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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) In Latin America, Chagas disease has been mostly transmitted to humans by contact with the feces or urine of triatomine species infected with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. There are currently 156 species in the subfamily Triatominae, distributed in 18 genera and five tribes. The prolixus group of the genus Rhodnius is composed of 11 species. Rhodnius marabaensis was the last species described and considered in this grouping of vectors. Knowledge about the biology, ecology, and behavior of these vectors is of great epidemiological importance, and in order to expand the knowledge of the biology of R. marabaensis, this paper describes the biological cycle and emergence rates of the species under laboratory conditions. The experiment was carried out at temperatures ranging from 15.5 to 29 °C (average of 24 °C) and humidity ranging from 51.4 to 72.2 (average of 63). For each of the fifteen couples, the egg emergence rate was calculated throughout the oviposition period. The oviposition period lasted from February to September, and the emergence rate varied between 13.9 and 53.3%. R. marabaensis presented an emergence rate of 46.7% and a total biological cycle of 193 days (the mean time required for emergence (25.1 days), 1st nymphal instar (19.4 days), 2nd nymphal instar (22.1 days), 3rd nymphal instar (26.2 days), 4th nymphal instar (29.3 days), and 5th nymphal instar (70.9 days)). Based on the biological cycle of R. marabaensis and 14 other Rhodnius species already described in the literature, it was also possible to calculate the averages for the groups prolixus, pictipes, and pallescens and, mainly, for the genus Rhodnius, contributing to the knowledge of this important group of Chagas disease vectors. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1 Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Public Health University of São Paulo, 715 Dr. Arnaldo Avenue Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1 FAPESP: 2018/23846-6

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-12-01 Universidad del Rosario Background: The evolutionary history of biodiversity in South America has been poorly studied in the seasonal dry tropical forest (SDTF). Species diversification in this ecosystem may have a twofold explanation. First, intermittent connections in the middle and late Pleistocene promoted species dispersal and/or genetic connectivity between lineages isolated in disjunct patches of forest. Second, allopatric speciation proceeded immediately after the formation and colonization of the SDTF in the Neogene. Here we studied the diversification of Psammolestes, a genus endemic of the SDTF and naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas disease), using a combination of phylogenetic, population genetics and niche model methods, and evaluated the reliability of the three morphospecies currently recognized. Results: Our multilocus analyses recovered P. coreodes and P. tertius in a monophyletic clade sister to P. arthuri. Species delimitation tests recovered these lineages as different species despite the shared genetic variation observed between P. coreodes and P. tertius in five genes. Also, genetic variation of the genus clustered in three groups that were consistent with the three morphospecies. Our demographic model predicted a scenario of divergence in absence of gene flow, suggesting that mixed haplotypes may be the result of shared ancestral variation since the divergence of the subtropical-temperate species P. coreodes and P. tertius. In contrast, the tropical species P. arthuri was highly differentiated from the other two in all tests of genetic structure, and consistently, the Monmonier’s algorithm identified a clear geographical barrier that separates this species from P. coreodes and P. tertius. Conclusions: We found three genetically structured lineages within Psammolestes that diverged in absence of gene flow in the late Miocene. This result supports a scenario of species formation driven by geographical isolation rather than by divergence in the face of gene flow associated with climatic oscillations in the Pleistocene. Also, we identified the Amazon basin as a climatic barrier that separates tropical from subtropical-temperate species, thus promoting allopatric speciation after long range dispersion. Finally, each species of Psammolestes occupies different climatic niches suggesting that niche conservatism is not crucial for species differentiation. These findings influence the current vector surveillance programs of Chagas disease in the region. Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMIBIUR) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad del Rosario Grupo de Genética Evolutiva y Filogeografía Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad del Rosario School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sao Paulo Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Faculdade de Saúde Pública, SP Grupo de Investigaciones Biológicas de la Orinoquia Universidad Internacional del Trópico Americano (Unitrópico) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sao Paulo Universidad del Rosario: Big grant

