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The biological activities of different parts of the Rheum ribes plant were evaluated comparatively. Extracts showing strong biological activity were identified and it was determined which of the extract-loaded nanoparticles showed stronger activity. Cytotoxic activity of R. ribes extracts was calculated on glial (C6) and fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cells using XTT assay. Spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the impact of these compounds on the enzyme activities of human carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II). The findings showed that chitosan NPs with extracts loaded on them have a lower IC50 value and more cytotoxic activity in C6 cells than chitosan NPs with only extracts. R. ribes young shoots ultrasonic methanol extract (RYU) was shown to have the strongest antiproliferative efficacy against C6 cells. Results showed that RYU and ultrasonic methanol extract of R. ribes radix (RRU) were determined as the best carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. According to results of particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release studies of chitosan NPs, it has been observed that they are suitable for application. At a concentration of 10 µg/mL, it was found that none of the R. ribes extracts exhibited cytotoxic action toward the NIH 3T3 cell line. According to results of particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release studies of chitosan NPs, it has been observed that they are suitable for application. It was observed that none of the extracts of R. ribes at a concentration of 10 µg/mL showed cytotoxic activity in the NIH 3T3 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological activities of different parts of the Rheum ribes plant were evaluated comparatively. Extracts showing strong biological activity were identified and it was determined which of the extract-loaded nanoparticles showed stronger activity. Cytotoxic activity of R. ribes extracts was calculated on glial (C6) and fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cells using XTT assay. Spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the impact of these compounds on the enzyme activities of human carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II). The findings showed that chitosan NPs with extracts loaded on them have a lower IC50 value and more cytotoxic activity in C6 cells than chitosan NPs with only extracts. R. ribes young shoots ultrasonic methanol extract (RYU) was shown to have the strongest antiproliferative efficacy against C6 cells. Results showed that RYU and ultrasonic methanol extract of R. ribes radix (RRU) were determined as the best carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. According to results of particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release studies of chitosan NPs, it has been observed that they are suitable for application. At a concentration of 10 µg/mL, it was found that none of the R. ribes extracts exhibited cytotoxic action toward the NIH 3T3 cell line. According to results of particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release studies of chitosan NPs, it has been observed that they are suitable for application. It was observed that none of the extracts of R. ribes at a concentration of 10 µg/mL showed cytotoxic activity in the NIH 3T3 cell line.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes various complications. The most important of these complications are those occurring in the liver and kidney, which are responsible for hemostasis. Rheum ribes (R. ribes) is used for treatment purposes in DM as well as various diseases. TLR family members are increased in many cases. However, the increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in diabetic patients is noteworthy. In our study, we aimed to examine the effects of R. ribes extract in diabetes as well as the immunohistochemical localization of TLR2 and TLR4, which are significantly increased in diabetic cases. Streptozotocin (STZ) was administered intraperitoneally 50 mg/kg in DM subjects. R. ribes and diabetes + R. ribes groups were given 200 mg/kg R. ribes extract by oral gavage for 21 days. In the examination, TLR2 immunoreactivity in liver tissue was found in hepatocytes, central veins, and sinusoid endothelium; TLR4 immunoreactivity was seen in V. centralis, hepatocytes and V. interlobularis. In the kidney, TLR2 and TLR4 immunoreactivity was observed in glomerulus cells, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and medulla. While TLR2 was cytoplasmic immunoreactive, TLR4 was both cytoplasmic and nuclear. Immunoreactivity for both TLR2 and TLR4 was observed intensely in the liver and kidney tissues of the diabetes group. But it was observed that immunoreactivity was significantly reduced in the liver and kidney tissues of the diabetic group administered R. ribes extract. As a result, it was determined that R. ribes plant has a positive effect on the liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Therefore, we think that the R. ribes plant, which is also used in various diseases, will contribute to the development of new treatment methods in the pharmaceutical industry for DM disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes an eco-friendly procedure to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fresh and dried stem extract of Rheum ribes. AgNPs formation was confirmed using UV-vis spectrometry. The effects of parameters such as temperature, reaction time, pH, AgNO3 concentration, and plant extract/AgNO3 ratio on NP formation were evaluated. Morphology and structural