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5. Dairy farmers' considerations for antimicrobial treatment of clinical mastitis in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada.

Author

de Jong, Ellen, van der Velden, Inge, Smid, Anne-Marieke C., Ida, Jennifer A., Reyher, Kristen K., Kelton, David F., and Barkema, Herman W.

Subjects
DAIRY farmers, MASTITIS, TERMINATION of treatment, DRUG accessibility, DAIRY farms
Abstract

Introduction: Clinical mastitis (CM) treatment decision-making is a multifaceted process that remains relatively understudied, despite CM being one of the most prevalent diseases on dairy farms worldwide, contributing greatly to the use of antimicrobials in the dairy industry. This study aimed to gain insights into decision-making mechanisms employed by dairy farmers in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, when dealing with CM. Methods: Interviews were held with 15 dairy farmers in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to develop both the decision-pathway and overarching themes influencing the CM decisions by farmers in this region. Results and discussion: The analysis generated a decision-making process that begins with identification and classification of CM, guided by visual characteristics of milk and the udder, available milk production and quality data, presence of systemic signs, and additional diagnostics. Subsequently, CM cases are assessed based on the likelihood of cure, value of the cow, and herd goals to decide whether antimicrobial treatment is desired. Next, a treatment choice is made by evaluating severity and urgency of the case, availability of drugs and timing of the case. Finally, definition of treatment success and progression over time following the treatment decision guides the termination of treatment. Three overarching themes were generated that shape the decision-making process: 'Personal attributes', including personal approach and experiential knowledge; 'Inter-actor dynamics', such as shared decision-making and dynamics among producers, veterinarians, and milkers; and 'Moving beyond protocols', which highlights the dynamic nature of mastitis decision-making. These insights have the potential to inform the development of effective interventions to improve CM antimicrobial use that align with the reality of farming operations within Western Canada, and potentially beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Influences on limited antimicrobial use in small-scale freshwater aquaculture farms in central Thailand

Author

Al Husein, Nour, primary, Chantong, Boonrat, additional, Suwanpakdee, Sarin, additional, Wiratsudakul, Anuwat, additional, Gould, Virginia C., additional, Wichuwaranan, Kantima, additional, Poonsawad, Kornrawan, additional, Montrivade, Varapon, additional, Charoenboon, Nutcha, additional, Sringernyuang, Luechai, additional, Avison, Matthew B., additional, Lambert, Helen, additional, Sakcamduang, Walasinee, additional, Buller, Henry, additional, and Reyher, Kristen K., additional

Published
2024
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8. Genomic epidemiology of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from Argentinian pig and dairy farms reveals animal-specific patterns of co-resistance and resistance mechanisms

Author

Mounsey, Oliver, primary, Marchetti, Laura, additional, Parada, Julián, additional, Alarcón, Laura V., additional, Aliverti, Florencia, additional, Avison, Matthew B., additional, Ayala, Carlos S., additional, Ballesteros, Cristina, additional, Best, Caroline M., additional, Bettridge, Judy, additional, Buchamer, Andrea, additional, Buldain, Daniel, additional, Carranza, Alicia, additional, Corti Isgro, Maite, additional, Demeritt, David, additional, Escobar, Maria Paula, additional, Gortari Castillo, Lihuel, additional, Jaureguiberry, María, additional, Lucas, Mariana F., additional, Madoz, L. Vanina, additional, Marconi, María José, additional, Moiso, Nicolás, additional, Nievas, Hernán D., additional, Ramirez Montes De Oca, Marco A., additional, Reding, Carlos, additional, Reyher, Kristen K., additional, Vass, Lucy, additional, Williams, Sara, additional, Giraudo, José, additional, De La Sota, R. Luzbel, additional, Mestorino, Nora, additional, Moredo, Fabiana A., additional, and Pellegrino, Matías, additional

Published
2024
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11. Genomic epidemiology of third-generation cephalosporin-resistantEscherichia colifrom Argentinian pig and dairy farms reveals animal-specific patterns of co-resistance and resistance mechanisms

Author

Mounsey, Oliver, primary, Marchetti, Laura, additional, Parada, Julián, additional, Alarcón, Laura V., additional, Aliverti, Florencia, additional, Avison, Matthew B., additional, Ayala, Carlos S., additional, Ballesteros, Cristina, additional, Best, Caroline M., additional, Bettridge, Judy, additional, Buchamer, Andrea, additional, Buldain, Daniel, additional, Carranza, Alicia, additional, Cortiisgro, Maite, additional, Demeritt, David, additional, Escobar, Maria Paula, additional, Gortari Castillo, Lihuel, additional, Jaureguiberry, María, additional, Lucas, Mariana F., additional, Madoz, L. Vanina, additional, Marconi, María José, additional, Moiso, Nicolás, additional, Nievas, Hernán D., additional, Ramirez Montes De Oca, Marco A., additional, Reding, Carlos, additional, Reyher, Kristen K., additional, Vass, Lucy, additional, Williams, Sara, additional, Giraudo, José, additional, De La Sota, R. Luzbel, additional, Mestorino, Nora, additional, Moredo, Fabiana A., additional, and Pellegrino, Matías, additional

Published
2023
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13. Validation, visibility, vagueness and variation: A qualitative assessment of existing veterinary guidelines for antimicrobial use in cattle and sheep in the UK.

