número de ovos liberados por grama de fêmea foi: G1: 83,3 ± 24,5 e G2: 103,8 ± 37,4; embora, o sucesso na fertilização tenha sido menor no G2 (42,0 ± 6,37%) em comparação com G1 (54,7 ± 3,02%) (P = 0,011). A extrusão manual dos oócitos não foi bem sucedida e a taxa de fertilização foi zero. A reprodução em cativeiro desta espécie é viável, mas é necessário um melhor manejo dos reprodutores para aumentar as taxas de fertilização, visando a obtenção de uma melhor produção de alevinos para os programas de repovoamento.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:56:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352010000200013.pdf: 322628 bytes, checksum: 77918b198a23872c864a0b1fa003497c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352010000200013.pdf: 322628 bytes, checksum: 77918b198a23872c864a0b1fa003497c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352010000200013.pdf: 322628 bytes, checksum: 77918b198a23872c864a0b1fa003497c (MD5) S0102-09352010000200013.pdf.txt: 40293 bytes, checksum: c4b8fa7d8d26fcb36dcb0d2531c65eba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:12:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352010000200013.pdf: 322628 bytes, checksum: 77918b198a23872c864a0b1fa003497c (MD5) S0102-09352010000200013.pdf.txt: 40293 bytes, checksum: c4b8fa7d8d26fcb36dcb0d2531c65eba (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352010000200013.pdf: 322628 bytes, checksum: 77918b198a23872c864a0b1fa003497c (MD5) S0102-09352010000200013.pdf.txt: 40293 bytes, checksum: c4b8fa7d8d26fcb36dcb0d2531c65eba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-01 Investigou-se o efeito da adição de C18:2n6, por meio da inclusão de óleo de milho em dietas com dois níveis de proteína bruta, sobre o processo de maturação de gametas de pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, mantidos em tanques-rede. Foram avaliados: taxa de sobrevivência, relação peso x comprimento, fator de condição (K) e índice gonadossomático (IGS). O experimento foi realizado entre março de 2004 e fevereiro de 2006, em 12 tanques-rede, distribuídos em seis viveiros-escavados de 600m² e densidade de estocagem de 20 peixes/tanque-rede. Utilizaram-se três tratamentos (T) com duas repetições/viveiro: T1 com 28% de PB; T2 com 28% de PB + 5% óleo de milho e T3 com 40% de PB. O crescimento foi ligeiramente mais alto nos peixes do T3. As taxas de sobrevivência foram acima de 77%. Pode-se inferir que as rações ofertadas não causaram alterações histomorfológicas durante o processo de maturação gonadal dessa espécie. O IGS e o K foram ligeiramente mais altos nos animais alimentados com a ração enriquecida com óleo de milho. It was studied the effect of the addition of C18:2n6, by the inclusion of corn oil, in diets with different levels of crude protein (CP) on the process of gonad maturation in surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Survival rate, weight x length ratio, condition factor (K), and gonadossomatic index (GSI) were evaluated. The experiment was carried out from March 2004 to February 2006, using 12 cages distributed in six tanks, with 20 fishes per cage. Three treatments (T) were: T1 28% CP; T2 28% CP + 5% corn oils, and T3 40% CP. No effect of the diet was observed on growth in the 1st and 2nd years of age, with a slightly superior growth of T3 fish. The survival rates were superior to 77%. It can be inferred that the offered diet did not cause histomorphological alterations during the process of gonadal maturation of this species. However, the GSI and the K were slightly advanced and superior in the animals fed the diet supplemented with corn oil. UNESP Centro de Aquicultura Universidade de São Paulo APTA Instituto de Pesca UNESP Centro de Aquicultura

Fecundity and oocyte development in Salminus hilarii female brood stock were analyzed with the aim of investigating the impact of migration impediment on oogenesis. Histological analyses of the ovaries were performed in adult females caught in two different environments--the Tietê River (natural) and captivity--and the gonadossomatic index, oocyte diameter and fecundity determined. Five germ cell development stages (oogonium, perinucleolar, cortical alveoli, vitellogenic, ripe) and two other structures (postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes) were observed in females caught in the river. Captive animals lacked the ripe oocytes and postovulatory follicles and had a relatively higher number of atretic oocytes. Females in captivity are known to produce larger oocytes, and they release fewer eggs in each spawn (absolute fecundity) when compared with animals that are able to migrate. Our results suggest that the Tietê River is undergoing alterations which are being reflected in the reproductive performance of S. hilarii, mainly due to the presence of atretic oocytes in females caught in the river. The lack of postovulatory follicles and ripe oocytes in captive animals reveals that migratory impediment negatively impacts final oocyte maturation. However, the stage of maturation reached is adequate for ovulation induction with hormone manipulation.

