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Triatoma brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo & Pelaez, 1984 (Fig. 3C) Triatoma brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo & Pelaez, 1984: 39; Carcavallo et al., 2000: 70; Galvão et al., 2003: 9; Schofield & Galvão, 2009: 92; Monteiro et al., 2018: 284. Diagnosis. Male body length 22.0 mm. Very large, swollen eyes. Synthlipsis two-thirds narrower than eye. Postocular region two-thirds shorter than eye length. Pronotum piceous. Lateral margin of pronotum with thin but well-developed keel. Humeral angles rounded. Overall color of corium yellow, with dark brown apex and central marks. Membrane of hemelytra light brown. Overall color of connexival segments yellow, with dark brown marking on anterior third of segment. Specimens examined. None. Distribution. Mexico: Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit (Galvão et al. 2003). Comments. Carcavalho et al. (2000) proposed that T. brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo & Pelaez, 1984, is close to T. dimidiata, T. hegneri Mazzotti, 1940, and T. gomeznunezi Martínez, Carcavallo & Juberg, 1994, arguing morphological similarities between these species but without details. This statement was followed by Schofield & Galvão (2009). Espinoza et al. (2013) suggested that T. brailovskyi is close to T. longipennis and T. recurva (Stål, 1868) considering phylogenetic relationships. This arrangement was followed by Monteiro et al. (2018). Consensus information used by Espinoza et al. (2013) masked large incongruence between phylogenies based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes in respect of phylogenetic relationships of T. brailovskyi. Only mitochondrial phylogeny reveals a close relationship between T. brailovskyi with T. longipennis and T. recurva. Instead, nuclear phylogeny shows T. brailovskyi as the sister taxon of the remaining species of the T. phyllosoma species group plus T. sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855) (Espinoza et al. 2013). Similar conclusion can be retrieved from ultraconserved elements of molecular data (Kieran et al. 2021). more...

Triatoma gomeznunezi Martínez, Carcavallo & Juberg, 1994 (Fig. 4C) Triatoma gomeznunezi Martínez, Carcavallo & Juberg, 1994: 15; Carcavallo et al., 2000: 70; Galvão et al., 2003: 10; Schofield & Galvão, 2009: 92; Monteiro et al., 2018: 284. Diagnosis. Male body length 21.0 mm. Regular size eyes in dorsal view, synthlipsis wider than eye, and postocular region subequal to eye length. Clypeus, genae and jugae covered with conspicuous long pilosity. Antenniferous tubercle laterally covered with long setae and dorsally glabrous. Neck polished and entirely black. Posterior lobe of pronotum brownish, distinctly lighter than anterior lobe. Humeral angles rounded. Overall color of corium dark brown, with basal and subapical yellowish spots. Conexivum with segments black on anterior half and yellow on posterior half, extending to connexival suture. Specimens examined. None. Distribution. Mexico: Oaxaca (Galvão et al. 2003). Comments. There are no molecular studies available for this species. Martínez (1994) mentioned that T. gomeznunezi is similar to T. brailovsky in several morphological characters, except measures of head structures and shape of the scutella. Carcavalho et al. (2000) proposed that T. gomeznunezi is close to T. brailovsky, T. dimidiata, and T. hegneri, based on morphological similarities between these species without details. This statement was followed by Schofield & Galvão (2009), Georgieva et al. (2017) and Monteiro et al. (2018), who proposed that T. gomeznunezi is related to several species of the T. phyllosoma species group, without details of their decision. Here, we assume that T. gomeznunezi is related to the T. phyllosoma species group because it is morphologically close to T. brailovsky. This latter species is the sister taxon of the remaining species of the T. phyllosoma species group according to molecular data (Espinoza et al. 2013). more...