Author

Best, Caroline M., Bard, Alison M., Rees, Gwen M., and Reyher, Kristen K.

Subjects
ANIMAL disease control, FOOD animals, VETERINARY medicine, CATTLE, SHEEP, CATTLE prices
Abstract

Antimicrobials are essential in veterinary medicine to treat and control bacterial disease in animals. Their prudent use in food-producing animals has been encouraged to reduce the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. National and international guidelines for responsible antimicrobial use have been developed as tools to guide and rationalise antimicrobial prescribing decisions by veterinarians and usage decisions by farmers. Yet, there is little understanding of whether these existing guidelines are fit for purpose. Accordingly, this study rigorously assessed 128 veterinary guidelines for antimicrobial use in ruminants in the UK, following established qualitative methodologies. Findings revealed four pertinent themes: validation of the veterinarian as the prescriber, visibility of responsible use realities, vagueness in interpretation and variation in directing behaviour. These themes encompassed the roles and responsibilities of the veterinarian and the realities of prescribing scenarios, alongside concerns relating to the specificity within and variation between guidelines. Resultant recommendations to inform and support the future development of guidelines include establishing species-specific and disease-specific guidelines, expanding guidelines to include disease prevention measures, including definitions to resolve vagueness and promoting congruence in interpretation, encouraging the development of practice-level guidelines to endorse collaboration and ownership, and fostering active working between stakeholders to align priorities and messaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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30. Limited phylogenetic overlap between fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated on dairy farms and those causing bacteriuria in humans living in the same geographical region

Author

Mounsey, Oliver, primary, Schubert, Hannah, additional, Findlay, Jacqueline, additional, Morley, Katy, additional, Puddy, Emma F, additional, Gould, Virginia C, additional, North, Paul, additional, Bowker, Karen E, additional, Williams, O Martin, additional, Williams, Philip B, additional, Barrett, David C, additional, Cogan, Tristan A, additional, Turner, Katy M, additional, MacGowan, Alasdair P, additional, Reyher, Kristen K, additional, and Avison, Matthew B, additional

Published
2021
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31. Reduced antibacterial drug resistance and blaCTX-M β-lactamase gene carriage in cattle-associated Escherichia coli at low temperatures, at sites dominated by older animals and on pastureland:implications for surveillance

Author

Schubert, Hannah, Morley, Katy, Puddy, Emma F, Arbon, Robert, Findlay, Jacqueline, Mounsey, Oliver, Gould, Virginia C, Vass, Lucy, Evans, Madeleine, Rees, Gwen M, Barrett, David C, Turner, Katy M, Cogan, Tristan A, Avison, Matthew B, and Reyher, Kristen K

Subjects
antibiotic resistance, food-borne pathogens, mathematical modeling, surveillance studies
Abstract

Little is known about the drivers of critically important antibacterial resistance in species with zoonotic potential present on farms (e.g. CTX-M β-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli). We collected samples - monthly, between January 2017 and December 2018 - on 53 dairy farms in South West England along with data for 610 variables concerning antibacterial usage, management practices and meteorological factors. We detected E. coli resistant to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and tetracycline, respectively, in 2754/4145 (66%), 263/4145 (6%), 1475/4145 (36%) and 2874/4145 (69%) of all samples from faecally contaminated on-farm and near-farm sites. E. coli positive for blaCTX-M were detected in 224/4145 (5.4%) of samples. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression showed antibacterial dry cow therapeutic choice (including use of cefquinome or framycetin) to be associated with higher odds of blaCTX-M positivity. Low average monthly ambient temperature was associated with lower odds of blaCTX-ME. coli positivity in samples and with lower odds of finding E. coli resistant to each of the four test antibacterials. This was additional to the effect of temperature on total E. coli density. Furthermore, samples collected close to calves had higher odds of having E. coli resistant to each antibacterial as well as positive for blaCTX-M Samples collected on pastureland had lower odds of having E. coli resistant to amoxicillin or tetracycline as well as lower odds of being positive for blaCTX-MImportance Antibacterial resistance poses a significant threat to human and animal health and global food security. Surveillance for resistance on farms is important for many reasons, including to track the impacts of interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of resistance. In this longitudinal survey of dairy farm antibacterial resistance, we showed that local temperature - as it changes over the course of a year - was associated with the prevalence of antibacterial-resistant E. coli We also showed that prevalence of resistant E. coli was lower on pastureland and higher in environments inhabited by young animals. These findings have profound implications for routine surveillance and for surveys carried out for research. They provide important evidence that sampling at a single time-point and/or single location on a farm is unlikely to be adequate to accurately determine the status of the farm regarding the presence of samples containing resistant E. coli.

