Search

The more integrated networks are with the internet, the more our security concerns grow. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) have been used to solve the problem of internet security. As more locations need to be securely connected, more configurations and greater complexity are given to a network design. Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) was used in this research with some supporting protocols to allow changing of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of remote locations. It proves to be a very scalable VPN technique with minimal configurations and robustness. Lesser delay between two branches of an organization among other advantages, such as elimination of triangular routing, and dynamic changing IP addresses were achieved.

With the advent of Internet and exponential growth in its users, that day is not far when the IP addresses used by Internet would exhaust and it would come to a standstill. Not only this to retrieve a data, dependency of server and network overhead can’t be overruled but NDN overcomes both these issues of IP addresses and server dependency/network overhead by introducing content centering approach and retrieval from intermediate routers.IPv4 is the protocol, which is most common for Internet connections. It uses a 32-bit addressing scheme resulting in total of 232 addresses. As Internet is growing with fast pace it is expected that soon the unused addresses would be exhausted. A new addressing system IPv6 is used to have more addresses, which allows 2128 addresses. But we can’t keep on going on increasing the addresses a newer approach is definitely required which gave birth to NDN in 2009. Keeping this in mind U.S. National Science Foundation’s Future Internet Architectures started a project Named Data Networks (NDN). NDN retains the current IP based internet architecture but changes the functionality where signed named content are retrieved by the intended consumers instead of IP packets delivered to the destination.Initial investigation and feasibility studies show that NDN with its principles can remove the gap between internet usage applications and data transport. Furthermore it also aims to simplify the application development process and cater to few of the everlasting issues of today’s internet architecture terms of security, scalability, and sustainability. With this aim put forward, the development, implementation and realization of the NDN architecture also faces a number of new challenges like naming and signing of all data chunks and changes in the routing and forwarding strategies. NDN project is still in offspring and there are various research issues which need to be addressed. This paper covers a brief survey of this future internet paradigm and bring out its major outcomes and areas to work in future.

The continuous growth of Internet and its applications caused more difficulties for analyzing Internet communications which are becoming more and more complex, this has caused new challenges for monitoring and managing the huge and vast network traffic. It is not efficient to monitor and analyze individual IP addresses, so it is more useful to monitor groups of IP addresses that have similar behavior, which represents a certain application activity. Nowadays, such a grouping is either based on network prefixes that does not meet the requirement mentioned above as difference of traffic behavior of individual IP address not being considered, or clustering IP hosts based on their traffic patterns, which requires information about TCP/UDP port numbers (which are occasionally obfuscated) or packet payloads (which are sometimes encrypted or unavailable from aggregated flow records). This paper proposes a new methodology of clustering IP addresses within a managed network domain such as campus network or ISP clients with similar social relationship based on inter-IP connectivity structure. The key idea of this methodology is to split the entire IP address space into Internal (inside the managed domain) and External (outside) ones. The clustering strategy is to group inside IP addresses that communicate with common outside IP addresses, the similarity measure of two inside IP addresses is the unique number of the common outside IP addresses. We propose a novel approach with an approximation algorithm to discover communities on a large scale in the managed domain based on the bipartite networks and one mode projection and the basis of graph partitioning of the similarity graph. Bipartite networks were built using NetFlow datasets collected from a boundary router in an actual environment, and then a one-mode projection has been applied to build a social relationship similarity graph of the inside IP addresses. We propose a community detection algorithm to extract communities. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach can discover communities from real large scale managed domain networks with a high quality. We experimentally validate our approach in terms of IP networking by applying deep flow inspection (DFI) and deep packet inspection (DPI) on related traffic to prove that hosts with the same cluster tend to have some dominant network behavior. We demonstrated the practical benefits of exploring social behavior similarity of IP hosts in understanding application usage, users' behavior, detecting malicious users, and users of prohibited applications.

Today's Internet makes hosts and individual networks inherently insecure because permanent addresses turn destinations into permanent attack targets. This paper describes an Evasive Internet Protocol (EIP), a change to the data plane of the Internet that: 1) prevents senders from forging their identities while preserving the current Internet privacy paradigm; 2) gives recipients full control over who can communicate with them and for how long; 3) achieves the above features without requiring global signaling protocols; and 4) allows coexistence with and graceful introduction into the current Internet. We motivate our approach, present the architectural design, and evaluate it through trace-driven and synthetic simulations as well as prototype testing.