A tabarana Salminus hilarii (Characiformes) é uma espécie reofílica de grande importância ecológica na Bacia do Alto Tietê (São Paulo/SP, Brasil). Atualmente esta espécie sofre com a poluição (industrial e doméstica) e a construção de barragens na região, o que pode prejudicar o comportamento migratório reprodutivo das espécies reofílicas, bloqueando a reprodução. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os mecanismos fisiológicos envolvidos no controle endógeno da reprodução Salminus hilarii, analisando-se o eixo hipófise-gônadas. Adicionalmente, buscou-se avaliar se o bloqueio da migração reprodutiva (parcial ou total) altera o funcionamento deste eixo. Os animais foram coletados no ambiente natural (Bacia do Alto Tietê), na saída da Barragem da Barragem de Ponte Nova e na Piscicultura de Ponte Nova (Salesópolis/SP) durante o período de abril de 2004 e agosto de 2006. As análises macro e microscópicas das gônadas e os valores de IGS mostraram que o período reprodutivo da tabarana ocorreu entre os meses de outubro a fevereiro. As análises macroscópicas e microscópicas dos ovários e dos testículos permitiram classificar o desenvolvimento ovariano em 4 estádios: repouso, maturação inicial, maturação avançada (cativeiro), maduro (ambiente natural) e regressão/esgotado e o desenvolvimento testicular em 3 estádio: repouso, maduro e regressão. O desenvolvimento oocitário da tabarana é do tipo sincrônico em grupo e a desova é total; os testículos são do tipo tubular anastomosado e espermatogonial irrestrito. Foram identificados 5 tipos celulares no interior dos ovários: oogônias, oócito perinucleolar, oócito cortical-alveolar, oócito vitelogênico e oócito maduro, além de estruturas derivadas desse desenvolvimento, os folículos pós-ovulatórios e os oócitos atrésicos. Identificou-se também 6 tipos celulares no interior dos testículos: espermatogônias, espermatócitos, espermátides, espermatozóides, células de Sertoli e células de Leydig. A hipófise de S. hilarii é composta de dois tecidos: a adeno-hipófise (tecido glandular endócrino) e a neuro-hipófise (origem nervosa). Adicionalmente, foi verificado que a adeno-hipófise é subdividida em: “rostral pars distalis" (RPD), “proximal pars distalis" (PPD) e “pars intermedia" (PI). Seis tipos celulares foram identificados na adeno-hipófise: as células produtoras de prolactina (PRL) e as células produtoras de hormônio adrenocorticotrópico (ACTH) foram identificadas na região da RPD; as células produtoras de hormônio de crescimento (GH) e as células produtoras de gonadotropinas (GtHs) estão situadas na região da PPD; as células produtoras de melanotropina (MSH) e as células produtoras de somatolactina (SL) estão presentes na PI. As células PRL não apresentam variações ao longo do ciclo reprodutivo da tabarana, no entanto, as células produtoras de GH diminuem a porcentagem de imunomarcação com o avanço do ciclo reprodutivo. Já as células produtoras de SL aumentam a porcentagem de imunomarcação com o desenvolvimento das gônadas. Adicionalmente, foi verificada a presença de duas gonadotropinas na região da adeno-hipófise, o hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) e o hormônio luteinizante (LH). Em relação ao perfil plasmático dos esteróides gonadais, foi verificado que o estradiol aumenta com o avanço do ciclo reprodutivo, diminuindo do estádio maduro para o estádio regressão/esgotado (ambiente natural). No cativeiro ocorreu um aumento da concentração de estradiol do estádio repouso até o estádio maturação média, diminuindo logo em seguida nos estádios maturação avançada e regressão/esgotado. A concentração de testosterona eleva-se com o avanço da maturação gonadal, atingindo os valores máximos no estádio maduro (ambiente natural) e maturação avançada (cativeiro). Paralelamente, o estradiol apresentou-se alto somente na maturação média (cativeiro) e maduro (ambiente natural), evidenciando uma relação entre esses dois hormônios. Valores mais elevados de 17α-hidroxiprogesterona no cativeiro sugerem uma deficiência na conversão deste esteróide para17α, 20β-dihidroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, considerado como o hormônio indutor da maturação final e ovulação na maioria dos teleósteos. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que o bloqueio da migração altera a fisiologia do eixo hipófise-gônadas em Salminus hilarii. The tabarana Salminus hilarii (Characiformes) is a reofilic species of great ecological importance in the Region of the Alto Tietê Basin (São Paulo/SP, Brazil). This fish reaches greater sizes in this Basin and as a carnivorous species, which occupies the top of the alimentary chain. Nowadays, the Tietê Basin is affected by pollution (industrial and domestic) and dam constructions in the upper reaches of the river, hindering the reproductive migratory behavior of the reofilic species. When the “piracema" fish migration is obstructed, the reproduction fails, making evident, that the dam construction in the Brazilian rivers causes great impacts in the life cycle of the reofilic teleost. The aim of this study was analyze the physiological mechanisms involved in Salminus hilarii reproduction, analyzing the pituitary-gonads axis and additionally, to evaluate if the migration impediment (partial or total) modifies this axis physiology, and consequently the endogenous control of tabarana reproduction. From April 2004 to August.2006, the animals were collected in the natural environment (upper Tietê Basin), in the water exit of Ponte Nova Dam (Department of Water and Electric Energy) and in the Ponte Nova Dam Fishfarm (Salesópolis/SP). The microscopical analyses of the gonads and analyses of the gonadossomatic Index showed that the reproductive period of the tabarana occurred between October and February. The macroscopic and microscopical analyses of the ovaries and testis allowed to classify the ovarial development in 4 stages: resting, initial maturation, advanced maturation (captivity) or maturity (natural environmental) and regression/spawned, and the testis development in 3 stages: resting, mature and regression. The tabarana oocyte development is group-synchronous and the spawning is total. The anastomosing tubular testis and unrestricted spermatogonia were observed. Five cellular types in the interior of the ovaries were identified: oogonia, perinucleolar oocyte, cortical alveolar oocyte, vitellogenic oocyte and ripe oocyte, and beyond structures derived from this evelopment, the post-ovulatory follicles and the atretic oocyte. In the testis, 6 cellular types were identified: spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, Sertoli cell and Leydig cell. S. hilarii pituitary is composed of two different tissues: adenohypophysis (endocrine tissue) and neurohypophysis (nervous origin). Additionally, it was verified that adenohypophysis is subdivided in: “rostral pars distalis" (RPD), “proximal pars distalis" (PPD) and “pars intermedia" (PI). Six cellular types were identified in adenohypophysis: prolactin cells (PRL) and adenocorticotropin cells (ACTH) have been identified in the RPD region; growth hormone cells (GH) and the gonadotropinas cells (GtHs) were situated in the PPD region; melanotropin cells (MSH) and somatolactin cells (SL) were present in the PI. PRL cells did not present variations throughout the reproductive cycle of the tabarana. However, the GH reaction showed a decrease in the cells stained percentage with the advance of the reproductive cycle. Also the SL cells increased the stained percentage along the gonads development. Additionally, the presence of two gonadotropins in the region of adenohypophysis, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) was identified. The plasma levels of sex steroids showed that estradiol increased with the advance of the reproductive cycle, diminishing from the mature to the regression/spawning stage (natural environmental). In captivity an increase of the estradiol concentration from the resting to the medium maturation stage was observed, diminishing immediately afterwards in advanced maturation and regression/spawning stage. The testosterone concentration increased with the advance of the gonadal maturation, reaching the maximum values in the mature stage (natural environmental) and advanced maturation stage (captivity). On the other hand, estradiol was high only in the medium maturation (captivity) and ripe stage (natural environmental), evidencing an interdependence between these two steroids. The progestagene analyses showed that, in all maturation stages, 17α OHP levels were higher in captivity than in the natural environment, suggesting that the conversion of this steroid to 17α20β DHP (MIS) is affected in impaired environments, and that the conversion enzyme (20β desidrogenase) fails when migration is blocked. The results allow to conclude that the migration impairment change negatively the pituitary-gonads axis in S. hilarii.