Rhodnius prolixus is the principal vector of Trypanosoma cruzi , the aetiological agent of Chagas disease in American countries. This insect is haematophagous during all life cycles and, to antagonize its haemostatic, inflammatory and immune systems, it secretes saliva while feeding on the vertebrate host's blood. Here, we investigated characteristic changes of the salivary glands (SG) that occur during insect development. Two pairs of lobules and ducts comprise the SG of R. prolixus . The organ's size increases over time, but the microanatomical structures are preserved during insect development. Both lobules have a single layer epithelium formed by binucleated cells, which surrounds the saliva reservoir. The principal lobule presents higher polysaccharide and total protein contents than the accessory lobe. A network of external muscle layers is responsible for organ contraction and saliva release. Apocrine, merocrine and holocrine secretion types occur in the secretory epithelium. Dopamine, serotonin and tyrosine-hydroxylase are neural-related molecules that regulate SG function both during and after feeding.

Submitted by Jader de Oliveira (jdr.oliveira@hotmail.com) on 2019-04-22T14:32:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final.pdf: 3150265 bytes, checksum: d83ceed4fafd7932eb6701747c91886e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Irani Coito (irani@fcfar.unesp.br) on 2019-04-24T15:32:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_j_dr_arafcf_par.pdf: 1680503 bytes, checksum: 0be044f6f7cf36f77864ec66ea5d9ec6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-24T15:32:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_j_dr_arafcf_par.pdf: 1680503 bytes, checksum: 0be044f6f7cf36f77864ec66ea5d9ec6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-16 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Resumo A subfamília Triatominae inclui com as tribos: Alberproseniini, Bolboderini, Cavernicolini, Rhodniini e Triatomini, dentre as quais 19 gêneros e 154 espécies. As tribos Rhodniinini e Triatomini contém o maior número de espécies e epidemiologicamente as mais relevantes. O gênero Psammolestes que pertence à tribo Rhodniinini e conta com as espécies P. arthuri, P. coreodes e P. tertius. Foram realizados estudos citogenéticos, morfológicos, morfométricos, morfometricos geométricos e inferências evolutivas do gênero Psammolestes. Os estudos citogenéticos dos testículos foram feitos por meio de técnicas citogenéticas convencionais e indicaram a evolução cromossômica das três espécies de Psammolestes; Os aspectos morfológicos de ovos, adultos machos e fêmeas foram estudados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura; a morfometria clássica por meio de mensuração de ovos e avaliada por analise estatística; o estudo da morfometria geométrica de cabeças foi conduzido por análises multivariadas e gráficos gerados no programa CLIC “Collecting Landmarks for Identification and Characterization”. Foram propostas hipóteses filogenéticas baseando-se na matriz morfométrica, padrão da coloração da glândula salivar e evolução cromossômica. The subfamily Triatominae counts on the tribes: Alberproseniini, Bolboderini, Cavernicolini, Rhodniinini and Triatomini, among which 19 genera and 154 species. The Rhodniinini and Triatomini tribes contain the largest number of species and epidemiologically the most relevant. The genus Psammolestes belongs to the Rhodniinini tribe and has the species P. arthuri, P. coreodes and P. tertius. Cytogenetic, morphological, morphometric, morphometric and evolutionary inferences of the genus Psammolestes were performed. Cytogenetic studies of the testis were made using conventional cytogenetic techniques and showed the chromosomal evolution of the three species of Psammolestes; The morphological aspects of eggs, adult males and females were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy; The classical morphometry by means of egg measurement and evaluated by statistical analysis; the study of the geometric morphometry of heads was conducted by multivariate analyzes and graphs generated in the CLIC program "CollectingLandmarks for Identification and Characterization". Phylogenetic hypotheses were proposed based on the morphometric matrix, salivary gland coloration pattern and chromosome evolution. 142284/2015-7

The Triatominae subfamily includes 151 extant and three fossil species. Several species can transmit the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, significantly impacting public health in Latin American countries. The Triatominae can be classified into five tribes, of which the Rhodniini is very important because of its large vector capacity and wide geographical distribution. The Rhodniini tribe comprises 23 (without R. taquarussuensis) species and although several studies have addressed their taxonomy using morphological, morphometric, cytogenetic, and molecular techniques, their evolutionary relationships remain unclear, resulting in inconsistencies at the classification level. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin, diversification, and identification of these species in Latin America, muddying our understanding of their dispersion and current geographic distribution. Clarifying these factors can help for the design of vector control strategies. The aim of this review is to depict the different approaches used for taxonomy of the Rhodniini and to shed light on their evolution and biogeography. © 2020 by the authors.