Triatoma indictiva Neiva, 1912 (Fig. 4E, F) Triatoma indictiva Neiva, 1912: 22; Pinto, 1931: 66; Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979: 244; Carcavallo et al., 2000: 28; Galvão et al., 2003: 10; Schofield & Galvão, 2009: 92; Monteiro et al., 2018: 284. Triatoma sanguisuga dimidiata Usinger, 1944: 68. Triatoma sanguisuga occidentalis Usinger, 1944: 69. Diagnosis. Male body length 18.0– 20.5 mm. Female body length 18.5–22.0 mm. Postocular region distinctly rounded in dorsal view. Neck with 1+1 lateral reddish or yellow spots. Pronotum uniformly piceous or black. Humeral angles rounded. Hemelytra dark brown or piceous, with lighter markings on corium basally and subapically, as well as on clavus. Fore femora stout, about six times as long as wide. Fore and mid tibiae of male with small spongy fossula, absent in female. Overall color of connexival segments piceous to black, with reddish marking extending on posterior suture, very narrow about sixth or seventh of each connexival segment. Specimens examined. None. Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua and Sinaloa; and USA: Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas (Galvão et al. 2003; Bern et al. 2011). Comments. This species was related to T. lecticularia and T. sanguisuga (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; Schofield & Galvão 2009). Besides, T. indictiva might be morphologically closer to T. sanguisuga than to T. lecticularia because it was considered a subspecies of T. sanguisuga early (Usinger 1944).According to ultraconserved elements of molecular data, T. indictiva belongs to the T. phyllosoma species group (Kieran et al. 2021)., Published as part of Rengifo-Correa, Laura, Téllez-Rendón, Juan Luis, Esteban, Lyda, Huerta, Herón & Morrone, Juan J., 2021, The Triatoma phyllosoma species group (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease: Diagnoses and a key to the species, pp. 335-365 in Zootaxa 5023 (3) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5226410, {"references":["Neiva, A. (1912) Notas de entomologia medica e descricao de duas novas especies de Triatomas norte-americanas. Brasil-Medico, 26, 21 - 22.","Pinto, C. (1931) Valor do rostro e antenas na caracterizacao dos generos de Triatomideos. Hemiptera, Reduvidioidea. Boletim Biologico, Sao Paulo, 19, 45 - 136.","Lent, H. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1979) Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas' disease. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 163, 123 - 520.","Carcavallo, R. U., Jurberg, J., Lent, H., Noireau, F. & Galvao, C. (2000) Phylogeny of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Proposals for taxonomic arrangements. Entomologia y Vectores, 7, 1 - 99.","Galvao, C., Carcavallo, R., Rocha D. D. S. & Jurberg, J. (2003) A checklist of the current valid species of the subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their geographical distribution, with nomenclatural and taxonomic notes. Zootaxa, 202 (1), 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 202.1.1","Schofield, C. J. & Galvao, C. (2009) Classification, evolution, and species groups within the Triatominae. Acta Tropica, 110, 88 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2009.01.010","Monteiro, F. A., Weirauch, C., Felix, M., Lazoski, C. & Abad-Franch, F. (2018). Evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease. Advances in Parasitology, 99, 265 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / bs. apar. 2017.12.002","Usinger, R. L. (1944) The Triatominae of North and Central America and the West Indies and their public health significance. Public Health Bulletin, 288, 1 - 83.","Bern, C., Kjos, S., Yabsley, M. J. & Montgomery, S. P. (2011) Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas' disease in the United States. Clinical Microbiology Review, 24, 655 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1128 / CMR. 00005 - 11","Kieran, T. J., Gordon, E. R. L., Zaldivar-Riveron, A., Ibarra-Cerdena, C. N., Glenn, T. C. & Weirauch, C. (2021) Ultraconserved elements reconstruct the evolution of Chagas disease-vectoring kissing bugs (Reduviidae: Triatominae). Systematic Entomology, 4 (3), 725 - 740. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12485"]} more...