Published
2021

32. One Health drivers of antibacterial resistance: Quantifying the relative impacts of human, animal and environmental use and transmission

Author

Booton, Ross D., primary, Meeyai, Aronrag, additional, Alhusein, Nour, additional, Buller, Henry, additional, Feil, Edward, additional, Lambert, Helen, additional, Mongkolsuk, Skorn, additional, Pitchforth, Emma, additional, Reyher, Kristen K., additional, Sakcamduang, Walasinee, additional, Satayavivad, Jutamaad, additional, Singer, Andrew C., additional, Sringernyuang, Luechai, additional, Thamlikitkul, Visanu, additional, Vass, Lucy, additional, Avison, Matthew B., additional, Turner, Katherine M.E., additional, Booton, Ross D., additional, Chantong, Boonrat, additional, Charoenlap, Nisanart, additional, Couto, Natacha, additional, Dulyayangkul, Punyawee, additional, Gibbon, Marjorie J., additional, Gould, Virginia C., additional, Montrivade, Varapon, additional, Phoonsawad, Kornrawan, additional, Rangkadilok, Nuchanart, additional, Ratanakorn, Parntep, additional, Sirikanchana, Kwanrawee, additional, Suriyo, Tawit, additional, Suwanpakdee, Sarin, additional, Wichuwaranan, Kantima, additional, and Wiratsudakul, Anuwat, additional

Published
2021
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33. Evidence that faecal carriage of resistantEscherichia coliby 16-week-old dogs in the United Kingdom is associated with raw feeding and thatE. colifrom these dogs are shared with humans and cause opportunistic infections

Author

Mounsey, Oliver, primary, Wareham, Kezia, additional, Hammond, Ashley, additional, Findlay, Jacqueline, additional, Gould, Virginia C., additional, Morley, Katy, additional, Cogan, Tristan A., additional, Turner, Katy M.E., additional, Avison, Matthew B., additional, and Reyher, Kristen K., additional

Published
2021
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35. Reduced Antibacterial Drug Resistance and bla CTX-M β-Lactamase Gene Carriage in Cattle-Associated Escherichia coli at Low Temperatures, at Sites Dominated by Older Animals, and on Pastureland: Implications for Surveillance

Author

Schubert, Hannah, primary, Morley, Katy, additional, Puddy, Emma F., additional, Arbon, Robert, additional, Findlay, Jacqueline, additional, Mounsey, Oliver, additional, Gould, Virginia C., additional, Vass, Lucy, additional, Evans, Madeleine, additional, Rees, Gwen M., additional, Barrett, David C., additional, Turner, Katy M., additional, Cogan, Tristan A., additional, Avison, Matthew B., additional, and Reyher, Kristen K., additional

Published
2021
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36. Promoting Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine through the online resource ‘EBVM Learning’: User feedback

Author

Sellers, Ellie, primary, Baillie, Sarah, additional, Dean, Rachel, additional, Warman, Sheena, additional, Janicke, Heidi, additional, Arlt, Sebastian P, additional, Boulton, Clare, additional, Brennan, Marnie, additional, Brodbelt, David, additional, Brown, Fiona, additional, Buckley, Louise, additional, Du, Myai, additional, Gallop, Emma, additional, Goran, George, additional, Grindlay, Douglas JC, additional, Haddock, Laura, additional, Ireland, Joanne, additional, McGowan, Catherine, additional, Moberly, Heather K, additional, Place, Emma, additional, Rahman, Md Mizanur, additional, Rees, Gwen, additional, Reyher, Kristen, additional, Sanchez, Javier, additional, Schoeman, Johan P, additional, Urdes, Laura, additional, VanLeeuwen, John, additional, and Verheyen, Kristien, additional

Published
2021
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38. Molecular epidemiology of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli from dairy farms in South West England identifies a dominant plasmid encoding CTX-M-32

Author

Findlay, Jacqueline, Schubert, Hannah, Morley, Katy, Mounsey, Oliver, Gould, Virginia C., Puddy, Emma F., Newbold, Nerissa, Reyher, Kristen K., Cogan, Tristen A., and Avison, Matthew B.

