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Background: Already with the update of the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system, it was pointed out that pediatric diffuse glioma do not follow the same molecular mechanisms used to characterize adult diffuse glioma., Objectives: What changes result from the update of the classification of tumors of the central nervous system?, Methods: With the 5th edition of the WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system, a second level of information containing molecular changes besides the histological characterization and grading of tumors was established., Results: A new classification of diffuse pediatric brain tumors based on molecular tumor pathways was established. The most important tumor pathways, considered for the new classification, were the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and histone H3 alterations that cause epigenetic changes., Conclusions: Increasingly better understanding of mechanisms in the development of pediatric brain tumors gives hope for more specific therapeutic approaches., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Injuries of the cervical spine are quite common with an incidence of more than 3% in trauma patients. The incidence is even higher in elderly patients. Cervical spine injuries might induce severe neurological deficits. Therefore, they must be quickly and adequately diagnosed and treated. Depending on the pattern of injury, conservative or surgical treatment is indicated., Objective: The authors describe the different surgical strategies and treatment options based on the pattern of injury. Typical surgical methods are illustrated by case presentations., Conclusion: Cervical spine injuries should be treated in a trauma centre with extensive expertise in spine surgery. The immobilisation and gentle transportation is important already at the scene of the accident. Nowadays, there are excellent surgical options and strategies available as well as excellent intensive care therapy. These possibilities lead to rapid and good stabilisation of cervical spine injuries and the posttraumatic morbidity and mortality can be reduced significantly especially in elderly patients., (© 2021. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)