Current host-centric Internet Protocol (IP) networks are facing unprecedented challenges, such as network attacks and the exhaustion of IP addresses. Motivated by emerging demands for security, mobility, and distributed networking, many research projects have been initiated to design the future Internet from a clean slate. In order to obtain a thorough knowledge of security in future Internet architecture, we review a number of well-known projects, including named data networking, Content Aware Searching Retrieval and sTreaming, MobilityFirst Future Internet Architecture Project (MobilityFirst), eXpressive Internet Architecture, and scalability, control, and isolation on next-generation network. These projects aim to move away from the traditional host-centric networks and replace them with content-centric, mobility-centric, or service-centric networks. However, different principles and designs also raise various issues on network security. For each project, we describe its architecture design and how it deals with security issues. Furthermore, we compare these projects and discuss their pros and cons. Open security issues are pointed out for directing future research.

This article surveys one Internet mobility approach that is highlighted by the employment of an identifier namespace. This approach uses identifiers other than traditional IP addresses to name mobile hosts, contents, or other entities, and introduces a mapping function to locate the entities in the global scope. Although this approach has been adopted by many Internet mobility solutions and is also considered as a promising way to support mobility in the future Internet, there lacks a comprehensive review and analysis of this approach together with related solutions, especially the ones proposed in recent years. This article describes the emergence, evolution, and state of the art of the approach, and gives a classification, a review, and a comparison of typical solutions related to the approach. This article also presents discussions of open issues, challenges, and research trends on designing future Internet mobility solutions.

The transition of the Internet from IPv4 to IPv6 is urgent and inevitable. A series of IPv6 transition solutions have been proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force; yet most of them have not seen success in real world, and some were even obsoleted. Nowadays IPv6 transition solutions are still continuously being worked out. The major difference among these solutions is the state management, which is an essential function and has a profound influence on many aspects of networking, such as addressing, provisioning, and network performance. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey on IPv6 transition solutions from the perspective of state management. We first briefly review the basic rationale of IPv6 transition solutions, highlighting the necessity of state management. Then we study various types of state management adopted by typical IPv6 transition solutions, focusing on their impacts on aspects of networks. Based on the above analyses, we summarize the applicability of different types of state management, and discuss their state-of-the-art application directions that may lead to potential future research directions in the IPv6 transition process.

Internet is facing many challenges that cannot be solved easily through ad hoc patches. To address these challenges, many research programs and projects have been initiated and many solutions are being proposed. However, before we have a new architecture that can motivate Internet service providers (ISPs) to deploy and evolve, we need to address two issues: 1) know the current status better by appropriately evaluating the existing Internet; and 2) find how various incentives and strategies will affect the deployment of the new architecture. For the first issue, we define a series of quantitative metrics that can potentially unify results from several measurement projects using different approaches and can be an intrinsic part of future Internet architecture (FIA) for monitoring and evaluation. Using these metrics, we systematically evaluate the current interdomain routing system and reveal many “autonomous-system-level” observations and key lessons for new Internet architectures. Particularly, the evaluation results reveal the imbalance underlying the interdomain routing system and how the deployment of FIAs can benefit from these findings. With these findings, for the second issue, appropriate deployment strategies of the future architecture changes can be formed with balanced incentives for both customers and ISPs. The results can be used to shape the short- and long-term goals for new architectures that are simple evolutions of the current Internet (so-called dirty-slate architectures) and to some extent to clean-slate architectures.

The TCP/IP architecture of the Internet was originally designed around the contemporary restrictions of large computers that were difficult to move around. However, electronics followed Moore's law, resulting in cheaper and smaller electronics for consumers, and portable devices, such as laptops and cellular phones, became pervasive. Consequently, the original restriction on static hosts was no longer true even though is still present in the design of the TCP/IP networking stack. The TCP/IP stack remains still constrained by its original design, which was effectively a design compromise to make the addressing model simpler. As TCP connections are created based on the same addresses used by the underlying network layer, the connections break when the address changes or is removed. Thus, the TCP/IP architecture is challenged in the temporal dimension of addressing as it was designed to assume stable addresses. This is not only problematic from the viewpoint of initial connectivity but also critical in sustaining of active data flows. In this paper, we first outline the challenges related to the inflexible nature of the TCP/IP architecture resulting from the fact that the same namespace is shared between the transport and network layers. We then discuss existing solutions for these challenges that arise from the transient nature of addresses in the TCP/IP architecture. Finally, we perform a qualitative analysis of the solutions discussed in the paper.

The recent trend of integration among new network services such as the long-term evolution (LTE) based on internet protocol (IP) needs reputable analyses and prediction information on the internet traffic. The IP along with increased internet traffics due to expanding new service platforms such as smartphones will reflect policies such as network QoS according to new services. The establishment of monitoring methods and analysis plans is thus required for the development of internet traffics that will analyze their status and predict their future. The paper with the speed of Internet traffic model is developed for monitoring the state of the experiment and verified. The problem is that the proposed service Internet service provider (ISP) to resolve the conflict between the occurrences can be considerably Internet traffic and that the state of data may be helpful in understanding. The paper advancement policy to reflect the network traffic volume of Internet services and users irradiation with increased traffic due to the development and management of the analysis was carried out experimental measurements.

