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Le déploiement du tourisme de croisière dans une destination conduit, par le biais d’un processus de reterritorialisation de l’espace de vie, à la production d’un espace de tourisme de croisière. Pour répondre aux prérogatives de son modèle d’affaires, l’industrie du tourisme de croisière développe ce nouvel espace en mobilisant des processus biopolitiques qui découlent de stratégies de contrôle territorial sur la mobilité des touristes et celle des acteurs locaux du tourisme. En s’appuyant sur une méthodologie quantitative et sur un modèle d’espace de tourisme prenant en compte 16 zones produites par la territorialisation de l’espace de vie de communautés réceptrices, l’étude propose une compréhension fine des stratégies discursives et matérielles mise en place par l’industrie du tourisme de croisière pour assurer un contrôle de l’espace qu’elle investit. Une prise en charge territoriale par les communautés locales à travers l’exercice d’un biopouvoir « par le bas » démocratique est discutée.

International audience

In neuroscience, as in many other scientific domains, the primary form of knowledge dissemination is through published articles in peer-reviewed journals. One challenge for modern neuroinformatics is to design methods to make the knowledge from the tremendous backlog of publications accessible for search, analysis and its integration into computational models. In this thesis, we introduce novel natural language processing (NLP) models and systems to mine the neuroscientific literature. In addition to in vivo, in vitro or in silico experiments, we coin the NLP methods developed in this thesis as in litero experiments, aiming at analyzing and making accessible the extended body of neuroscientific literature. In particular, we focus on two important neuroscientific entities: brain regions and neural cells. An integrated NLP model is designed to automatically extract brain region connectivity statements from very large corpora. This system is applied to a large corpus of 25M PubMed abstracts and 600K full-text articles. Central to this system is the creation of a searchable database of brain region connectivity statements, allowing neuroscientists to gain an overview of all brain regions connected to a given region of interest. More importantly, the database enables researcher to provide feedback on connectivity results and links back to the original article sentence to provide the relevant context. The database is evaluated by neuroanatomists on real connectomics tasks (targets of Nucleus Accumbens) and results in significant effort reduction in comparison to previous manual methods (from 1 week to 2h). Subsequently, we introduce neuroNER to identify, normalize and compare instances of identify neuronsneurons in the scientific literature. Our method relies on identifying and analyzing each of the domain features used to annotate a specific neuron mention, like the morphological term 'basket' or brain region 'hippocampus'. We apply our method to the same corpus of 25M PubMed abstracts and 600K full-text articles and find over 500K unique neuron type mentions. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we also apply our method towards cross-comparing the NeuroLex and Human Brain Project (HBP) cell type ontologies. By decoupling a neuron mention's identity into its specific compositional features, our method can successfully identify specific neuron types even if they are not explicitly listed within a predefined neuron type lexicon, thus greatly facilitating cross-laboratory studies. In order to build such large databases, several tools and infrastructureslarge-scale NLP were developed: a robust pipeline to preprocess full-text PDF articles, as well as bluima, an NLP processing pipeline specialized on neuroscience to perform text-mining at PubMed scale. During the development of those two NLP systems, we acknowledged the need for novel NLP approaches to rapidly develop custom text mining solutions. This led to the formalization of the agile text miningagile text-mining methodology to improve the communication and collaboration between subject matter experts and text miners. Agile text mining is characterized by short development cycles, frequent tasks redefinition and continuous performance monitoring through integration tests. To support our approach, we developed Sherlok, an NLP framework designed for the development of agile text mining applications.

International audience; Synchrotron-generated X-ray (SRX) microbeams deposit high doses to submillimetric targets whilst minimizing irradiation of neighboring healthy tissue. We developed a new radiosurgical method which demonstrably transects cortical brain tissue without affecting adjacent regions. This non-invasive method mimicks surgical multiple subpial transections and similarly prevents epileptic seizure propagation into non-resectable and/or eloquent brain regions. We made such image-guided microtransections in the left somatosensory cortex in a rat model of generalized epilepsy using high interlaced radiation doses (820Gy) in thin (200µm) parallel slices of tissue. This procedure, targeting the brain volume from which seizures arise, altered the horizontal propagation of abnormal neuronal activities for 9 weeks, as evidenced by a decrease of seizure power and the coherence between tissue slices in comparison to the contralateral cortex. The brain tissue sited between transections stayed functionally and histologically normal, while the irradiated micro-slices remained devoid of myelin and neurons two months after irradiation. This pre-clinical proof of concept highlights the translational potential of non-invasive SRX transections for treating epilepsies that are not eligible for resective surgery.

La movilidad y la facilidad de despliegue geográfico de las actividades del turismo de crucero generan una posición dominante de las compañías de crucero en el momento de negociar las condiciones de operaciones de las escalas. La región del Caribe, donde el turismo de crucero está en fuerte crecimiento desde hace algunas décadas, se ha revelado especialmente vulnerable en este contexto. Sin ninguna duda, considerando la historia de dicha industria en otros lugares en América, el reciente crecimiento de esta actividad turística en Quebec conllevará desafíos importantes en términos de desarrollo sostenible. Basándose en las dinámicas territoriales propias del despliegue de esta actividad alrededor del enclaves de los terminales de crucero, en el Caribe y Québec, el artículo propondrá elementos de reflexión encaminados a ayudar a los actores quebequeses a dar una mejor respuesta ante el desequilibrio de poder provocado por la naturaleza singular del turismo de crucero., La mobilité et la facilité du redéploiement géographique de l'activité du tourisme de croisière induisent un rapport de force favorable aux compagnies de croisière lorsque sont négociées les conditions d'opérations des escales. La région Caraïbe, où le tourisme de croisière est en explosion depuis quelques décennies, s'est avérée particulièrement vulnérable dans ce contexte. Considérant le bilan historique de l'industrie ailleurs en Amérique, l'essor récent de cette activité touristique au Québec est susceptible de poser des défis importants en termes de développement durable. En se basant sur les dynamiques territoriales de cette activité telle qu'elle se déploie autour des enclaves des terminaux de croisière, à la Caraïbe et au Québec, l'article propose des pistes de réflexion qui permettront aux acteurs des destinations québécoises de mieux répondre au déséquilibre de pouvoir causé par la nature singulière du tourisme de croisière