Triatoma phyllosoma species group Monteiro, Weirauch, Felix, Lazoski & Abad-Franch, 2018 Triatoma phyllosoma species group Monteiro, Weirauch, Felix, Lazoski & Abad-Franch, 2018: 284. Diagnosis. Medium to large size (15–40 mm). Head subcylindrical, long and narrow. Head slightly longer than pronotum. Antenniferous tubercles situated at or before middle of anteocular region. Genae tapering or rounded apically, not or only slightly surpassing apex of clypeus. First and third rostral segments much shorter than second. Third rostral segment shorter than first. Humeral angles rounded or angular but not spined. Scutellar process subcylindrical or subconical. Legs with all segments, except tarsi, uniformly dark. Fore femora usually long and slender; if relatively stout, at least 4.5 times as long as wide. Spongy fossula of males variable, from a small spongy fossula to absent in both fore and mid tibiae. Spongy fossula absent in females. Abdomen narrow to wide, with lateral portions of urotergites exposed or completely covered by hemelytra. Dorsal and ventral connexival segments normally developed. Comments. This group is diagnosed by a combination of characters of adult specimens. Nymphs might provide valuable taxonomical characters for generic classification (Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979), but still are underused in taxonomical practices. Some authors argued that species of the T. phyllosoma complex merit generic status (Meccus Carcavallo, 2000); however, the close phylogenetic relationship of Meccus with the remaining species groups supposes leaving Triatoma paraphyletic if the species assigned to Meccus were excluded (Schofield & Galvão 2009)., Published as part of Rengifo-Correa, Laura, Téllez-Rendón, Juan Luis, Esteban, Lyda, Huerta, Herón & Morrone, Juan J., 2021, The Triatoma phyllosoma species group (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease: Diagnoses and a key to the species, pp. 335-365 in Zootaxa 5023 (3) on page 339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5226410, {"references":["Monteiro, F. A., Weirauch, C., Felix, M., Lazoski, C. & Abad-Franch, F. (2018). Evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease. Advances in Parasitology, 99, 265 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / bs. apar. 2017.12.002","Lent, H. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1979) Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas' disease. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 163, 123 - 520.","Carcavallo, R. U., Jurberg, J., Lent, H., Noireau, F. & Galvao, C. (2000) Phylogeny of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Proposals for taxonomic arrangements. Entomologia y Vectores, 7, 1 - 99.","Schofield, C. J. & Galvao, C. (2009) Classification, evolution, and species groups within the Triatominae. Acta Tropica, 110, 88 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2009.01.010"]} more...

Triatoma mopan Dorn, Justi, Dale, Stevens, Galvão, Lima-Cordón & Monroy, 2018 (Figure 6 from Dorn et al. 2018) Triatoma dimidiata group IV Monteiro, Weirauch, Felix, Lazoski & Abad-Franch, 2013: 8, 2018: 284. Triatoma mopan Dorn, Justi, Dale, Stevens, Galvão, Lima-Cordón & Monroy, 2018: 77. Diagnosis. Male body length 26.6–30.1 mm. Female body length 32.1–38 mm. Anteocular region 2.8 to 3.2 times as long as post ocular. Postocular region with sides almost straight, subparallel and not rounded. Ocelli very small, concolorous with rest of tegument. First antennal segment attaining or lightly surpassing level of the apex of clypeus. Connections between each segment of the labium concolorous with labium. Central depression of pronotum forming straight line from the neck to the posterior portion of the pronotum. Anterior lobe of pronotum without discal and lateral tubercles. Overall color of corium light yellow, with dark brown apex and central spot of variable size. Membrane of hemelytra almost as pale as the corium. Connexival segments piceous or black on anterior half or third across their entire width, pale yellow on posterior portion. Venter piceous or black except yellow to orange yellow area adjacent to connexival suture. Spiracles surrounded by a slightly dark spot and close or adjacent to connexival suture. Pygophore almost round and dark (Fig. 7C). Specimens examined. None. Distribution. Belize: Cayo (Dorn et al. 2018). Comments. This species is very similar to T. dimidiata, especially to its southernmost variant historically known as T. dimidiata capitata. It seems that Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) examined material related to specimens currently described as T. mopan, but they regarded the morphological distinctions between specimens as adaptations to the environment, namely, specimens of T. mopan came from caves (Dorn et al. 2018). However, the valid specific status of T. mopan is proposed considering that this species is reciprocally monophyletic to T. dimidiata s.s. and the T. hegneri clade (Dorn et al. 2016; Justi et al. 2018). We could not