Although the Internet offers numerous advantages, it raises many information security risks, especially against young people and children, who are today amongst the largest user groups of mobile and online technologies all around the world. Therefore, to empower and protect Internet users, it is necessary to develop proper strategies and tools to encapsulate their needs, and identify and prevent all types of the information security risks that may arise during the use of the Internet. In this study, a tracking system to ensure the safe use of the Internet is proposed. Considering the distribution of its potential users, the system has an easy-to-use graphical user interface. By recognizing dangerous web sites and IP addresses, the proposed system blocks access to those sites and this way provides reliable Internet access to its users. During the Internet access, it analyzes accessed IP addresses and port numbers in terms of access type and time and informs the user of the corresponding port numbers which must be closed for safe Internet access. Moreover, by continuously checking the host redirection file of the computer it runs on, it identifies redirections from web addresses to specific IP addresses and this way provides protection against phishing attacks which are becoming one of the most common Internet threats. Although the proposed system is a simple application since it is an open source, freeware application designed for children, it can be improved to consider more sophisticated attack types.

Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are a crucial resource for the functioning of the Internet. Much like a telephone number, an IP address is assigned to every network interface (router, computer, mobile telephone, server, etc.) that connects to the Internet. These addresses are currently assigned using the fourth version of the Internet Protocol, or IPv4. There are a limited number of addresses that can be assigned using IPv4 and the supply of unallocated addresses is effectively exhausted. This paper (i) identifies key facts and challenges arising from IPv4 address scarcity; (ii) outlines and analyzes potential responses to IPv4 scarcity; and (iii) concludes that a decisive transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is the most durable and effective response to the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses resulting from the growth of the global Internet and the exploding demand for IP addresses.

Industrial and IP-enabled low-power wireless networking technologies are converging, resulting in the Industrial Internet of Things. On the one hand, low-power wireless solutions are available today that answer the strict reliability and power consumption requirements of industrial applications. These solutions are based on Time- Synchronized Channel Hopping, a medium access control technique at the heart of industrial standards such as the WirelessHART and ISA100.11a, and layer 1 and 2 standards such as IEEE802.15.4e. On the other hand, a range of standards have been published to allow low-power wireless devices to communicate using the Internet Protocol (IP), thereby becoming true “fingers of the Internet,” and greatly simplifying their integration into existing networks. This article acknowledges the standardization effort to combine those capabilities. The networks resulting from this convergence exhibit reliability and power consumption performances compatible with demanding industrial applications, while being easy to integrate, and following the end-to-end paradigm of today's Internet. In particular, this article presents the work being done in 6TiSCH, a newly-formed working group in the Internet Engineering Task Force, which is standardizing the mechanisms making the Industrial Internet of Things a reality.

Emergence and development of cloud computing, mobile Internet, and other relative technologies speed up the reform process of data center. The increasing demand on internet band width, diversity of Internet businesses, and Individualization of service delivery, etc. are imposing higher demands on the new-generation data center. Faced with the increasingly complicated Internet environment, traditional IP-based data center Internet structure has gradually exposed its limitations. In order to adapt to future Internet businesses, people engaged in this industry hold a mainstream opinion that “it’s time to give creative thinking over the basic structure of the Internet and adopt new design concept of the” and begin to pose high requirements on the features and functions of the future Internet system and structure. In recent years, emergence of software defined network (SDN) has provided a direction for development of future Internet. The idea of SDN originates in the Clean Stater4J Project, and with the in-depth development and research of technologies, the SDN structure has gone out of the laboratory and successfully stepped into the industrial circle. Having received wide recognition from both the academic and the industrial fields, the industrialization process of SDN and the standardization process of relative technologies have been pushed forward.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as one of the major trends for the next evolution of the Internet, where billions of physical objects or things (including but not limited to humans) will be connected over the Internet, and a vast amount of information data will be shared among them. However, the current Internet was built on a host-centric communication model, which was primarily designed for meeting the demand of pair-wise peer-to-peer communications and cannot well accommodate various advanced data-centric services boosted by the IoT in which users care about content and are oblivious to locations where the content is stored. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for the future Internet based on information-centric networking (ICN), which is called DataClouds, to better accommodate data-centric services. Different from existing ICN-based architectures, we take the sharing nature of data-centric services under the IoT into consideration and introduce logically and physically formed communities as the basic building blocks to construct the network so that data could be more efficiently shared and disseminated among interested users. We also elaborate on several fundamental design challenges for the Internet under this new architecture and show that DataClouds could offer more efficient and flexible solutions than traditional ICN-based architectures.

