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Los llamados alimentos funcionales son aquellos que, además de aportar los nutrientes recomendados, ejercen efectos beneficiosos sobre una o más funciones del organismo, fomentando la salud y reduciendo el riesgo de enfermedad. Los probióticos constituyen un subgrupo importante dentro de los alimentos funcionales con un gran atractivo comercial, por lo que es importante definir con claridad cuáles son los efectos beneficiosos que pueden ejercer sobre la salud. Ciertas bacterias colónicas producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta y ácido láctico como productos de la fermentación de carbohidratos, que disminuyen el pH del medio creando un microambiente donde las bacterias potencialmente patógenas no pueden crecer. Además, producen bacteriocinas, que actúan como antibióticos e inhiben el crecimiento de bacterias patógenas. Actualmente, los probióticos han demostrado ser útiles y beneficiosos en el tratamiento de diarrea aguda infecciosa en niños y adultos, en la prevención de la diarrea asociada a antibióticos, en enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales, en la mejora de los síntomas debidos a la mala digestión de la lactosa y de algunos síntomas del síndrome del colon irritable y en la prevención de la enterocolitis necrotizante en recién nacidos pre-término. También hay otras propiedades asociadas a este tipo de alimentos que necesitan más estudios que avalen su eficacia. Por tanto, los probióticos constituyen una importante fuente de salud, al garantizar un equilibrio a nivel de nuestra microflora endógena, fortaleciéndonos el sistema inmune y mejorando las funciones anatomofisiológicas del organismo. Además, tenemos que tener en cuenta que la investigación probiótica en la intersección de la gastroenterología con la inmunología y la microbiología es muy dinámica en los últimos años, tanto en la investigación básica como clínica y que el conocimiento de los mecanismos moleculares que conducen a la eficacia de los probióticos, estimulará la creación de nuevos alimentos con propiedades beneficiosas para la salud.

Inorganic arsenic exposure may be associated with diabetes, but the evidence at low-moderate levels is not sufficient. Polymorphisms in diabetes-related genes have been involved in diabetes risk. We evaluated the association of inorganic arsenic exposure on diabetes in the Hortega Study, a representative sample of a general population from Valladolid, Spain. Total urine arsenic was measured in 1451 adults. Urine arsenic speciation was available in 295 randomly selected participants. To account for the confounding introduced by non-toxic seafood arsenicals, we designed a multiple imputation model to predict the missing arsenobetaine levels. The prevalence of diabetes was 8.3%. The geometric mean of total arsenic was 66.0 μg/g. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for diabetes comparing the highest with the lowest tertile of total arsenic were 1.76 (1.01, 3.09) and 2.14 (1.47, 3.11) before and after arsenobetaine adjustment, respectively. Polymorphisms in several genes including IL8RA, TXN, NR3C2, COX5A and GCLC showed suggestive differential associations of urine total arsenic with diabetes. The findings support the role of arsenic on diabetes and the importance of controlling for seafood arsenicals in populations with high seafood intake. Suggestive arsenic-gene interactions require confirmation in larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traditional technologies are insufficient for low-frequency mutation detection. • Multiple loci are necessary for higher sensitivity in ctDNA study. • Noise reduction have become indispensable for detection of ctDNA mutations. • Liquid biopsy needs to take a step into clinical setting through clinical trials. Cancer has become a global health issue and liquid biopsy has emerged as a non-invasive tool for various applications. In cancer, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be detected from cell-free DNA (cfDNA) obtained from plasma and has potential for early diagnosis, treatment, resistance, minimal residual disease detection, and tumoral heterogeneity identification. However, the low frequency of ctDNA requires techniques for accurate analysis. Multitarget assay such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) need improvement to achieve limits of detection that can identify the low frequency variants present in the cfDNA. In this review, we provide a general overview of the use of cfDNA and ctDNA in cancer, and discuss techniques developed to optimize NGS as a tool for ctDNA detection. We also summarize the results obtained using NGS strategies in both investigational and clinical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amyloid immunotherapy has received recent clinical validation with monoclonal antibodies. Vaccines, such as optimized ACI‐24, are designed to produce a broader, robust antibody response against multiple pathologic forms of Abeta with the added advantage to reduce treatment frequency. Optimized ACI‐24 builds on the initial safety, immunogenicity and pharmacodynamic data of ACI‐24 that has been studied in AD and Down Syndrome‐related AD. Optimized ACI‐24 is formulated with the additional immune cell help via a non‐Abeta, universal T‐helper cell peptide, aiming to insure sustained antibody production, particularly against pathological Abeta species, such as oligomers and truncated pyroglutamate. Method: Optimized ACI‐24 was generated using the SupraAntigen® platform. Mice and non‐human primates were immunized and sera/plasma obtained to measure titers against Abeta1‐42, pyroglutamate (Abeta3‐42) and oligomers. Epitope mapping, immunohistochemistry on different human tissues, including AD brains were performed. Result: Immunization of mice and cynomolgus monkeys with optimized ACI‐24 resulted in potent antigen specific IgG levels. The polyclonal antibody response was observed to mature over time with higher affinity IgGs emerging as well as an increase in titers of IgGs that recognized the highly neurotoxic Abeta species including truncated pyroglutamate and pathological Abeta oligomers. Epitope mapping confirmed the induction of a broader spectrum of antibodies recognizing the N‐terminal containing and the truncated species of pathological Abeta, as compared to the previously clinically tested Abeta vaccines. In addition, target engagement was demonstrated as the immunized monkey sera labeled Abeta plaques in AD patient brain sections while did not show any binding to other human tissues. Conclusion: These preclinical data illustrate that optimized ACI‐24 generates IgGs with a broader N‐terminal Abeta sequence recognition than offered by clinically tested mAbs or Abeta vaccines. This unique binding profile for the pathogenic forms of Abeta, including truncated pyroglutamate and toxic oligomers, is encouraging as it combines the targets of mAbs, such as Aducanumab and Donanemab, recently linked to clinical benefits, and thus, the potential of enhancing plaque reduction. The presented data support the fast progression of optimized ACI‐24 into clinical development as a disease modifying treatment with potential for prevention in AD and Down Syndrome‐related AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing health effects of bioactive compounds from dry-cured meat is an active area of clinical research. The present study aims to investigate whether consuming dry-cured ham with biopeptides, among other bioactive compounds, modifies blood pressure (BP) and improves other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in humans. This two-arm, cross-over, randomised controlled trial involved 38 healthy subjects with pre-hypertension. Participants received 80 g/day dry-cured pork ham or 100 g/day cooked ham (control product). A daily intake of 80 g dry-cured ham did not impair BP or 24 h sodium excretion. Total cholesterol, LDL and basal glucose levels dropped after dry-cured ham consumption (p = 0.00019, p = 0.021 and p = 0.014, respectively). Cooked ham did not affect any of the clinical and biochemical markers. Dry-cured ham components could exert a plethora of activities over the cardiovascular system including lipid and glucose metabolism. Additional studies are needed to confirm the effects of dry-cured meat biopeptides on diverse risk factors in pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]