features of the particles were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. The average size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were determined using DLS. After characterization, among the two AgNP samples, selected one; AgNP sample synthesized by dried Rheum ribes stem extracts (d-AgNPs), which exhibited narrow size distribution and high surface plasmon resonance in the range of 435–445 nm for toxicity assessment. The cytotoxic effect of d-AgNPs on HUVECs cells was evaluated with MTT analysis. Accumulation measurements were made in three periods as 24, 48, and 72 h and elimination values were examined at +24 h using ICP-MS analysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni (VİP), yoğun bakım ünitesindeki (YBÜ) en önemli enfeksiyonlardan biridir ve hastalarda mortalite ve morbidite artışına katkıda bulunur. Bu çalışmada Rheum ribes (Elazığ/Türkiye) ekstraktının VİP hastalarından elde edilen bakteri izolatları üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkilerini (agar kuyu difüzyonu, MİK testi) ve antioksidan kapasitesini (DPPH, FRAP ve metal şelatlama) değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Analiz sonucunda R.ribes'in en yüksek antimikrobiyal etkisi 19.32 mm zon çapı ile Klebsiella pneumonia-2 (K.pneumonia) ve 18.45 mm zon çapı ile K.pneumonia-21 izolatında gözlendi. Bunların dışında Staph. aureus., K. pneumonia-20, K. pneumonia-16 ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) sırasıyla 18.32, 15.14, 14.56 ve 13.54 mm zon çapları ile tespit edildi. R. ribes ekstraktı K.pneumonia izolatları 16 ve 20'de 0,5 ppm'de %98,3 ve %94,88 inhibitör etki gösterirken, en yüksek izolatlar 21 ve 2'de %100 inhibitör etki göstermiştir. S. aureus %50,36 gibi yüksek bir inhibisyon etkisi göstermiştir. 0,25 ppm'de ve P. aeruginosa 0,5 ppm'de %82,82 oranında izole edilmiştir. Ayrıca DPPH, FRAP ve metal şelasyon analizleri güçlü bir antioksidan etki göstermiştir. Ribes ekstraktının antioksidan etkileri için demir iyonlarının (Fe2+) DPPH inhibisyon etkisi, FRAP analizi ve şelatlama aktivitesi değerleri sırasıyla %17.22, %1.18 ve %2.14 olarak belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, R. ribes ekstraktının patojenik bakteriler üzerindeki güçlü etkisi ve antioksidan kapasitesi belirlenmiş olup, in vivo ve klinik çalışmalarla faydalı özellikleri derinleştirilebilir.

Objective: It was aimed at determining the antioxidant capacity of the above-ground parts of the Rheum ribes species, known as "Iskın," which grows in the high parts of Erzurum province, using different methods. Methods: Methanol extracts have been prepared to determine the antioxidant capacity of the Rheum ribes plant. The samples were then analyzed with cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2-d iphen yl-1-picry lhydr azyl radicals. As a reference sample, gallic acid compounds were reacted with the same radicals in different concentrations. The reference sample was determined for equivalent antioxidant capacity methanol extracts. Results: Gallic acid was used as a reference standard along with the in vitro capacity measurements. The working range was determined where the absorbance graph was linear, and the calibration curves were plotted. The "Iskın" sample was then measured using the same workflow, with 6 consecutive samples. The antioxidant capacity of rhubarb samples was calculated in terms of gallic acid equivalent µg/mL. Conclusion: In the study, the antioxidant capacity of rhubarb plant was determined using different methods. The response of the rhubarb plant against triph enylt etraz oline chlor ide, neocuproin, diphenyl picryl hydrazine radicals was determined by spectrophotometric measurements, and the findings were compared with the reference gallic acid sample. According to the results, it was determined that this endemic plant exhibited a very high antioxidant capacity. For this reason, it is thought that crop planting for this wild plant may lead to a remarkable contribution to the industry of the local region and may be used in the cosmetic and drug industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective(s): The harmful effects of antibiotic misuse have been demonstrated as a cause of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, there is a need to use new substances to control bacteria. Recently, there has been an interest in identifying plants with pharmacological and antibiotic effects. Materials and methods: This study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of Iranian rhubarb (Rheum ribes) in vitro on Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. For this purpose, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of rhubarb were prepared, and the antibacterial effects of the extracts were evaluated by the broth microdilution method. Results: The results showed the antimicrobial effect of methanolic extracts of different parts of the rhubarb plant is more than its ethanolic extracts and the effect of rhubarb extract on L. monocytogenes is more than its effect on Y. enterocolitica. The most antimicrobial effect on L. monocytogenes belongs to the methanolic extracts of leaves and stems, and the ethanolic extracts of leaves, and stems. Concerning Y. enterocolitica, the most antimicrobial properties belong to the methanolic extracts of leaves and ethanolic extracts of stems. Conclusions: Among the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of different parts of rhubarb, the most antimicrobial effect belongs to the methanolic extract of the leaf and the ethanolic extract of the stem. Herbal extracts can be investigated for their beneficial effects in the control of foodborne infectious diseases.