With the proliferation and increasing dependence of many services and applications on the Internet, this network has become a vital societal asset. This creates the need to protect this critical infrastructure, and over the past years a variety of resilience schemes have been proposed. The effectiveness of protection schemes, however, highly depends on the causes and circumstances of Internet failures, but a detailed comprehensive study of this is not yet available to date. This article provides a high-level summary of an evaluation of Internet failures over the past six years, and presents a number of recommendations for future network resilience research.

The US government is seeking to relinquish oversight of Internet resources that include domain names, IP addresses, and protocol parameters. Proper stewardship of these resources is necessary for the Internet to properly grow beyond the more than 2.5 billion people who use it today. During the transition, things will continue to function, just as they have. Interested parties are invited to participate in the discussion

In this article, we describe an information-centric Internet architecture called CoLoR that couples service location and inter-domain routing while decoupling them from forwarding. Preliminary results based on implementation and analysis show that CoLoR is promising since it satisfies many requirements of the future Internet, including being information-centric, encouraging innovations, and providing efficient support for mobility, multicast, multi-homing, and middleboxes.

The current Internet architecture was founded upon a host-centric communication model, which was appropriate for coping with the needs of the early Internet users. Internet usage has evolved however, with most users mainly interested in accessing (vast amounts of) information, irrespective of its physical location. This paradigm shift in the usage model of the Internet, along with the pressing needs for, among others, better security and mobility support, has led researchers into considering a radical change to the Internet architecture. In this direction, we have witnessed many research efforts investigating Information-Centric Networking (ICN) as a foundation upon which the Future Internet can be built. Our main aims in this survey are: (a) to identify the core functionalities of ICN architectures, (b) to describe the key ICN proposals in a tutorial manner, highlighting the similarities and differences among them with respect to those core functionalities, and (c) to identify the key weaknesses of ICN proposals and to outline the main unresolved research challenges in this area of networking research.

Technologies to support the Internet of Things are becoming more important as the need to better understand our environments and make them smart increases. As a result it is predicted that intelligent devices and networks, such as WSNs, will not be isolated, but connected and integrated, composing computer networks. So far, the IP-based Internet is the largest network in the world; therefore, there are great strides to connect WSNs with the Internet. To this end, the IETF has developed a suite of protocols and open standards for accessing applications and services for wireless resource constrained networks. However, many open challenges remain, mostly due to the complex deployment characteristics of such systems and the stringent requirements imposed by various services wishing to make use of such complex systems. Thus, it becomes critically important to study how the current approaches to standardization in this area can be improved, and at the same time better understand the opportunities for the research community to contribute to the IoT field. To this end, this article presents an overview of current standards and research activities in both industry and academia.

With the development of Internet scale, diversifications of applications and the network virtualization, novel applications emerge, such as search services, stream, social networks, cloud services, e-commerce, big data services and so on. Current Internet cannot afford the diversifying services any more. The network architecture should be improved or a clean slate architecture design is desired. Novel designs of future Internet become a hot topic. IPv6 is the improvement version of IPv4, which solves the address issue of the current Internet, but issues of routing scalability, security, mobility and Quality of Service are still remain. There are two ways to future Internet, improving ones and clean slate designs. The former is based on the current Internet and the latter is novel design without the limitation of the current network architecture. In this paper, we introduce related work of future Internet and summarize the locator/ID separation mechanism, SDN, OpenFlow, NDN and so on. At final, we conclude the paper.

In this paper, we analyze the suitability of different IPv6 addressing strategies for nodes, gateways, and various access network deployment scenarios in the Internet of Things. A vast number of things connected to the Internet need IPv6 addresses, as the IPv4 address space was effectively consumed before the introduction of the Internet of Things. We highlight how the heterogeneity of nodes and network technologies, extreme constraint and miniaturization, renumbering, and multihoming, present serious challenges toward IPv6 address allocation. By considering the topologies of various types of IoT networks, their intended uses as well as the types of IPv6 addresses that need to be deployed, we draw attention to allocation solutions as well as potential pitfalls.

"The Internet is for everyone" claims Vint Cerf, the father of the Internet via RFC 3271. The Internet Society's recent global Internet survey reveals that the Internet should be considered as a basic human birth right. We strongly agree with these and believe that basic access to the Internet should be made free, at least to access the essential services. However the current Internet access model, which is governed by market economics makes it practically infeasible for enabling universal access especially for those with socio-economic barriers. We see enabling benevolence in the Internet (act of sharing resources) as a potential solution to solve the problem of digital exclusion caused due to socio-economic barriers. In this paper, we propose LCD-Net: Lowest Cost Denominator Networking, a new Internet paradigm that architects multi-layer resource pooling Internet technologies to support benevolence in the Internet. LCD-Net proposes to bring together several existing resource pooling Internet technologies to ensure that users and network operators who share their resources are not affected and at the same time are incentivised for sharing. The paper also emphasizes the need to identify and extend the stakeholder value chain to ensure such benevolent access to the Internet is sustainable.

