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Background: Many variants detected after Wuhan-Hu-1 reference which were able to develop the resistance against the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccine and may cause false negative results in diagnostic test. Novel variant B1.617 was detected in India and the Covid-19 cases hiked to its maximum; forcing the government towards approving a new vaccine for restricted use in emergency situation to cover a maximum population. Aims: This review looks at the efficacy, safety, and economical aspects of vaccines that have been authorized in India. Materials and methods: Wide-ranging assessment and analysis of accessible resources on online database. Results: The rAd26-s & rAd5-s demonstrate high efficacy as well as safety, followed by BBV152 and AZD1222. Various combinations of the vaccines with different platforms or vectors may induce wide range of immunity than a specific one. As per economical aspect, AZD1222 is more economical than the other two currently approved in India. Conclusion: There is a lack of clear end point to measure efficacy of the vaccine so the epidemiological studies with huge number of populations is required which may predict the perfect endpoint for efficacy measurement. Until then, inoculation with locally accessible vaccines and self-awareness about disease transmission prevention are the main options for reducing fatalities, protecting the health-care system, and eventually disease control.

For many years, the Government of India has worked hard to offer health services to people all around the country, and it remains dedicated to doing so. It has formed numerous programmes to achieve the goal of “Health for All.” As a result, in 2005, The Hon’ble Prime Minister formed the The National Rural Health Mission will provide the countries’ network with well-being administrations. The National Rural Health Mission, which went into effect in April 2005, is considered the backbone of the rural sector. They have been instilled with the belief that, as a result of their efforts, something special has appeared to assist the country dwellers in re-establishing their well-being. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) aims to provide rural populations, especially disadvantaged groups, with comprehensive, low-cost, and high-quality health care. Material & Method: We reviewed all of the articles published on PubMed, Scopus, BMJ, Google scholar, Nature, Web of science that were focusing on, National rural health mission services, to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Conclusion: This study compiles a list of all social need interventions that have been described in the literature to date. National health systems around the world are reforming to meet health goals, with a focus on cost containment, universal coverage, equity in access and quality, and resource efficiency and effectiveness. The primary purpose of the mission is to establish a fully operational, community-owned, decentralised health-care delivery system with cross-sectoral integration at all levels, enabling for simultaneous action on a wide variety of health determinants such as poverty and social equity.

Introduction: Despite the fact that just a few researchers have examined the prenatal and postpartum periods, the findings from those few studies suggest an increase in prevalence through out pregnancy and the first six months after delivery. Pregnancy is a pivotal period in a woman’s life, as she experiences significant emotional, physical, hormonal, and social changes. Pregnancy and the first six months after delivery (perinatal phase) can be taxing, leading in sleep deprivation, relationship difficulties, and feelings of isolation. Materials & Methods: Quality of care, perinatal care, India, hospital, intrapartum care, implementation, and still birth for period were searched in the PubMed database using MeSH terms. A narrative summary of the goals and outcomes was completed. Conclusions: This study compiles a list of all prenatal social needs interventions that have been described in the literature to date. The majority of therapies have been for IPV, according to the findings of this study, and interventions that combine counselling or ongoing support have the best likelihood of lowering social risk factors and improving clinical outcomes.

Li P, Bukhari SNA, Khan T, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:9115–9124. The Editor and Publisher of International Journal of Nanomedicine wish to retract the published article. Concerns were raised regarding the alleged duplication of H&E images in Figure 4. Specifically, Figure 4A, Control, appears to have been duplicated with the same image for Figure 4E, Apigenin-SLNPs (50). In addition, images from Figure 4 also appear to have been duplicated with similar images from Figure 7 in Arellano-Buendia et al (2014), Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/961326). Specifically, Images for Figure 4A, Control and Figure 4E, Apigenin-SLNPs (50) appear to have been duplicated with a similar image for Figure 7a and 7c from Arellano-Buendia et al (2014). The image for Figure 4C, Metformin, appears to have been duplicated with a similar image for Figure 7f from Arellano-Buendia et al (2014). The image for Figure 4D, Apigenin-SLNPs (25) appears to have been duplicated with a similar image for Figure 7d from Arellano-Buendia et al (2014). The authors did respond to our queries but were unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for the duplicated images and the Editor requested for the article to be retracted. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.