Abstract Background and aim Previous studies have shown that Rheum ribes (R. ribes) could be effective in controlling the blood glucose levels. This study was conducted to determine the effects of R. ribes supplementation on glycemic indices and apolipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods In the present randomized double-blind controlled trial, 60 type 2 diabetic patients aged 30–60 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 20–30 kg/m2 and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 6–8% were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 450 mg of aqueous R. ribes extract (AG), 450 mg of ethanolic R. ribes extract (EG), or placebo (PG) three times daily for 6 weeks. At the baseline and at the end of the study, blood glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the homeostatic model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-B), as well as apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured. Results There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of insulin in AG and EG groups (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-IR (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-B (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively), ApoB (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (P = 0.016 and P = 0.04, respectively). However, a significant increase in ApoA1 (P = 0.08 and P = 0.05, respectively) with no significant changes in blood glucose, at the end of study compared to beginning values, were observed. None of the variables showed a significant change in PG. At the end of the study; while there were significant differences in insulin (P = 0.04), HOMA-IR (P = 0.03), HOMA-B (P = 0.01), ApoB (P = 0.02), and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (P = 0.03) among the groups but ApoA1 had no significant change. Conclusion Consumption of R. ribes intake could have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and apolipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients. (Registered at en.irct.ir, identification number: IRCT201410142709N31).

Background and objectives: Hot flashes are one of the most predominant complaints of menopause among women. The main treatment is hormone replacement therapy, which has side effects. Therefore, the use of plants with phytoestrogen has been suggested as an adjunctive treatment. This study aimed to estimate the efficacy of processed rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) on hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Methods: This double-blind placebo-controlled trial was performed on postmenopausal women who were referred to public health centers at Iran University of Medical Sciences. Ninety postmenopausal women aged over 45 years with menopausal hot flashes were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group received 500 mg of encapsulated processed R. ribes twice a day for eight weeks, and the control group received placebo (starch powder) in the same manner. Data were collected using Blatt–Kupperman index at the start of the study, fourth and eighth weeks after the intervention. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 74 patients completed the study (39 participants in the intervention group and 35 in the control group). The results showed that R. ribes significantly decreased the mean of flashing in Blatt–Kupperman index four and eight weeks post-intervention (p

Objective(s): The harmful effects of antibiotic misuse have been demonstrated as a cause of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, there is a need to use new substances to control bacteria. Recently, there has been an interest in identifying plants with pharmacological and antibiotic effects. Materials and methods: This study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of Iranian rhubarb (Rheum ribes) in vitro on Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. For this purpose, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of rhubarb were prepared, and the antibacterial effects of the extracts were evaluated by the broth microdilution method. Results: The results showed the antimicrobial effect of methanolic extracts of different parts of the rhubarb plant is more than its ethanolic extracts and the effect of rhubarb extract on L. monocytogenes is more than its effect on Y. enterocolitica. The most antimicrobial effect on L. monocytogenes belongs to the methanolic extracts of leaves and stems, and the ethanolic extracts of leaves, and stems. Concerning Y. enterocolitica, the most antimicrobial properties belong to the methanolic extracts of leaves and ethanolic extracts of stems. Conclusions: Among the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of different parts of rhubarb, the most antimicrobial effect belongs to the methanolic extract of the leaf and the ethanolic extract of the stem. Herbal extracts can be investigated for their beneficial effects in the control of foodborne infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Water & Soil Conservation is the property of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aim: Previous studies have shown that Rheum ribes (R. ribes) could be effective in controlling the blood glucose levels. This study was conducted to determine the effects of R. ribes supplementation on glycemic indices and apolipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In the present randomized double-blind controlled trial, 60 type 2 diabetic patients aged 30–60 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 20–30 kg/m2 and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 6–8% were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 450 mg of aqueous R. ribes extract (AG), 450 mg of ethanolic R. ribes extract (EG), or placebo (PG) three times daily for 6 weeks. At the baseline and at the end of the study, blood glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the homeostatic model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-B), as well as apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured. Results: There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of insulin in AG and EG groups (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-IR (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-B (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively), ApoB (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (P = 0.016 and P = 0.04, respectively). However, a significant increase in ApoA1 (P = 0.08 and P = 0.05, respectively) with no significant changes in blood glucose, at the end of study compared to beginning values, were observed. None of the variables showed a significant change in PG. At the end of the study; while there were significant differences in insulin (P = 0.04), HOMA-IR (P = 0.03), HOMA-B (P = 0.01), ApoB (P = 0.02), and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (P = 0.03) among the groups but ApoA1 had no significant change. Conclusion: Consumption of R. ribes intake could have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and apolipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients. (Registered at en.irct.ir, identification number: IRCT201410142709N31). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of propolis, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seed and uckun (Rheum ribes L.) extracts to increase the oxidative stability of hazelnut oil used as frying oil. Studies on the use of these extracts in frying oils are limited. In addition, the effects of these extracts on the formation of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters were the novelty of this study. In the study, uckun, quinoa and propolis extracts and as well as BHT were added to refined hazelnut oils. The total phenolic content of uckun, quinoa, and propolis extracts was determined as 2778.44, 245.16, and 1431.09 mg GAE/kg, respectively. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) values were found in BHT. It was followed by propolis, uckun, and quinoa, respectively. Free fatty acids (0.57–1.39% oleic acid), peroxide value (0.79–11.49 meqO2/kg), p-Anisidine (p-AV) (1.30–67.52), totox (5.20–92.11), conjugated diene (2.81–11.09%), conjugated triene (1.64- 5.65%), color analyses, total polar compound (0.00–14.17%), and viscosity analyses were performed in oil samples taken during frying periods. In addition, 3-MCPD esters (1.443–5.114 mg/kg) and glycidyl esters (0.646–1.289 mg/kg) analyses were performed. The results showed that propolis and quinoa seed extracts have significant potential as natural antioxidants for nut oils during frying and slow the formation of monochloro compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the immunotoxic and neurotoxic effects of Rheum ribes L. (Rr) plant extract on liver, brain and heart tissues in rats with an experimental obesity model. Wistar albino male rats were used in the study. In this study, 4 groups were formed, one of which was the control group, and each group consisted of 6 rats. The groups were the ''control (CG)'', ''high calorie diet (HCD) control (HCDG)'', 'HCD + Rr (200 mg/kg) (HCDRHE1)'' and ''HCD + Rr (400 mg/kg) (HCDRHE2)''. At the end of the study, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), adenosineaminase (ADA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) biomarkers were evaluated in tissues. According to the study findings, the ADA and MPO activity levels of the obese group increased significantly compared to the control group, and these enzyme levels in the groups administered Rr plant extract approached the control group levels. On the other hand, the AChE and BChE activity levels of the obese group decreased compared to the control group, and there was a statistically significant increase in the groups administered plant extracts compared to the control group. In conclusion, Rr plant root extract suppresses neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in rats with obesity induced by a high-calorie diet (HCD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient use of energy produced from alternative energy sources and the uninterrupted delivery of energy to consumers reveals the importance of energy storage. Intensive studies are carried out on supercapacitors, which will soon replace batteries in the energy storage area, owing to their superior properties. In this study, Rheum ribes peel was converted to activated carbon for the first time using carbonization and different activation methods, and three supercapacitor cells were prepared using these materials. The surface characterizations of the obtained electrode materials were performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and X-ray diffraction analysis methods. The best specific capacitance value was obtained for the RRP-pure electrode and was 70.82 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The cyclic voltammetry curves of electrodes were perfectly obtained and found extremely similar to the ideal supercapacitor curves. The RRP-pure electrode has a maximum energy density of 6.78 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 618.86 W kg−1 and exhibited good stability. For the all-prepared electrodes, the ion exchange between the electrode materials and the electrolyte was at a good level and equivalent series resistance values of the electrodes were low, leading to a positive advantage in energy transmission. The produced electrodes are cheap, environmentally friendly, efficient, high capacity and stable, making them an excellent alternative to conventional methods in the field of energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry stem and root of Rheum ribes are used for the treatment of different diseases. In this study, the organic components in the root of R. ribes were extracted by three extraction methods (soxhlet, ultrasonic and maceration) and the efficiencies of these methods were calculated. To validate the existence of Curcumin, analysis such as UV–Vis (Ultraviolet–Visible), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography) and GC/Mass were performed and in order to separate Curcuminoids, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) technique was implemented on the extract which had the highest yield. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of three kinds of extract were measured. For studying antioxidant activity, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging was done. Finally, for investigating anticancer activity, MTT (Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium), NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) and DNA-Binding tests were done. The most yield was belonged to soxhlet extract. The results showed the presence of Curcumin in soxhlet extract has not been reported previously. Furthermore, the total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were belonged to ultrasonic extract. As well as the maximum antioxidants properties were belonged to ultrasonic and maceration extraction. The MTT assay showed the lowest IC50 in the ultrasonic extract. At NBT test, the highest NBT reduction percentage was belonged to maceration extraction. DNA-binding test revealed that all the extracts have shown some degree of fragmentation. Due to the presence of Curcumin in R. ribes and the notable features that the results showed, it can be a good source for Curcumin extraction and use in the drug industry.