Subjects
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses
Abstract

Objectives The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms of cefotaxime resistance (CTX-R) in 1226 Escherichia coli from 4581 environmental samples collected on 53 dairy farms over a 2-year period in South West England and to characterise a bla CTX-M-32 -producing plasmid, pMOO-32, found to be widely distributed. Methods CTX-R isolates were identified using MIC breakpoint agar plates. β-lactamase genes of interest (GOIs) were detected by PCR. WGS was performed and analysed using the Center for Genomic Epidemiology platform. A plasmid-specific multiplex PCR was designed to indicate the presence of plasmid pMOO-32. Results Amongst 1226 CTX-R isolates, PCR identified bla CTX-M group 1 (549 isolates), bla CTX-M group 9 (100 isolates), bla CMY (12 isolates), bla DHA (1 isolate) and no GOI (566 isolates). WGS analysis of 184 representative isolates identified bla CTX-M (131 isolates; encoding CTX-M-1, -14, -15, -32 and the novel variant, CTX-M-214), bla CMY-2 (6 isolates), bla DHA-1 (one isolate) and presumed AmpC-hyperproduction in 46 isolates that were PCR negative for GOIs. A highly conserved plasmid was identified in 73 isolates, representing 27 E. coli STs. This ∼220 kb IncHI2 plasmid carrying bla CTX-M-32 was designated pMOO-32, was found to be stable in cattle and human transconjugant E. coli even in the absence of selective pressure, and was found by multiplex PCR to be present on 26/53 study farms. Conclusions β-lactamases capable of conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins were evident on 47/53 farms within this study. This was largely because of the widespread dissemination of an IncHI2 plasmid carrying bla CTX-M-32 .

Published
2019
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39. Molecular Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Producing CTX-M and pAmpC β-Lactamases from Dairy Farms Identifies a Dominant Plasmid Encoding CTX-M-32 but No Evidence for Transmission to Humans in the Same Geographical Region

Author

Findlay, Jacqueline, primary, Mounsey, Oliver, additional, Lee, Winnie W. Y., additional, Newbold, Nerissa, additional, Morley, Katy, additional, Schubert, Hannah, additional, Gould, Virginia C., additional, Cogan, Tristan A., additional, Reyher, Kristen K., additional, and Avison, Matthew B., additional

Published
2020
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46. Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M and plasmid AmpC-type β-lactamases from dairy farms identifies a dominant plasmid encoding CTX-M-32 but no evidence for transmission to humans in the same geographical region

Author

Findlay, Jacqueline, primary, Mounsey, Oliver, additional, Lee, Winnie W.Y., additional, Newbold, Nerissa, additional, Morley, Katy, additional, Schubert, Hannah, additional, Gould, Virginia C., additional, Cogan, Tristan A., additional, Reyher, Kristen K., additional, and Avison, Matthew B., additional

Published
2019
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50. Evidence for reduced CTX-M carriage in cattle-associated Escherichia coli at low temperatures and on publicly accessible farmland: implications for surveillance and potential for farm-to-human transmission

Author

Schubert, Hannah, Findlay, Jacqueline, Morley, Katy, Puddy, Emma F., Arbon, Robert, Gould, Virginia C., Mounsey, Oliver, Evans, Madeleine, Rees, Gwen M., Barrett, David C., Turner, Katy M., Cogan, Tristan A., Avison, Matthew B., and Reyher, Kristen K.

Subjects
biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses
Abstract

Little is known about the drivers of critically important antibacterial resistance in species with zoonotic potential present on farms (e.g. CTX-M β-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli ). There is also debate about the influence of farms on the circulation of resistance in local human populations. This was a two-year surveillance study on 53 dairy farms. E. coli positive for bla CTX-M were detected in 224/4145 (5.4%) of all samples from faecally-contaminated sites. E. coli positive for bla CTX-M were more prevalent (98/631; 15.5%) in calf samples and less prevalent (12/630; 1.9%) in samples collected from pastureland, including publicly accessible sites. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression showed antibiotic dry cow therapeutic choice to be associated with risk of bla CTX-M positivity, including use of cefquinome or framycetin; 74% of bla CTX-M -positive E. coli were framycetin-resistant. Low temperature was associated with low risk of bla CTX-M positivity. This was additional to the effect of temperature on total E. coli density, a finding with profound implications for surveillance. There was no evidence that study farms had a significant impact on circulating bla CTX-M plasmids in the local human population: across 296 fully sequenced E. coli isolates, two cattle isolates shared bla CTX-M plasmids with eight urinary isolates collected in parallel.

Published
2019
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