Background: Product information leaflets are available for most prescription medicines and many non-prescription medicines. Materials and Method: A prospective and observational study was conducted at Basaveshwara teaching and general hospital with an aim to determine how many patients see, read and retain the PIL. Results: A total of About 216 patients visiting the out-patient departments were enrolled in the study. The study results showed that among 216 patients, 195(90.28%) patients completed the study. More number of patients 79(40.15%) belonged to old age, followed by Public servant& housewife 46(23.58%) followed by agricultre 12(6.15%) followed by student, business& others 4(2.05%). 142(72.82%) of patients were counseled in Kannada, 35(17.94%) patients in Hindi & 18(9.23%) patients in English. As Kalburgi is a multilingual city majority of the people speak Kannada and Hindi. The 195 patients were dispensed a total of 341 Medicines. For 26 items (7.63 per cent), there was no manufacturer's leaflet available for the pharmacist to supply with the medicine. 195 patients received at least one medicine with a leaflet. The leaflet was said to have been just noticed by 134 patients (68%). About 42 patients (21%) said they had read some part of the leaflet and 19 (9%) patients reported that they had read the leaflet completely. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a need to improve the format, content and language of the package inserts in India. Pharmacist intervention is needed to improve patients reading habits for pils.Tighter monitoring of the inserts by regulatory bodies can help to enforce ideal labeling practices.

Pingping Li,1 Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari,2 Tahseen Khan,3 Renukaradhya Chitti,4 Davan B Bevoor,5 Anand R Hiremath,6 Nagaraja SreeHarsha,7 Yogendra Singh,8 Kumar Shiva Gubbiyappa9 1Department of Nephrology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450007, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia; 3School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India; 4Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichaunagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Adichunchanagiri, Mandya, India; 5Department of Pharmacy Practice, SCS College of Pharmacy, Harapanahalli, Karnataka, India; 6Department of Pharmacology, Bapuji College of Pharmacy, Davanagere, Karnataka, India; 7Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al‐Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur, India; 9School of Pharmacy, GITAM University, Hyderabad, IndiaCorrespondence: Yogendra Singh Email yogendra.singh12223@gmail.comBackground: Apigenin is known to have a broad-spectrum efficacy in oxidative stress and conditions due to inflammation, although weak absorption, fast metabolic rate and a fast elimination (systemic) limit the pharmacological efficacy of this drug. Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations. The defensive function of Apigenin-SLNPs on renal damage induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in animals was studied.Materials and Methods: We initially injected the rats with 35 mg kg− 1 streptozocin intraperitoneally, and after 7 days, the rats were then injected 150 mg kg− 1 of metformin intragastrically followed by a once-daily intragastric dose of Apigenin-SLNP (25 or 50 mg kg− 1) for a continuous period of 30 days. We then measured the level of insulin and blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the tissues of the kidney. We also observed messenger-RNA expression of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in renal tissue through RT-PCR technique. Moreover, H&E staining and Western blotting observed the histopathological variations and protein expression ofnuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase/Nuclear Factor-κB signaling pathway, respectively.Results: An enhancement in the expressing of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and a suppression in the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB occurred due to Apigenin-SLNPs treatment, which was a result of the protective mechanism of Apigenin-SLNPs which is because of not only its anti-inflammatory function (by inhibition of release of inflammatory factors) but also their anti-oxidant activity (through reduction of lipid peroxidation production).Conclusion: We found that a protective effect on diabetic nephropathy was shown due to Apigenin-SLNPs, in rats induced with streptozocin maybe through the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear Factor-κB.Keywords: Apigenin-SLNPs, DN, Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB

DNA of live cells is damaged when exposed to harmful Ultraviolet rays. If the cells are exposed to UV rays exposure time more duration of time, more thymine dimers are formed in the DNA and the greater the risk of an incorrect repair or a missed dimer. To analyze the effect of UV rays Calf thymus DNA and prevention by polyphenol enriched extract of Mint leaves and also its non toxic nature. The above study was done by using submarine gel electrophoresis where UV rays are used to damage the DNA and BHA (400µM) used as positive control. The polyphenol enriched extract was taken at 15μg concentration prevent UV rays induced DNA fragmentation in submarine agarose gel electrophoresis which provides same protection when compared to standard antioxidant BHA (400μM). The cytotoxicity studies showed that, the extract and BHA provides a protection of 54% whereas, the extract of Mint leaves extract showed 72%. In conclusion, the Mint leaves extract showed a promising DNA protectant activity against UV rays induced DNA damage.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and accelerated autoimmune illness with proliferative and damaging synovitis, resulting in joint death and cartilage and bone erosion. This study focused on the potential therapeutic effect of wogonin on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced RA in rats and the underlying mechanisms. Arthritis was experimentally caused in rats by subcutaneously injecting 0.1 mL of CFA into the subplantar area of the left hind paw under moderate anesthesia on day zero. The regular oral doses of indomethacin/wogonin began on day zero and proceeded after injection to day 35. Wogonin reduced arthritic score considerably, enhanced body weight, and reduced paw thickness. Wogonin also boosted red blood cell considerably along with hemoglobin and reduced white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Wogonin substantially improved an altered level of oxidative stress markers, antioxidant proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent way. Wogonin inhibited p38 phosphorylation triggered by CFA and p65 nuclear translocation.

Divalproex sodium is considered as the most important antiepileptic drug and widely used for treatment of epilepsy and bi-polar disorders and prophylaxis of migraine. The present work has been done to formulate bi-layered tablet of Divalproex sodium containing immediate release layer and sustained release layer. The FTIR study revealed that there was no interaction between drug and polymer and combination. Both layers were prepared by wet granulation technique as poor flow property exhibited by pure drug. The immediate release layer was formulated by using superdisintegrants and evaluated for physical parameters, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The optimized immediate release layer (IF6) with highest in vitro release of 98.11 was selected for bi-layered tablet formulation. HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M polymer were used to retard the drug release from sustained release layer in different proportion and combination and evaluated for physical parameter along with in vitro drug release studies. The optimized sustained release layer (SF8) which extends the Divalproex sodium release more than 18 hrs was selected. Finally, bi-layered tablets were prepared by double compression of selected sustained release layer and immediate release layer of Divalproex sodium. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug release. All the physical parameters were in acceptable limit of pharmacopeial specification. The stability studies, shown the bi-layer tablet was stable at 40oC / 75% RH for a period of 3 months.

Type 2 diabetes mellitusis a serious metabolic disorder with high prevalence rate throughout the world, especially in India. Due to the co-morbid conditions, there is necessity of polypharmacy among diabetes patients. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of polypharmacy in type-2 diabetic patients admitted to general medicine units in a typical tertiary hospital in India. A prospective and observational study was conducted among type-2 diabetic inpatients for the period of 9 months. A total of 152 patients were enrolled; female 90 (59%) patients predominated over males 62 (41%) patients. Maximum participants were illiterate (65%) from very low income families (58%). Out of 152 patients, 128 (84%) patients experience polypharmacy as part their treatment regimen. Polypharmacy was noted with a range of 4 to 8 drugs per prescription. In patients with age group of 51-60, 61-70 and 70 above, including females, smokers, alcohol users, co-morbidity was positively associated with polypharmacy, indicating that diabetes is associated with a variety of other conditions.

The main objective of present study is to develop and validate a new, simple, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for the determination of Darifenacin Hydrobromide (DFH) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The separation and quantification of the drug was achieved on a RP C18 column (250×4.6mm, 5μm) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: buffer (50:50), pH 3.0 ± 0.2 at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with detection of analyte at 287 nm. The separation was achieved with in 4.0 ± 0.3 min. The method showed good linearity in the range of 10-100 μg/mL. The intra and inter day RSD ranged from 0.20-0.58%. The recovery (mean ± SD) of low, medium and high concentrations were 98.50 ± 0.20, 100.27 ± 0.15 and 100.90 ± 0.09 respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.31 and 0.61 μg/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that the present method could be superior over the methods which were reported earlier. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 13, No. 1, 2017, Page: 36-44