The Network performance optimization, configuration depends on proper design of complete network. The network layer is concerned with getting packets from source all the way to destination. The packets may cross many networks to reach the destination. To achieve its goals, the network layer must know about the topology, communication subnets and the version of the IP addresses used. Considering the present scenario, we are using IP v4 which needs to communicate with IP v6. The present networks are using only IP version 4 it is necessary to design and deploy certain methods which will help in communicating with the future generation of IP addresses. The present applications are still using IP version 4 to communicate and hence it is necessary to securely migrate them with the latest IP version. We present a secure tunneling mechanism that has some advantages over the other models. The model discussed here can be used to establish hybrid communications between the two different versions of Internet protocol in both ways.

To better understand the Internet infrastructure services is crucial to the design, operation, and management of Internet applications. The lack of better understanding of the actual usage of allocated IP addresses is among many such challenges, due to the wide deployment of IP address multiplexing techniques, such as NAT. To address this issue, we propose a novel analysis approach based on large-scale SSL/TLS flow records of Apple and Amazon services in this paper. This method characterizes the behaviors of different types of multiplexing by three steps: grouping, dividing, and profiling. Our preliminary analysis shows several promising findings, e.g., encrypted data flows still reveals the valuable application behaviors; the multiplexing behaviors of mobile or wired Internet are quite different.

The Internet is facing the accelerating growth of routing table size. Backbone routers' routing table has already reached 512k entries, which has a negative effect on the scalability of the Internet. Hierarchical addressing and locator/ID separation solutions have been proposed to address the scalability issue. However, there has been little focus on how to efficiently represent hierarchical location addresses for a large scale distributed network, such as today's Internet. In this paper, we present a variable-length address encoding method to represent hierarchical location addresses. Our analysis and evaluation results show that 1) it is difficult to use fixed-length encoding to represent hierarchical location addresses for a large scale network; and 2) the proposed variable-length addresses could guarantee the scalability property of hierarchical addressing, and alleviate the inefficiency of address space due to fixed-length addresses.

Internet has been being becoming the most famous and biggest communication networks as social, industrial, and public infrastructure since Internet was invented at late 1960s. In a historical retrospect of Internet's evolution, the Internet architecture continues evolution repeatedly by going through various technical challenges, for instance, in early 1990s, Internet had encountered danger of scalability, after a short while it had been overcome and successfully evolved by applying emerging techniques such as CIDR, NAT, and IPv6. Especially this paper emphasizes scalability issues as technical challenges with forecasting that Internet of things era has come. Firstly, we describe the Identifier and locator separation scheme that can achieve dramatically architectural evolution in historical perspective. Additionally, it reviews various kinds of Identifier and locator separation scheme because recently the scheme can be the major design pillar towards future of Internet architecture such as both various clean-slated future Internet architectures and evolving Internet architectures. Lastly we show a result of analysis by analysis table for future of internet of everything where number of Internet connected devices will growth to more than 20 billion by 2020.

Many of today's devices are internet-enabled with IPv4 internet addresses, exposing them to internet threats. To determine the true scale of vulnerabilities being introduced, particularly in the IPv4 internet address space, a new methodology of scanning the entire IPv4 internet space is required. To improve scanning speeds we created a framework combining fast connectionless port scanners with a thorough and accurate connection-oriented scanner to verify results. The results are stored to a database. This combined framework provides more robust results than current connectionless scanners, yet still scans the IPv4 internet fast enough to be practically usable for mass scanning.

Background/Objectives: Internet of Things (IoT) is going to govern the future world where all devices will be connected with each-other. The expectation with the Internet of Things is that the increase in number of devices going to be truly dramatic. Method: With the increase in the number of devices, the amount of traffic will grow together with data. IoT will have huge number of power sensitive smaller devices and they're going to put significant constraint on the total bandwidth of the system. This paper analyses how 6LoWPAN, a practical developed for resource constrained IP based systems suitable for Internet of Things with respect to Internet Protocol. Findings/Applications: Internet protocols used to be fine-tuned, modified, changed to be able to accommodate the era of Internet of Things. 6LoWPAN has different features like, support for 64 bit or 16-bit addressing, targeted at low power networks including Bluetooth low energy, header compression for IPv base as well as for UDP headers, network auto configuration and neighbor discovery, support for multicast, unicast, and broadcast, supporting the concept of fragmentation. This makes 6LoWPAN a best suited protocol for IoT.

The vision behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is that any things that need communications, are universally connected, and becoming an integral part of the future Internet. However, the existing of Low Power Networks (LPN) consisting of battery-powered nodes poses great challenge for traditional addressing and routing protocols. The paper proposes a geographical topology-enabled IPv6 addressing framework (gIPv6), which define a geographical IPv6 adaption layer for enabling the interconnection between Lower power networks and the global IPv6 Internet at any access point. IPv6 addresses for LPNs are generated based on the short format of geographical location information, so the proposed scheme can potentially extended IPv6 to various networking scenarios with energy restriction and resource limitations.

