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This article presents a new way of teaching by integrating both anatomy and radiology using three-dimensional image post-processing tools. One preclinical and one clinical module were developed for integrated teaching of anatomy and radiology. Potential benefits were assessed by anonymous evaluation among the 176 participating students. The students highly appreciated the new approach, especially the high degree of interactivity with the post-processing software and the possibility to correlate the real dissection with the virtual dissection. Students agreed that three-dimensional imaging and postprocessing improved their understanding of difficult anatomical topics and topographical relations. We consider the new approach to provide great additional benefits for participating students regarding preparation for everyday clinical practice. In particular, it imparts familiarity with imaging and image post-processing techniques and may improve anatomical understanding, radiological diagnostic skills and three-dimensional appreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We assessed the effects of structured reporting (SR) of lower extremity CT angiography (CTA) on report quality and workflow efficiency compared with conventional reports (CR). Surveys were conducted at an academic radiology department before and after the introduction of an SR template. Participants ( n = 39, 21) rated report quality and report creation effort (1: very dissatisfied/low to 10: very satisfied/high) and whether SR represents an improvement over CR (1: completely disagree to 5: completely agree). Four residents and two supervising radiologists created both CR and SR of 40 CTA examinations. Report creation time was measured and the factual accuracy of residents' reports was judged. Report completeness (median 8.0 vs. 7.0, p = 0.016) and clinical usefulness (7.0 vs. 4.0, p = 0.029) were rated higher for SR. Supervising radiologists found report clarity improved by SR (8.0 vs. 4.5, p = 0.029). Report creation effort was unchanged (7.0 vs. 6.0, p > 0.05). SR was considered an improvement over CR (median 4.0, IQR,3.0-5.0). Report supervision was shortened by SR (6.2 ± 2.0 min vs. 10.6 ± 3.5 min, p < 0.001) but total time for report creation remained unchanged (36.6 ± 12.8 min vs. 36.4 ± 11.0 min, p > 0.05). Factual accuracy of residents' SR was deemed higher (8.0/9.5 vs. 7.0/7.0, p = 0.006/ < 0.001). In conclusion, SR has the potential to improve report quality and workflow efficiency for lower extremity CTA.

Competing Interests: Fabian Rengier is an employee of Bayer Vital GmbH and holds stocks of Bayer AG. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Purpose: To assess the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of MRI-derived 3D volumetry of lower lumbar vertebrae and dural sac segments using shape-based machine learning for the detection of Marfan syndrome (MFS) compared with dural sac diameter ratios (the current clinical standard)., Materials and Methods: The final study sample was 144 patients being evaluated for MFS from 01/2012 to 12/2016, of whom 81 were non-MFS patients (46 [67%] female, 36 ± 16 years) and 63 were MFS patients (36 [57%] female, 35 ± 11 years) according to the 2010 Revised Ghent Nosology. All patients underwent 1.5T MRI with isotropic 1 × 1 × 1 mm 3 3D T2-weighted acquisition of the lumbosacral spine. Segmentation and quantification of vertebral bodies L3-L5 and dural sac segments L3-S1 were performed using a shape-based machine learning algorithm. For comparison with the current clinical standard, anteroposterior diameters of vertebral bodies and dural sac were measured. Ratios between dural sac volume/diameter at the respective level and vertebral body volume/diameter were calculated., Results: Three-dimensional volumetry revealed larger dural sac volumes ( p < 0.001) and volume ratios ( p < 0.001) at L3-S1 levels in MFS patients compared with non-MFS patients. For the detection of MFS, 3D volumetry achieved higher AUCs at L3-S1 levels (0.743, 0.752, 0.808, and 0.824) compared with dural sac diameter ratios (0.673, 0.707, 0.791, and 0.848); a significant difference was observed only for L3 ( p < 0.001)., Conclusion: MRI-derived 3D volumetry of the lumbosacral dural sac and vertebral bodies is a feasible method for quantifying dural ectasia using shape-based machine learning. Non-inferior diagnostic accuracy was observed compared with dural sac diameter ratio (the current clinical standard for MFS detection).