Common name: Surubim do Paraiba. Conservation status: Critically endangered in Brazilian Red List (Rosa and Lima 2005), and regionally extinct in Sao Paulo State (Sao Paulo 2008). Steindachneridion parahybae is a migratory freshwater species and critically endangered in Paraiba do Sul River Basin. Identification: maxillary barbel short, reaching or surpassing origin of pectoral-fin insertion; pectoral and adipose fins short; pelvic fin very short, never reaching anus. Ground color in alcohol light grayish, abdomen whitish, large dark brown blotches irregularly distributed over head and trunk in an irregular, vermiculated or dotted pattern (Garavello 2005). Distribution: Endemic to the Paraiba do Sul River Basin (Garavello 2005). Abundance: In the 1950 s there were some records of capture of this specie of around 1,000 kg/year just in the part of the basin (Machado and Abreu 1952) and nowadays there are no capture records in the Sao Paulo State (Sao Paulo 2008). Habitat and ecology: Freshwater benthopelagic species, prefers bottoms with sand and stones; mainly carnivorous (Moraes and Caramaschi 1993). Reproduction: S. parahybae is a migratory species ascending the rivers to reproduce during summer. Threats: (1) Construction of dams in the Paraiba do Sul River which block the reproductive migration and act as a barrier to dispersal; (2) riparian habitat destruction; (3) water pollution, due to the high industrial development of the region; and (4) fishing. Conservation action: Since 2003, the Hydrobiology and Aquaculture Unit of CESP (Paraibuna/SP), has been supporting a fish restocking program (Caneppele et al. 2004) and fisheries efforts, funded by a governmental program (ANEEL 2006) will be important to estimate the occurrence and genetic evaluation of the specie. Conservation recommendation: Establish habitat protection and monitoring riparian zone; Environ Biol Fish DOI 10.1007/s10641-009-9480-9

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a morfologia e fisiologia reprodutiva de Lobotes surinamensis em ambiente natural, reunindo informações que permitam trabalhos aplicados na produção e conservação desta espécie. Machos e fêmeas adultos foram coletados na Baía da Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro durante a primavera (outubro-novembro-dezembro), verão (janeiro-fevereiro-março), outono (abril-maio-junho) e inverno (julho-agosto-setembro). Os perfis plasmáticos dos esteroides gonadais, 17β-estradiol (E2), 17-hidroxiprogesterona (17-OHP) e 11-cetotestosterona (11-KT) foram analisados em fêmeas, e a concentração de testosterona (T) e 11-KT nos machos. Análises histológicas das gônadas foram realizadas como uma ferramenta para avaliação morfológica, que foi corroborada com os dados fisiológicos, durante o ciclo reprodutivo. Foram analisadas ainda a expressão gênica hipofisária do fshβ e lhβ e a fecundidade relativa pelo número de oócitos desenvolvidos. Durante a primavera e verão, as fêmeas estavam com os ovários desenvolvidos e capazes de desovar, com oócitos vitelogênicos e desenvolvidos, e membrana radiata bem evidente. No outono e inverno, as fêmeas estavam se preparando para o período reprodutivo, com predomínio de ninhos de oogônias e oócitos perinucleolares de uma forma geral. A concentração plasmática de E2 se manteve elevada nas fêmeas durante a primavera em relação ao verão e outono/inverno. O perfil anual deste esteroide nas fêmeas de L. surinamensis pode ser relacionado com o grau de desenvolvimento do folículo ovariano, observado na histologia. Já a concentração plasmática de 11-KT foi inversa ao observado para o E2, com baixa concentração na primavera e tendência à elevação no inverno, corroborando com o papel da 11-KT no crescimento primário dos oócitos. A concentração plasmática de 17-OHP nas fêmeas não apresentou diferenças significativas entre as estações, o que sugere que este não seja o progestágeno ativo em teleósteos, mas sim o precursor do esteroide indutor da maturação final (MIS). Na primavera e no verão, o lhβ apresentou expressão maior do que no período outono/inverno em fêmeas, enquanto o fshβ se manteve com níveis de expressão constante durante todas as estações. Nos machos, a análise histológica dos testículos, mostrou que na primavera e no verão, os ductos espermáticos estavam preenchidos com espermatozoides, evidenciando o período de espermiação, já no período outono/inverno houve predominância de cistos de espermatogônias e as células em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, o que corresponde a uma fase de maturação inicial, ou seja, preparação para o período reprodutivo. A concentração plasmática de T nos machos se manteve estável ao longo das estações, já a concentração plasmática de 11-KT foi mais elevada na primavera quando comparada ao período outono/inverno. Na primavera e verão, a expressão de lhβ foi mais elevada que no período outono/inverno, enquanto de forma similar às fêmeas, os níveis de expressão de fshβ não se alteraram ao longo das estações. As análises de expressão destas gonadotropinas, associadas à concentração dos esteroides gonadais e à morfologia gonadal deixou evidente que o pico do período reprodutivo de L. surinamensis ocorre na primavera, estendendo-se até o verão The present study aimed to study the