Private IP addressing is commonly used in enterprise networks. Different enterprises or even different locations/business units of the same enterprise may use the same IP address ranges as long while those networks are separate. Consequently, during mergers and acquisitions, or network consolidations within an enterprise, overlapped and conflicted IP segments (subnets) arise frequently. These must be identified and resolved to allow communication between any pair of source and destination hosts in the merged networks. Furthermore, the combined network may unnecessarily use many disparate IP address ranges which increases the size of the routing tables and makes routing integrity verification difficult. In this paper, we identify different conflict scenarios and consider ways of resolving those conflicts to minimize manual changes and to minimize the routing table sizes. The problem turns out to be NP-hard and rather complex, and we devise effective heuristics to solve the problem. By taking some real-world examples, we show that by changing 6-8% of the subnet addresses the outlined method can effectively resolve the subnet conflicts. The scheme also reduces the number of subnet entries by 80-90% by consolidating the subnet entries, which significantly reduces the routing table sizes.

As the Internet of Things technologies evolve, billions of smart devices will be connected to the Internet. Therefore, the accelerated growth of users, applications and devices pose a great demand on the scalability of the Internet. In this paper, we develop a new Internet architecture -- Multiple-inherited Locators (MiL) -- to meet the future demand on addressing. MiL is based on Locator/ID addressing and hierarchical address allocation. The benefit of this new addressing scheme is the improved scalability of Internet routing by enhancing the prefix aggregation of locators. The number of locators which are needed grows with the Internet scale. In order to represent each locator as a unique binary representation by as few bits as possible, we develop a distributed encoding method to efficiently encode locators. As the Internet topology evolves, the distributed encoding method renumbering locators' codeword for the optimal encoding performance, and meanwhile endeavors to keep their codewords unchanged as much as possible. Because, we want to represent locators by fewer bits as well as keep addressing stable. We adopt an Encoding Table Adjustment algorithm to find a "sweet spot" that balances these two goals. According to our experiment, within a 2% increase on the expected locator length, our algorithm reduces the cost of renumbering locator by 99.9%.

In recent years the increasingly frequent use of the Web service, the advent of the cloud computing, the exponential growing of mobile devices with the introduction of pervasive and ubiquitous computing and the emergence of extreme distributed systems have brought to light the problem of the no longer adequate distribution of data packets over Internet and the related IP protocol issues. This paper promotes flat labels as a real alternative to IP addresses for a future Internet architecture and proposes FLIP as first network layer protocol for flat labels. Among several features absolutely not existing in IP protocol, FLIP has a native support for crypto-currencies.

Nowadays industrial control devices are crucial for infrastructure-critical systems such as factories, power plants, and water treatment facilities. Devices with IP addresses are visible on the Internet and they connect cyber space and physical world. The first step in protecting devices from attackers is a deep understanding of the devices' characteristics in the cyber space. In this paper, we take a first step in this direction by investigating physical devices running one of the two specific protocols that are widely adopted in industrial control systems. In order to detect these devices in real-time, we propose a two-stage discovery mechanism: first filtering out unqualified hosts from 4 billion remote hosts and then identifying physical devices from qualified candidates. We have conducted a real-world experiment to verify the mechanism and identified dozens of thousands of physical devices from the entire Internet. Results show that our method discovers all devices in 20 hours with 89.5% precision and 79.3% recall.

It has been widely agreed that the architecture of the Internet is ossified. Many advanced technologies were proposed to deal with the shortcomings of the Internet, such as Quality of Service (QoS), IP multicast, and BGP multipath, but they have not been deployed widely in the Internet. Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has attracted many interests in the research community. The key insight of ICN is that the usage of the Internet has dramatically changed from connecting nodes to accessing information. By the inspiration of ICN thinking, we argue that it is not the ossification of the IP architecture which matters, but the ossification of the business model between ISPs. In this paper, we propose a Supply Chain Management (SCM) based business model to regulate the business relationships between ISPs. The payment flow along Internet Service Providers (ISPs) is changed from the conventional bottom up mode to a chain like mode, very similar to the payment flow of SCM. Simulation results show that the average Autonomous System (AS) hops can be reduced by 47% at most. The hit ratio of replicated contents can be improved by 28% at most, and the profit change of various ASes is almost balanced.