Reduced iodine loads for computed tomography (CT)-based vascular assessment prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) may be feasible in conjunction with a spectral detector CT scanner. This prospective single-center study considered 100 consecutive patients clinically referred for pre-TAVI CT. They were examined on a dual-layer detector CT scanner to obtain an ECG-gated cardiac scan and a non-ECG-gated aortoiliofemoral scan. Either a standard contrast media (SCM) protocol using 80 mL Iohexol 350 mgI/mL (iodine load: 28 gI) or a body-mass-index adjusted reduced contrast media (RCM) protocol using 40-70 mL Iohexol 350 mgI/mL (iodine load: 14-24.5 gI) were employed. Conventional images and virtual monoenergetic images at 40-80 keV were reconstructed. A threshold of 250 HU was set for sufficient attenuation along the arterial access pathway. A qualitative assessment used a five-point Likert scale. Sufficient attenuation in the thoracic aorta was observed for all patients in both groups using conventional images. In the abdominal, iliac, and femoral segments, sufficient attenuation was observed for the majority of patients when using virtual monoenergetic images (SCM: 96-100% of patients, RCM: 88-94%) without statistical difference between both groups. Segments with attenuation measurements below the threshold remained qualitatively assessable as well. Likert scores were 'excellent' for virtual monoenergetic images 50 keV and 55 keV in both groups (RCM: 1.2-1.4, SCM: 1.2-1.3). With diagnostic image quality maintained, it can be concluded that reduced iodine loads of 14-24.5 gI are feasible for pre-TAVI vascular assessment on a spectral detector CT scanner.

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of BMI-adapted, low-radiation and low-iodine dose, dual-source aortic CT for endoleak detection in non-obese and obese patients following endovascular aortic repair., Methods: In this prospective single-center study, patients referred for follow-up CT after endovascular repair with a history of at least one standard triphasic (native, arterial and delayed phase) routine CT protocol were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups and allocated to a BMI-adapted (group A, BMI < 30 kg/m 2 ; group B, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) double low-dose CT (DLCT) protocol comprising single-energy arterial and dual-energy delayed phase series with virtual non-contrast (VNC) reconstructions. An in-patient comparison of the DLCT and routine CT protocol as reference standard was performed regarding differences in diagnostic accuracy, radiation dose, and image quality., Results: Seventy-five patients were included in the study (mean age 73 ± 8 years, 63 (84%) male). Endoleaks were diagnosed in 20 (26.7%) patients, 11 of 53 (20.8%) in group A and 9 of 22 (40.9%) in group B. Two radiologists achieved an overall diagnostic accuracy of 98.7% and 97.3% for endoleak detection, with 100% in group A and 95.5% and 90.9% in group B. All examinations were diagnostic. The DLCT protocol reduced the effective dose from 10.0 ± 3.6 mSv to 6.1 ± 1.5 mSv ( p < 0.001) and the total iodine dose from 31.5 g to 14.5 g in group A and to 17.4 g in group B., Conclusion: Optimized double low-dose dual-source aortic CT with VNC, arterial and delayed phase images demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for endoleak detection and significant radiation and iodine dose reductions in both obese and non-obese patients compared to the reference standard of triple phase, standard radiation and iodine dose aortic CT.

Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the feasibility and interobserver agreement of a Mixed Reality Viewer (MRV) in the assessment of aortoiliac vascular anatomy of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients., Methods: Fifty preoperative computed tomography angiographies (CTAs) of AAA patients were included. CTAs were assessed in a mixed reality (MR) environment with respect to aortoiliac anatomy according to a standardized protocol by two experienced observers (Mixed Reality Viewer, MRV, Brainlab AG, Germany). Additionally, all CTAs were independently assessed applying the same protocol by the same observers using a conventional DICOM viewer on a two-dimensional screen with multi-planar reconstructions (Conventional viewer, CV, GE Centricity PACS RA1000 Workstation, GE, United States). The protocol included four sets of items: calcification, dilatation, patency, and tortuosity as well as the number of lumbar and renal arteries. Interobserver agreement (IA, Cohen's Kappa, κ ) was calculated for every item set., Results: All CTAs could successfully be displayed in the MRV (100%). The MRV demonstrated equal or better IA in the assessment of anterior and posterior calcification ( κ MRV : 0.68 and 0.61, κ CV : 0.33 and 0.45, respectively) as well as tortuosity ( κ MRV : 0.60, κ CV : 0.48) and dilatation ( κ MRV : 0.68, κ CV : 0.67). The CV demonstrated better IA in the assessment of patency ( κ MRV : 0.74, κ CV : 0.93). The CV also identified significantly more lumbar arteries (CV: 379, MRV: 239, p < 0.01)., Conclusions: The MRV is a feasible imaging viewing technology in clinical routine. Future efforts should aim at improving hologram quality and enabling accurate registration of the hologram with the physical patient.

Purpose: To determine the evolution of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) diameter in the presence of persisting type 2 endoleaks (pEL2) following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR)., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center, case-control study. All patients with pEL2 (pEL2 group, persisting for > 12 months) between 2004 and 2018 were identified and compared with a 1:1 age- and gender-matched control with no endoleak (control group). Primary outcome measures were freedom from AAA expansion and freedom from AAA shrinkage over time. AAA diameter measurements were performed on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Secondary outcome measures were survival, AAA-related mortality, reinterventions for pEL2, incidence of secondary type 1 endoleaks (EL1), and infrarenal aortic branch vessel anatomy., Results: A total of 773 patients were treated with EVAR for AAA between 2004 and 2018. Of them, 286 patients demonstrated type 2 endoleaks (EL2) in postoperative CTA or intraoperative angiography (37%). Forty-five of 286 EL2 (15.7%) were pEL2 (pEL2 group). Freedom from AAA expansion in the pEL2 group was 100%, 96.7%, 85.2%, and 54.3% after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years, respectively, compared with 100% after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years in the control group (p<0.01). Freedom from AAA shrinkage in the pEL2 group after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years was 95.5%, 90.4%, 90.4%, and 79.1%, respectively, compared with 86.7%, 34.8%, 19.3%, and 19.3% in the control group (p<0.01). Overall survival at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years was 100%, 97.6%, 95.0% and 95.0% in the pEL2 group and 100% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years in the control group (p=0.17). There were no AAA-related deaths in either group. Patients with pEL2 had a significantly increased number of infrarenal aortic branches (p<0.05, respectively). Eighteen patients (40.0%) in the pEL2 group underwent 34 reinterventions for pEL2, with a median follow-up (FU) of 925 days (0-4173). Clinical success was achieved in 9 patients (50.0%). Four patients (8.9%) with pEL2 developed secondary EL1 after a median FU of 1278 days (662-2121)., Conclusion: pEL2 are associated with AAA expansion during midterm FU. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the association of AAA expansion due to pEL2 with clinical outcomes to allow recommendations with regard to treatment indications.

Background: Critically ill patients, especially those who have undergone solid organ transplantation (SOT), are at risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The outcome relevance of adequately treated putative IPA (pIPA) is a matter of debate. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome relevance of pIPA in a cohort of critically ill patients with and without SOT., Methods: Data from 121 surgical critically ill patients with pIPA ( n = 30) or non-pIPA ( n = 91) were included. Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for mortality and unfavourable outcomes after 28 and 90 days., Results: Mortality rates at 28 days were similar across the whole cohort of patients (pIPA: 31% vs. non-pIPA: 27%) and did not differ in the subgroup of patients after SOT (pIPA: 17% vs. non-pIPA: 22%). A higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and evidence of bacteraemia were identified as risk factors for mortality and unfavourable outcome, whereas pIPA itself was not identified as an independent predictor for poor outcomes., Conclusions: Adequately treated pIPA did not increase the risk of death or an unfavourable outcome in this mixed cohort of critically ill patients with or without SOT, whereas higher disease severity and bacteraemia negatively affected the outcome.