morphology and reproductive physiology of Lobotes surinamensis in a natural environment, gathering information that allows applied works in the production and conservation of this species. Adult males and females were collected in the Baía da Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro during the spring (October-November-December), summer (January-February-March), autumn (April- May-June) and winter (July-August-September). Plasma profiles of gonadal steroids, 17β-estradiol (E2), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were analyzed in females, and the concentration of testosterone (T) and 11-KT in males. Histological analyzes of the gonads were performed as a tool for morphological evaluation, which was corroborated with the physiological data, during the reproductive cycle. The genetic expression of fshβ and lhβ and the relative fecundity by the number of developed oocytes were also analyzed. During spring and summer, the females had the ovaries developed and capable of spawning, with vitellogenic and developed oocytes, and a well evident radiata zone. In autumn and winter, females were preparing for the reproductive period, with a predominance of nest of oogonia and perinucleolar oocytes in general. The plasma concentration of E2 remained higher in females during the spring in relation to summer and autumn/winter. The annual profile of this steroid in L. surinamensis females may be related to the degree of development of the ovarian follicle observed in histology. The plasma concentration of 11-KT was inversely of that observed for E2, with a low concentration in the spring and a tendency to increase in winter/autumn, corroborating the role of 11-KT in the primary oocyte growth. The plasma concentration of 17-OHP in the females did not present significant differences between the seasons, suggesting that this is not the active progestogen in teleosts, but the precursor of the final maturation inducing steroid (MIS). In spring and summer, lhβ presented higher gene expression than in the autumn/winter period in females, while fshβ remained with constant expression levels during all seasons. In males, the histological analysis of the testicles showed that in the spring and summer, the sperm ducts were filled with spermatozoa, evidencing the period of spermiation, whereas in the autumn/winter period there was a predominance of cysts of spermatogonia and cells in different stages of. development, which corresponds to an initial maturation stage, that is, the preparation for the reproductive period. The plasma concentration of T in males remained stable throughout the seasons, whereas the plasma concentration of 11-KT was higher in the spring when compared to the autumn/winter period. In spring and summer, the expression of lhβ was higher than in the autumn/winter period, while similarly to females, fshβ expression levels did not change over the seasons. The analysis of the expression of these gonadotropin genes, associated with the concentration of gonadal steroids and gonadal morphology, made it evident that the peak of the reproductive period of L. surinamensis occurs in the spring, extending until the summer

A partir da hipófise de Astyanax altiparanae foram clonados e caracterizados os cDNAs completos para fshb, lhb e gpha. Das gônadas, foram clonados os cDNAs para fshr e lhr. As análises filogenéticas destes genes demonstram uma proximidade com as sequências homólogas das ordens Siluriformes e Cypriniformes. Por meio de qPCR, detectamos que a expressão dos mRNAs para as gonadotropinas foi restrita à hipófise, ao passo que dos receptores foi restrita às gônadas. Foi detectado que os mRNAs/proteínas para subunidades beta são expressas por diferentes populações de células gonadotrópicas. Nas gônadas, ambos receptores foram localizados nas células de Sertoli e Leydig, bem como nas células foliculares e da teca de oócitos a partir de crescimento secundário. Então, os níveis de expressão gênica das subunidades das gonadotropinas e seus receptores, juntamente como os níveis plasmáticos de esteroides sexuais foram avaliados e relacionados com a cinética da gametogênese durante o ciclo reprodutivo anual de machos e fêmeas em cativeiro. From Astyanax altiparanae pituitaries, we cloned the full-leght cDNAs coding for fshb, lhb e gpha. From gonads, we cloned the full-length cDNAs for fshr and lhr. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all five sequences showed the highest identity degree with homologous sequences from Siluriformes and Cypriniformes, respectively. Using qPCR, we observed that gonadotropin subunits expression were restricted to the pituitary gland, just like their receptors were restricted to the gonads. We also observed that both gonadotropin beta subunits mRNAs/proteins are expressed by distinct populations of gonadotropes at pituitary. In the gonads, both receptors were detected on Sertoli and Leydig cell, as well as on ovaries were located on follicular and theca cells, in oocytes starting from secondary growth. Then, gene expression levels of gonadotropins subunits mRNAs and their receptors were assessed, in parallel to plasma level of sex steroids, and evaluated according to gemetogenesis during the annual reproductive cycle of males and females kept in captivity.