Billions of devices are projected for deployment in the Internet of Things (IoT). Deploying these devices and their associated services is impossible manually, thus a seamless and scalable service discovery mechanism is mandatory for realizing the IoT vision. In this paper, we propose a lightweight application-layer service discovery protocol for IPv6 Low-power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) called 6LoWDIS. 6LoWDIS has two different modes of operation: poll and push both of which require the support of multicast routing in the network layer. 6LoWDIS is built on CoAP/HTTP, thus 6LoWDIS exploits the capabilities of RESTful architectures. We also examine the impact of multicast forwarding techniques on the performance of 6LoWDIS. Simulation shows the delay and the capacity of 6LoWDIS with different multicast forwarding techniques. The results indicate that the mean time-to-enter of poll mode is higher than in push mode and mean time-to-leave of poll is smaller than in case of push mode. Also, the underlying multicast protocol has a significant effect on the performance of the schemes.

Change is necessary to update for IPV6 and evolution in Internet is inevitable, ever since the Internet was born. Internet protocols kept on improving and changing dramatically. They expose new challenges and new features. It's high time that our Internet address have to be upgraded as heap of thing around us got upgraded. Internet protocol is currently version 4 and is being upgraded to 6. Internet was once very inaccessible and limited to very few mass, but today it's a primary quill and basic need. Every user has connectivity through various range of devices such as Laptop's, tablet's, desktop's and IOT (Internet of Things). A few decades ago one IP per user was sufficient but now a user with a range of devices needs more than 8 IP's on average. This resulted in exhausting IP at IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) and forcing it to update and upgrade to a better version of protocol. Although the new version looks promising, it has to overcome certain challenges of compatibility. IPV6 is similar to IPV4 but it has very significant features it's easy to adopt, but highly irritating for transition. Although for quite a few years many transition techniques are introduced but not all could actually bring a change due to the lack of flexibility and the amount of difficulty involved. This approach not only aid in retaining the present good practices but also supplies the goodies of modern version unless the transition is complete. Nonetheless, even after transition we will have to be able to have the previous generation utilities still being legitimate and not being void. Certain features such as Auto-configuration of IPV6 will build users to mislead ISP and access higher volumes of data at greater than usual speeds they're allotted. Specific blocked sites may be unblocked by connecting to any IP over the globe as a result resulting a deep flaw within the grounds of security. Security is a most important trouble over Internet, because of above flaws very less are ready to adopt this latest IP variant. This paper deals with IPV6 transition in much huge sense, permitting ISP's to keep the existing security principles still valid making internet a long way safer than ever before. This paper presents a software solution to help the transition, it re-addresses the basic needs and finally establishes a feasible solution which still maintains the applicability and maintainability of both systems until the last device upgrades to ipv6 with no compromise to any existing applications or new applications to come. The solution proposed is for ISP's and the backbone providers of internet and not for individual users.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision for interconnecting all of the world's "things" -- from vehicles to diet scales, smart homes and electrical grids -- through a common set of networking technologies. Realizing this vision using a host-to-host communication paradigm, such as that of the Internet Protocol (IP), is challenging in the context of highly heterogeneous, constrained devices that connect intermittently to one or more networks, often using multiple interfaces, communicate within various security regimes, and require both local and global communication capability. Using IP and similar protocols as the narrow waist of interoperability for IoT requires managing data exchange and security in terms that are largely orthogonal to application semantics, while simultaneously needing to minimize resource usage. This paper explores how Named Data Networking (NDN), a proposed future Internet architecture, addresses the root causes of these challenges and can help achieve the IoT vision in a more secure, straightforward, and innovation-friendly manner. NDN's data-centric communication model aligns network and application semantics, enabling developers to work with "things" and their data directly, and for IoT networks to be deployed and configured easily. To substantiate the high-level discussion, we give examples of ongoing design and implementation work in IoT over NDN and compare the architecture to well-known existing protocols and frameworks. Finally, we discuss short-and long-term scenarios for employing NDN to enable the Internet of Things.

Worldwide, dozens of projects to redesign the Internet are in progress under the banner of the so-called Future Internet research. Some proposals argue that the most important thing is to design to accommodate information exchanging, a.k.a. information-centrism. Others argue that the most important thing is to design to accommodate service-based applications. In this paper, we defend the idea that the most important thing is to design to integrate both aspects in a cohesive way. To do so, architectural blueprints should be able to solve indirections generally, to allow mobility and semantic rich search for services and contents, as well as location, hiring and dynamic invocation of services. In this paper, we propose a single conceptual architecture capable of integrating the service- and information-centric approaches for the Future Internet. We call this approach as Internet of Information and Services (IoIS).