Four species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are reported in four localities in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859, Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872 & Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) in Napo Province, and Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 in Morona-Santiago Province. Two specimens of R. pictipes were found in an urban area of Tena City (capital province). These findings can indicate a risk of Chagas disease transmission in urban and peri-urban areas of the Amazonia.

Triatominae species are considered the main vectors of Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis. In Venezuela, the principal vectors are Rhodnius prolixus (Stål, 1959) and Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848), which are belonged to the tribe Rhodniini and Triatomini, respectively. The head conformation and size development of these species can reflect ontogenetic changes which contribute with the vectors biology studies, as well to support of instars determination. The goal of the paper is to the application of geometric morphometric techniques for describing head conformation and size of instars of these species. We photographed 140 heads in R. prolixus: First instar (I: 16), second instar (II: 17), third instar (III: 18), fourth instar (IV: 21), fifth instar (V: 21), adult female (F: 26) and adult males (M: 21); in T. maculata heads of 136 specimens were photographed, I: 20, II: 17, III: 26, IV: 15, V: 19, F: 20 and M: 19. Landmark coordinate (x, y) configurations were registered and aligned by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Covariance Analyses were implemented with proportions of re-classified groups and MANOVA. Statistical analyses of variance found not significant differences in head isometric size (Kruskal–Wallis) among IV and V instars in both species. The a posteriori re-classification was almost perfect in R. prolixus (82%) and T. maculata (86%); the main head differences occurs in antenniferous tubercles, postocular and preocular. Our study using quantitative tools for describing the shape differences contributes to explain the morphology variability and development of Chagas disease vectors. Blackwell Publishing INC.

Rhodnius barretti, a new triatomine species, is described based on adult specimens collected in rainforest environments within the Napo ecoregion of western Amazonia (Colombia and Ecuador). R. barretti resembles Rhodnius robustus s.l., but mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences reveal that it is a strongly divergent member of the “robustus lineage”, i.e., basal to the clade encompassing Rhodnius nasutus, Rhodnius neglectus, Rhodnius prolixus and five members of the R. robustus species complex. Morphometric analyses also reveal consistent divergence from R. robustus s.l., including head and, as previously shown, wing shape and the length ratios of some anatomical structures. R. barretti occurs, often at high densities, in Attalea butyracea and Oenocarpus bataua palms. It is strikingly aggressive and adults may invade houses flying from peridomestic palms. R. barretti must therefore be regarded as a potential Trypanosoma cruzi vector in the Napo ecoregion, where Chagas disease is endemic. COL0007865

Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 {Rn}e Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 {Pt} são triatomíneos que ocorrem em ninhos de aves, principalmente da família Furnariidae. O ciclo biológico dessas espécies é conhecido em condições de laboratório, sendo poucos estudos em ecótopos silvestres. Para analisar a infestação e estrutura de populações de Rn e Pt em ninhos de aves presentes na palmeira Mauritia flexuosa Linnaeus, em duas estações climáticas do Brasil Central, foram amostradas 41 palmeiras com evidências de nidificação de Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 (22 na estação chuvosa e 19 na estação seca) em quatro áreas do Distrito Federal. Os insetos foram capturados usando-se coleta manual na copa da palmeira, identificados morfologicamente, separados por sexo e estádio ninfal. Fezes e glândulas salivares de Rn foram examinadas para verificar infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 e/ou T. rangeli Tejera, 1920. Trinta e cinco palmeiras com ninhos de P. ruber estavam infestadas por Rn (85%) e 22 por Pt (53%). 442 indivíduos foram coletados na estação seca (200 Rn e 242 Pt) e 267 na estação chuvosa (136 Rn e 131 Pt). O único fator relacionado significativamente com a densidade de triatomíneos nas palmeiras foi a área. A estrutura etária das populações mostrou: a) maior abundância de adultos nas populações de Pt, b) maior abundância de machos em ambas as espécies e c) presença de fêmeas ovipondo em ambas as estações. Nenhum dos 177 triatomíneos examinados estava infectado por T. cruzi ou T. rangeli. A estrutura etária das populações de Rn e Pt não diferiu significativamente entre as estações amostradas, indicando ausência de marcada sazonalidade para essas espécies.Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 {Rn}and Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 {Pt} are triatomines that occur in bird nests, mainly furnarid nests. Their biological cycles are known in laboratory conditions and few studies were done in wild ecotopes. To analyze the infestation and population structure of Rn and Pt in bird nests on Mauritia flexuosa Linnaeus palm trees in two climatic seasons we sampled 41 palm trees with Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 nests (22 in the wet season and 19 in the dry season) in four areas of Distrito Federal. The insects were collected by manual capture in the crown of palms, identified, separated by sex and immature stages. Faeces and salivary glands of Rn were examined to verify Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 and/or T. rangeli Tejera, 1920 infection. Thirty five palm trees with P. ruber nests were infested by Rn (85%) and 22 by Pt (53%). 442 insects were collected in the dry season (200 Rn and 242 Pt) and 267 in the wet season (136 Rn and 131 Pt). The area was the only factor related with triatomine density in palm trees. The population structure showed: a) higher abundance of adults in Pt populations, b) higher abundance of males in both species and, c) females laying eggs in both seasons. Within the 177 insects examined none was infected by T. cruzi or T. rangeli. The population structure of Rn and Pt were not significantly different in the wet and the dry season, suggesting no seasonality reproduction.