Background and objective: Reports indicate that Rheum ribes has antihyperglycemic effects. This study aimed to find out the hypoglycemic effects of aqueous extract of Rheum ribes on the pancreatic tissue of diabetic male rats and compare the results of both histological and biochemical findings with that of metformin. Methods: Thirty-two albino male rats were divided into four groups with eight animals for each group; 1st group as normal control, 2nd group as alloxan induced diabetics, 3rd group as diabetic treated with Rheum ribes, and 4th groups as diabetic treated with Metformin. The body weight and fasting blood glucose levels of all the rats were recorded at weekly intervals during the experimental period. Biochemical, histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations were used. Results: Diabetic rats showed a decrease in serum amylase with marked elevation in blood glucose level. Histological examination of the pancreas from diabetic rats revealed an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane of the blood vessels and capillaries in islets of Langerhans, as well as decreased activity of Beta-cells and increase the activity of Alpha and Delta cells using both Periodic Acid Schiff stain and immunohistochemistry techniques. Administration of aqueous extract of Rheum ribes caused significant and dramatic changes in most of the parameters measured in this study, including an increase in serum amylase, and lowering the level of blood glucose, in comparison to the diabetic group. Conclusion: Daily administration of Rheum ribes significantly reduced blood glucose and caused a marked increase in the activity of Beta-cells, followed by a decrease in the activity of Alpha-cells. The results of tissue structures and serum biochemical estimation indicated that the plant extract has regeneration and repair effects.

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the alcoholic extract of the root plant Rheumribes as an antibacterial agent. The results of the study showed that the alcoholic extract possessed a high antibacterial effect to all of the pathogenic bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Aerococcus urinae, as a model of gram-positive. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii as a gram-negative model. The current study also included the measurement of some physiological parameters in vivo. Ten New Zealand male Albino rabbits were used. Their ages were 8 months, and their weights range from 750 to 1000 g. The animals were divided into two groups, each group includes 5 animals. A dosage of 0.5 gm/kg of alcoholic extract powder was administrated orally to the treated groups (TG) and the results were compared with the control group (CG) which received the ordinary food. the parameters were included the total number of white and red blood cells (WBC, RBC), the percentage of the packed cells volume (PCV), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Platelets (PLT). Osmotic fragility of RBC was measured. The animals treated with R. ribes alcoholic extract showed in an insignificant decrease (Pe"0.05) in the total number of WBCs while RBC, PLT as well as in the Hb concentration and PCV percentage showed a slight increase value (P d"0.05) compared with the control group. Osmotic fragility of RBC rate in the control and treated group were the same. In addition, measuring the concentration of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes reveal that there were slight significant differences between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the anti-fungal and anti-growth role of cancer cell lines for the roots and stems of the Rheum ribes, in addition to evaluating its biological and antioxidant efficacy. This plant is very important in research because it is considered the source of one of the most important raw medicines in the Middle East, which belongs to the plant family Polygonaceae and is a plant known in the medical and therapeutic uses against many diseases such as Diabetes mellitus, intestinal parasites, Ulcer ulcers, Cancer Inflammation, as plant roots are used to treat intestinal worms, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, ulcers and diarrhea, and it has been found to contain chemicals that have an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and bacterial growth. The diameter of the colonies was measured 48 hours after implantation at a temperature of 37°. The aqueous extract of the root shows that the higher the concentration of the extract, the greater the inhibition diameter. Also, the aqueous extract of the stem appears as the concentration of the extract increases, the diameter of the inhibition increases. But the aqueous extract of the stem showed greater efficacy than the aqueous extract of the root in inhibition and for all concentrations. The alcoholic root extract was more effective than the aqueous extract of the root and for all concentrations as well as for the alcoholic extract of the stem it showed higher efficacy than the aqueous extract of the stem. The effectiveness of the alcohol extract of the root and stem was close at concentrations 10 and 20, while the concentrations of 30 and 40 of the alcoholic extract of the stem gave the same effect despite the increased concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytotherapy has been used to treat a different type of diseases including cancer for a long time, and it was a source for different active anti-tumor agents. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (AMHA1) are very promising anti-tumor therapy. Nevertheless, NDV-based monotherapeutics have not been very useful to some resistant tumors. Thus, the efficiency of oncolytic NDV must enhance by combining NDV with other novel therapies. The current study aimed to determine the possibility of improving the oncolytic effect induced by NDV through Rheum ribes rhizomes extract administration in vitro and in vivo. Methods, the in vitro study include exposure of the crude extract of Rheum ribes alone or NDV alone or combination of both agents for 72 h. The cancer cells tested were murine mammary adenocarcinoma AMN3, Human Rhabdomyosarcoma RD, and Human Glioblastoma AMGM5, and using rat embryo fibroblast REF as normal control cells. MTT cell viability assay was used and analyzed for possible synergism using the Chou–Talalay analysis method. In vivo experiment included study the combination and the monotherapeutic modalities in the transplanted murine mammary adenocarcinoma AM3 line and tumor sections analyzed by histopathology. Results, Combination therapy of NDV–R. ribes showed enhanced oncolytic activity on cancer cells. With no cytotoxicity on normal cells. In vivo study showed that monotherapeutic modalities had lower growth inhibitory effect on transplanted tumors in mice in compare to combination therapy. Histopathological examination revealed the broader area of necrosis in tumors treated by combination therapy. In conclusion, the novel combination recommended for clinical application for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheum species are important medicinal herbs, often used in pharmacological research, due to the presence of anthracene derivatives in the subterranean parts of the plant. In this study, we intended to assess its antioxidant capacity, in correlation with the method of extraction. For this purpose, Rheum ribes extraction was realized with four solvents of different polarities (50% methanol, 70% ethanol, 80% acetonitrile, and petroleum ether). We used different extraction techniques, such as orbital shaker, ultrasonic stirrer, microwave, and Soxhlet extraction, and the total phenolic content of the Rheum ribes extracts was determined by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The reducing power and radical scavenging activity of the extracts were also evaluated. The results shown that the antioxidant activity of the extracts depends on the extraction methods especially through the used solvent and decreases in the order: ethanol > methanol > acetonitrile > petroleum ether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted for phytochemical analysis of the compounds of Rheum ribes weedat the phonological stage of flowering in Weed Science Laboratory of Gonbad-e Qabus University in 2015. Plant samples of Rheum ribes were collected from heights of Karizak Village of Kashmar. After identifying the Rheum species, various organs of stem, leaf, and inflorescence were separated from each other, dried and finally powdered. Chemical compounds like the organic matter, ash, crud protein, ADF, NDF, starch, soluble carbohydrates, and total phenols contents of the organs under study and a combination of organs were measured using the standardized phytochemical methods. Results of the variance analysis showed that there were significant differences in the phytochemical traits among various organs of Rheum ribes. Findings suggest that the highest percentage of organic matter, ash, crud protein, NDF, and ADF were obtained in the inflorescence, both the stem and leaf, leaf and inflorescence, and stem and inflorescence, respectively. The study also recorded the highest levels of total phenols in both in floresvence and combination of the organs while the lowest phenols contents were observed in the stem. Results generally showed variations in the content of phytochemical compounds under study in Rheum ribes organs. Therefore, regarding high productivity of Rheum ribes biomass and the role of phenolic compounds as well as suitable content of some primary metabolites, optimization of suitable method to extract these compounds is necessary.