The research community has proposed numerous network security solutions, each dealing with a specific problem such as address spoofing, denial-of-service attacks, denial-of-quality attacks, reflection attacks, viruses, or worms. However, due to the lack of fundamental support from the Internet, individual solutions often share little common ground in their design, which causes a practical problem: deploying all these vastly different solutions will add exceedingly high complexity to the Internet routers. In this paper, we propose a simple generic extension to the Internet, providing a new type of information, called path addresses, that simplify the design of security systems for packet filtering, fair resource allocation, packet classification, IP traceback, filter push-back, etc. IP addresses are owned by end hosts; path addresses are owned by the network core, which is beyond the reach of the hosts. We describe how to enhance the Internet protocols for path addresses that meet the uniqueness requirement, completeness requirement, safety requirement, and incrementally deployable requirement. We evaluate the performance of our scheme both analytically and by simulations, which show that, at small overhead, the false positive ratio and the false negative ratio can both be made negligibly small.

Recently, the infrastructure to be connected to the internet is much provided, there is more and more need to connect electric or electronic products to the internet to monitor or control them remotely. However, most of the existing products lack the network interface, so it was very inconvenient to be connected to the internet. Therefore, this article designs and realizes the internet outlet allowing real-time scheduling that can control the power remotely on the internet by using the hardware TCP/IP processor. The realized product consumes low production cost because it can be realized by using the hardware TCP/IP processor and the 8-bit small microprocessor. In addition, the product can be used widely in both wired and wireless environments with a variety of user interface, including the dedicated control program which provides the environment configuration functions; embedded web service that enables the webpage to be saved on the external flash memory; Android smartphone application; motion recognition control environment that uses the OpenCV computer vision library, etc.

Winston Churchill has been quoted often when some momentous world event occurs, but not often in the context of the Internet. But his 1942 observation that the tide of war shifting in Great Britain's favor marked "perhaps, the end of the beginning" could aptly describe the state of Internet addressing. By any empirical measure, 2011 signified the "end of the beginning" in the shift from IPv4 addressing to IPv6. On 3 February, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocated the last five blocks of /8 addresses - with 16,777,216 addresses in each block - to each of the five regional Internet registries (RIRs).

This paper presents a provisional design proposal for the modification of the numbering and address representation of Internet Protocol 4 (IPv4), the Internet address system nearing exhaustion, based on biology. Biologically-inspired designs have been applied in diverse technological fields with varying degrees of successes. The paper proposes the expansion of IPv4 addresses by the concatenation of twelve 8 bit suffixes to each IPv4 address using numbers derived from DNA sequences. The author outlines a design proposal for the modification of the addressing system of the network layer in the TCP/IP hierarchy. This scheme, if deemed possible, could see the creation of at least 6.4 × 10 26 unique addresses and prolong the usefulness of IPv4, beyond the projected operational time frame of ten years.

It is widely agreed that the current Internet suffers from a number of fundamental architectural problems, including security, mobility, reliability, scalability, and manageability among others. In addition, business related problems, such as how network and service operators can be profitable, are also present. Recently, researchers in the networking area have been investigating ways to solve these problems, and are designing a new Internet called the Future Internet. Since network management was an afterthought in the current Internet, managing the Internet is currently very cumbersome and difficult. Thus, the manageability of the Future Internet must be considered from the very beginning in order to avoid a similar experience. This special issue on “Management Issues in the Future Internet” reports a selected state-of-the-art research on the Future Internet and its management issues.

IP is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet; it is responsible for routing packets across network. IPv4 is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. IPv4 uses 4 bytes addresses, which limits the address space to more than 4 billion possible unique addresses. All of network devices construct on the IPv4. While the Internet widely deployed and used. IP addresses are being incrementally delegated to end users, an IPv4 address shortage has been developing. IPv4 addresses were insufficient for the Internet. IPv6 provide 2128 address and provide sufficient IPs for the Internet. But now the software and devices are only supporting IPv4. In this paper, we developed a new UTM appliance. The proposed system considers the integration of IPv4 network and IPv6 network in the Internet.

The current Internet, which was designed over 40 years ago, is facing unprecedented challenges in many aspects, especially in the commercial context. The emerging demands for security, mobility, content distribution, etc. are hard to be met by incremental changes through ad-hoc patches. New clean-slate architecture designs based on new design principles are expected to address these challenges. In this survey article, we investigate the key research topics in the area of future Internet architecture. Many ongoing research projects from United States, the European Union, Japan, China, and other places are introduced and discussed. We aim to draw an overall picture of the current research progress on the future Internet architecture.

The Internet has become a very important communication medium of our daily lives in many fields. People nowadays can study, buy, watch, and obtain more information and more and more services from the Internet. Therefore, the Internet networks have to carry different types of data, such as voice, video, image, and text data. These several types of data grow the Internet traffic up with the needs of providing Quality of Service (QoS) for each type of data. Thus, reducing the size of transmission and storage has become a focal area in the current research, as a solution for the traffic growth. In this paper, a survey of the current literature of the Internet traffics, traffic contract, traffic forms, and its parameters have been introduced. This survey shows the advantages of CBR and VBR traffic that make them in the nearest future two of the most traffic used in the Internet networks.