Psammolestes arthuri is a secondary Chagas disease vector associated with bird nests in the peridomicile. We studied the head architecture to describe the size changes and conformation variation in the P. arthuri instars. Were collected and reared 256 specimens associated with Campylohynochus nucalys nests in Guarico state, Venezuela. We photographed and digitized ten landmarks coordinate (x, y) on the dorsal head surface; then the configurations were aligned by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) was implemented with proportions of re-classified groups (=instars) and MANOVA. Statistical analysis of variance found significant differences in centroid size (KruskalWallis). We found gradual differences between the 1st instar to 5th and a size reduction in the adults; the CVA showed significant separation, and a posteriori re-classification was 50-78% correctly assigned. The main differences could be associated with two factors: one related to the sampling protocol, and another to the insect morphology and development. Oxford University Press

In the present work, we investigated whether it is possible to detect morphometric changes in Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 (a candidate vector of Chagas disease in Central Brazil) populations in the transition from sylvatic to laboratory conditions. We analyzed size and shape variation in wings of sylvatic parents and their laboratory descendents (first, third and fifth generations) using geometric morphometric techniques. Sexual size dimorphism and shape of wings were maintained, but wing size decreased from sylvatic specimens to their laboratory generations. Size variation in R. neglectus should reflect the expected morphometric changes between sylvatic and domestic populations and can be applied to analyze the level of adaptation of R. neglectus to domestic habitats. This information might be useful to detect persistent infestations in dwellings after insecticide application, or new infestations from the sylvatic environment, and is therefore important to guide vector surveillance strategies for Chagas disease.

Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 is a sylvatic triatomine bug species that occurs in thornbird nests in Brazil. We studied infestation of 527 nests of Phacellodomus rufifrons Wied, 1821 and Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 by P. tertius in eight Brazilian states across the Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions. Psammolestes tertius occurred in 44% of the nests, mainly in those of P. ruber. Overall, 3,261 specimens (52% nymphs) were captured, with an average of 14 bugs per infested nest (range 1-75). While P. tertius occurrence and age structure (percentage of nymphs) were similar in Cerrado and Caatinga nests, infestation intensity (bugs/infested nest) was higher in the Cerrado. Last-stage nymphs and adults were predominant in P. tertius populations from both P. ruber and P. rufifrons nests. The results indicate that Phacellodomus nests are favourable habitats for P. tertius in the open/dry ecoregions of Brazil. The percentage of adult P. tertius specimens (48%) was higher than that observed in other triatomine species (usually less than 5% under either experimental or natural conditions), suggesting that adult bugs tend to remain in thornbird nests. The stable blood supply provided by resident/breeding birds would favor steady P. tertius infestation of thornbird nests across Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions.

Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 {Rn}e Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 {Pt} são triatomíneos que ocorrem em ninhos de aves, principalmente da família Furnariidae. O ciclo biológico dessas espécies é conhecido em condições de laboratório, sendo poucos estudos em ecótopos silvestres. Para analisar a infestação e estrutura de populações de Rn e Pt em ninhos de aves presentes na palmeira Mauritia flexuosa Linnaeus, em duas estações climáticas do Brasil Central, foram amostradas 41 palmeiras com evidências de nidificação de Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 (22 na estação chuvosa e 19 na estação seca) em quatro áreas do Distrito Federal. Os insetos foram capturados usando-se coleta manual na copa da palmeira, identificados morfologicamente, separados por sexo e estádio ninfal. Fezes e glândulas salivares de Rn foram examinadas para verificar infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 e/ou T. rangeli Tejera, 1920. Trinta e cinco palmeiras com ninhos de P. ruber estavam infestadas por Rn (85%) e 22 por Pt (53%). 442 indivíduos foram coletados na estação seca (200 Rn e 242 Pt) e 267 na estação chuvosa (136 Rn e 131 Pt). O único fator relacionado significativamente com a densidade de triatomíneos nas palmeiras foi a área. A estrutura etária das populações mostrou: a) maior abundância de adultos nas populações de Pt, b) maior abundância de machos em ambas as espécies e c) presença de fêmeas ovipondo em ambas as estações. Nenhum dos 177 triatomíneos examinados estava infectado por T. cruzi ou T. rangeli. A estrutura etária das populações de Rn e Pt não diferiu significativamente entre as estações amostradas, indicando ausência de marcada sazonalidade para essas espécies.

Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 {Rn}e Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 {Pt} são triatomíneos que ocorrem em ninhos de aves, principalmente da família Furnariidae. O ciclo biológico dessas espécies é conhecido em condições de laboratório, sendo poucos estudos em ecótopos silvestres. Para analisar a infestação e estrutura de populações de Rn e Pt em ninhos de aves presentes na palmeira Mauritia flexuosa Linnaeus, em duas estações climáticas do Brasil Central, foram amostradas 41 palmeiras com evidências de nidificação de Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 (22 na estação chuvosa e 19 na estação seca) em quatro áreas do Distrito Federal. Os insetos foram capturados usando-se coleta manual na copa da palmeira, identificados morfologicamente, separados por sexo e estádio ninfal. Fezes e glândulas salivares de Rn foram examinadas para verificar infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 e/ou T. rangeli Tejera, 1920. Trinta e cinco palmeiras com ninhos de P. ruber estavam infestadas por Rn (85%) e 22 por Pt (53%). 442 indivíduos foram coletados na estação seca (200 Rn e 242 Pt) e 267 na estação chuvosa (136 Rn e 131 Pt). O único fator relacionado significativamente com a densidade de triatomíneos nas palmeiras foi a área. A estrutura etária das populações mostrou: a) maior abundância de adultos nas populações de Pt, b) maior abundância de machos em ambas as espécies e c) presença de fêmeas ovipondo em ambas as estações. Nenhum dos 177 triatomíneos examinados estava infectado por T. cruzi ou T. rangeli. A estrutura etária das populações de Rn e Pt não diferiu significativamente entre as estações amostradas, indicando ausência de marcada sazonalidade para essas espécies. Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 {Rn}and Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 {Pt} are triatomines that occur in bird nests, mainly furnarid nests. Their biological cycles are known in laboratory conditions and few studies were done in wild ecotopes. To analyze the infestation and population structure of Rn and Pt in bird nests on Mauritia flexuosa Linnaeus palm trees in two climatic seasons we sampled 41 palm trees with Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 nests (22 in the wet season and 19 in the dry season) in four areas of Distrito Federal. The insects were collected by manual capture in the crown of palms, identified, separated by sex and immature stages. Faeces and salivary glands of Rn were examined to verify Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 and/or T. rangeli Tejera, 1920 infection. Thirty five palm trees with P. ruber nests were infested by Rn (85%) and 22 by Pt (53%). 442 insects were collected in the dry season (200 Rn and 242 Pt) and 267 in the wet season (136 Rn and 131 Pt). The area was the only factor related with triatomine density in palm trees. The population structure showed: a) higher abundance of adults in Pt populations, b) higher abundance of males in both species and, c) females laying eggs in both seasons. Within the 177 insects examined none was infected by T. cruzi or T. rangeli. The population structure of Rn and Pt were not significantly different in the wet and the dry season, suggesting no seasonality reproduction.