The limited supply of Chinese officinal rhubarbs (Rheum palmatum L., R. tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., and R. officinale Baill.) has resulted in the use of other Rheum species in many places. Therefore, investigating the metabolite profile of unofficinal rhubarbs, and an analytical comparison of their metabolite profile with the officinal ones is crucial. Rheum turkestanicum Janisch. and R. ribes L. are two Rheum species distributed in Iran and are widely being traded in traditional markets as substitutes for R. palmatum. Herein, we isolated different phenolic compounds in the roots and rhizomes of R. turkestanicum and R. ribes by chromatographic techniques and identified them by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In addition, the metabolite profile of the two above-mentioned species were compared with that of R. palmatum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqTOF MS). The obtained MS data were statistically compared by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) and a heatmap was plotted for comparing the tested samples. The isolated compounds were catechins, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, chromones and rhododendrol glycosides, among which (-) 3′,4′′-di-O-methyl-catechin-3-O-gallate was a new compound. The results of LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that while catechins were the most abundant compounds in R. ribes , anthraquinones and naphthalenes were the main constituents of R. palmatum and R. turkestanicum. Interestingly, the substitution in the hexosyl residue of anthraquinone and naphthalene hexosides was a malonyl or an acetyl group in R. palmatum , while this substitution was a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl group in R. turkestanicum. This may be considered as a potential marker for the differentiation of R. palmatum and R. turkestanicum. The statistical analysis showed that R. palmatum , R. turkestanicum , and R. ribes are distinct species, however, R. turkestanicum had some similarities to R. palmatum. In conclusion, R. turkestanicum can be a subject for future phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical research regarding its ability to be used as a potential substitute for R. palmatum in pharmaceutical industries. [Display omitted] • Rheum palmatum is one of the three species considered as officinal Chinese rhubarbs. • One new and six known compounds were isolated from R. turkestanicum. • In the LC-MS/MS spectrum of R. ribes , catechins were the major compounds. • In R. palmatum and R. turkestanicum , anthraquinones and naphthalenes were abundant. • Rheum palmatum and R. turkestanicum had some similarities in their metabolite profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in humans and is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Nowadays, increasing resistance to drugs such as metronidazole resulted in many problem, so new effective remedies are needed. In this study, we evaluate constituents of essential oil and anti-trichomonas activity of Rheum ribes. Materials and Methods: The essential oil from Rheum ribes L.flower growing wild in Iran was analyzed by GC/MS. The parasites were treated with different extract and fractions of the flower, stem, and leave of the plant. Anti-trichomonas activity was evaluated using an in vitro assay. Results: In all, 19 compounds were identified; palmitic acid [27.08%], n-eicosane [9.9%], n-tetracosane [7.34%], linoleic acid [6.56%], and ethyl linoleate [4.76%] were the main components of the oil. Rheum ribes extracts and fractions concentration dependently inhibited the ability of parasites to growth. This was associated with polarity of solvent used for fractionation and plant parts used for extraction. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate the potential of Rheum ribes extracts as an anti-trichomonas agent for human use. Further studies are required to evaluate its toxicity and safety.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether Rheum ribes extract prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups: Group A considered as control group, group B were treated with cisplatin (3 mg/kg B.W. for 3 alternative days), and group C further to cisplatin received the aqueous extract of Rheum ribes (150 mg/rat). Results: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level increased in group B on days 14 and 42 compared to day 0 ( P < 0.001); it was also increased in group B vs. group A on day 14 ( P < 0.001). Rheum ribes extract decreased the serum BUN level on day 14 compared to group B ( P < 0.001). Serum creatinine level in group B had a similar profile as serum BUN level but Rheum ribes had no effect on blood creatinine level. Serum cholesterol level was increased in group B on days 14 and 42 compared to day 0 ( P < 0.001). Also, cholesterol level was significantly increased in group B when compared to group A on day 14 ( P < 0.001). Rheum ribes decreased the blood cholesterol level on day 42 in comparison to group B ( P < 0.001). Serum glucose level was increased in group B on days 14 and 42 vs. day 0 ( P < 0.001). Also, glucose level was significantly increased in group B when compared to group A on day 42 ( P < 0.001). Rheum ribes increased the serum glucose level on days 14 and 42 compared to day 0 ( P < 0.05). Histology of kidneys exposed to cisplatin showed renal injury, but Rheum ribes had no effect on the kidney architecture. Conclusion: Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was confirmed in our study. Although Rheum ribes had some effects on biochemical parameters; its effect on renal histology in injured kidney was insignificant.