examine specimens of T. mopan; however, we examined several specimens of T. dimidiata from different localities of Mexico that have some of the diagnostic characters of T. mopan. For instance, the adjacent spot of abdominal spiracles (Fig. 1E) can be well developed to completely vanished in T. dimidiata. Also, some few specimens of T. dimidiata from Veracruz state have pale yellow hemelytra, with membrane as pale as corium (Fig. 3E). Although coloration of these specimens of T. dimidiata seems a consequence of preservation methods, it would be worth keeping in mind the coincidence to avoid misclassifications. Considering the original description of T. mopan and the morphological variation of examined specimens of T. dimidiata, we believe that the more distinctive characters for both species are the shape of the head and the pygrophore. For details of the taxonomic arrangements see comments on T. dimidiata. There is no information on hybrids of T. mopan to date., Published as part of Rengifo-Correa, Laura, Téllez-Rendón, Juan Luis, Esteban, Lyda, Huerta, Herón & Morrone, Juan J., 2021, The Triatoma phyllosoma species group (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease: Diagnoses and a key to the species, pp. 335-365 in Zootaxa 5023 (3) on page 350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5023.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5226410, {"references":["Dorn, P. L., Justi, S. A., Dale, C., Stevens, L., Galvao, C., Lima-Cordon, R. & Monroy, C. (2018) Description of Triatoma mopan sp. n. from a cave in Belize (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). ZooKeys, 775, 69 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 775.22553","Lent, H. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1979) Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas' disease. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 163, 123 - 520.","Dorn, P. L., De la Rua, N. M., Axen, H., Smith, N., Richards, B. R., Charabati, Suarez, J., Woods, A., Pessoa, R., Monroy, C., Kilpatrick, C. W. & Stevens, L. (2016) Hypothesis testing clarifies the systematics of the main Central American Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), across its geographic range. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 44, 431 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. meegid. 2016.07.046","Justi, S. A., Cahan, S., Stevens, L., Monroy, C., Lima-Cordon, R. & Dorn, P L. (2018) Vectors of diversity: Genome wide diversity across the geographic range of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata sensu lato (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 120, 144 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.12.016"]} more...

Para conocer la diversidad de chinches (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) en el campus Meléndez de la Universidad del Valle (zona de vida de bosque seco tropical), se realizaron siete muestreos entre 2004-2005 abarcando áreas abiertas y con cobertura vegetal. Se usaron trampas Malaise (TM), barrido con jama (J), y agitación de follaje (AF) complementada con colecta manual en tallos (CT) para vegetación arbustiva. Se colectaron 264 ejemplares adultos, distribuidos en 63 morfoespecies y 14 familias, destacándose Miridae (20 morfoespecies), Pentatomidae (16) y Reduviidae (11) que en conjunto sumaron 75% de la riqueza total. Las familias más raras fueron Anthocoridae, Aradidae y Scutelleridae, con un único espécimen colectado. La riqueza estimada promedio fue de 110.4 ± 14.7 especies indicando un nivel de inventario del 59.4%. Las familias más abundantes fueron las mismas que mostraron mayor riqueza, y se adiciona Rhyparochromidae con el 23.1% de la abundancia total representada en dos especies. El número de morfoespecies colectadas con jama (36) y AF-CT (33) fue similar aportando un 57.1% y 52.3%, respectivamente, mientras que la trampa Malaise capturó el 17.5%. En cuanto a identidad de las especies, los métodos de colecta compartieron solamente el 13.4% en promedio, sugiriendo que su uso simultáneo provee mejor información de la heterópterofauna local. La riqueza de chinches fitófagos (19 especies) y omnívoros (20) fue alta en comparación con la de predadores de semillas (seis) y micetófagos (uno). Especies de árboles como Psidium guajaba, Guazuma ulmifolia y Pithecelobium dulce fueron los principales hospederos. more...

Se presenta una clave para la identificación de 28 familias de Pentatomomorpha con distribución neotropical. Se muestran figuras en vista dorsal de algunos representantes para cada familia y de las diferentes estructuras mencionadas. Se presenta una sinopsis de las principales referencias para la identificación a nivel de género en el Neotrópico. A key for identification of 28 Pentatomomorpha in Neotropical distribution families is presented. Figures in dorsal view of some specimens for each family and the different features mentioned are shown. A synopsis of the main references for identification at the genus level in the Neotropic is presented. more...