Background: Previous clinical and experimental studies suggested the valuable effect of some herbal medicines on hyperlipidemic profile. Rheum ribes an herbal medicine has been prescribed for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia by several herbalists in Iran. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of Rheum ribes stalk extract on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic type II diabetic patients. Method: One month randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted on 36 hypercholesterolemic, type II diabetic patients, referred to Diabetic Clinic at Special Medical Center Tehran Iran. All the patients who participated were aged between 40 to 60 years had LDL cholesterol above 100 mg/dl and confirmed type II diabetes with fasting blood glucose above 150 -200 mg/dl. The patients were not taking any antihyperlipidemic drug during last one month and continue their standard anti-diabetic therapy without any change during the study. The patients were randomly allocated in two groups. One group received 1200 mg Rheum ribes daily in three 400 mg capsule and other received placebo similarly. The patients fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, SGOT and SGPT were determined at the beginning and at the end of the study after one month. Results: At the end of the study in Rheum ribes treated patients fasting blood glucose, LDL and total cholesterol significantly decreased as compared to placebo treated patients as well as compared to beginning of the study. In placebo treated patients all blood level of biochemical determination at the end of the study were not significantly changed as compared to beginning of the study. Conclusion: Rheum ribes stalk extract treatment had beneficial effect on lipid as well as glucose profile in type II diabetic hypercholesterolemia patients without any adverse effect on liver and kidney.

In this study, Rheum ribes plant was added to biscuit formulations and its effects on physical, chemical, rheological and antioxidant properties were investigated. Rheum ribes was added at three different levels (0.5, 1, 2%) to the biscuits. Addition of Rheum ribes had no effect on farinograph characteristics; but the energy value, dough resistance, maximum resistance values increased with addition of Rheum ribes. Rheum ribes added to biscuits had no adverse effect on the baking loss. The spread ratio and firmness were not change in biscuits. Rheum ribes added to biscuit formulations has increased the amount of total phenolics. As a result of this study, Rheum ribes added to the formulation increased the functionality of biscuits by inhibiting free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some animal models have been used to study Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Animal studies have shown that there is a relation between decrease in cholinergic functions in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and loss of learning capability and memory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Rheum ribes extract (RR) on memory deficit in one of the rat models of AD. Plant (1500gr) was collected from Saman (kahkesh) region of Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province in Iran. RR hydro-alcoholic extracts were prepared using maceration method. Rat model of Alzheimer was induced by Nucleus Basalis of Meynert lesions (NBML). Animals (n = 32) received extracts for 20 days and then passive avoidance and Morris water maze tasks were performed for memory evaluation. FRAP and HPLC methods were used for measurement of the antioxidant and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in blood. In water maze experiment, probe trial results showed that NBML group spent significantly less time in target quadrant, in which the platform was located on the preceding day. In addition, the time spent in target quadrant was significantly increased in NBML + RR groups (250 and 500 mg/kg) compared to the NBML group. In passive avoidance task, mean initial latency time and step-though latency were significantly decreased in NBML group. RR extracts significantly prolonged step-through latency in NBML + RR groups. Results of this study suggest that Rheum ribes extracts can improve memory deficits induced by bilateral NBM lesions in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hexane extract of the flowerRheum ribesL., which was collected from north-western Iran, was obtained by Soxhlet apparatus, and the essential oil composition was obtained by hydro distillation and analyzed by using GC-GC/MS. The extract from the flowers was characterized by a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (66.0 %) and some long chain hydrocarbon compounds. The main components of the hexane extract were 9-octadecenoic acid (ω-9) (42.8 %), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid or ω-6) (19.6 %), hexadecanoic acid, (palmitic acid) (8.6 %), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl (5.7 %), dodecane (3.7 %) and γ-linolenic acid (3.6 %). The hexane extract from theRheum ribesflowers detected an important source of ω-6 and ω-9 compounds. This study revealed that the flowers of this plant have a good source of oily components, especially the essential ones. It also showed that the flowers have natural source of unsaturated fatty acids. Twenty three compounds representing 97.5% of the distilled oil ofR. ribesflowers were identified. The major constituents were germacrene D (22.3 %), α-pinene (13.5 %), terpinolene (12.4%), p-cymene (10.6 %), bicyclogermacrene (9.6 %) and limonene (8.6 %). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and hexane extract were compared with some bacteria, and both samples had a moderate effect on the some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity of the extract and essential oil were evaluated by DPPH method. The results indicated that hexane extract of this plant flowers possessed considerable antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]