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In the context of a market influenced by globalization, the accuracy and correctness of accounting information become more and more important for investors, but they are also harder to control. Fraud attempts tend to be more frequent, and users of accounting information need tools to detect and prevent misstatements in financial statements. In addition to the assurances offered by the financial audit, a series of forensic accounting expertises are also used, with much more specific objectives, as a means of proof or as an element of assurance. The article aims to present, based on the specialized literature, the stages and some of the techniques used in carrying out forensic accounting expertise, as well as the skills that the professional forensic accountant in Romania must have in order to carry out rigorous verification and fulfill the set objectivess.

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the correlations between latent variables embedded into three clusters (equine agritourism, therapeutic horse riding and equine sports) and entrepreneurial intentions of people interested to invest in equestrian sector. Design/methodology/approach – The authors propose a conceptual framework focused on three latent variables that influence the interest of horse enthusiasts to embrace an entrepreneurial career. Statistical analyses via Pearson’s chi-square tests, analysis of variance (statistical formula used to compare variances across the means (or average) of different groups) and regression analysis have been performed to validate our assumptions. Findings – Findings reveal a high level of interest of from horse enthusiasts to opt for an entrepreneurial career, as funding opportunities in this sector are growing due to European union and national funding available for this endeavour. Originality/value – Very limited research studies have been explored the entrepreneurial intentions in equine industry. This study proves that sports and therapeutic activities influence to the greatest extent, the entrepreneurial intention in the equestrian sector.

The EU energy sector became a very important one as a result of the war in Ukraine. On the other hand, the EU started in defining and implementing new strategies regarding green economy and sustainability. Even though these strategies cover short and medium periods, they have as a main goal the decrease in the EU’s dependence of energy imports. This research is focused on present challenges, risks, and uncertainties related to energy production and consumption in all EU member states. In order to achieve the research objectives, a huge statistical database, which covered 2012–2021, was used. The analysis is based on specific indicators regarding primary energy production; imports and exports; gross available energy; final energy consumption; non-energy consumption; energy dependency; and energy intensity. There are at least three research procedures used in this paper: a meta-analysis, a statistical analysis, and an econometric analysis, as well. Finally, the analysis points out the disparities between member states regarding energetic resources and energy dependency using a new model for quantifying risk factors in the European energy system. Moreover, new public policies are proposed by the authors under a cluster approach of the EU’s regions.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the literature that explores the development of the social conditions by creating a complex business in the equestrian sector. This sector is an important pillar for the environment, the economic and social environment. The horse sector has varied and evolved differently in recent decades, with changes in the understanding of the concept of horse industry being observed in the disciplines of economics, agro-zootechnical, social and even ecological sciences. While much research focuses on understanding and defining this sector, different business models emerge, models that focus their attention on changing in favor of the social factor. Our study aims to evaluate and analyze the evolution and quality of information for the social side of the equestrian sector. This paper undertakes an examination of “social entrepreneurship”, considering the combination of social and equestrian elements in the development of a business.

Renewable energy is produced from natural sources that can regenerate quickly, such as the sun, wind, water, biomass and the earth’s heat. This implies that the resources used do not have a significant negative impact on the environment, which aligns with current concerns for protecting the planet and ecosystems. This study aims to explore the behavior of entrepreneurs regarding the processing of resources that can be introduced in the circular economy and the development of the renewable energy portfolio by transforming horse manure into bioenergy. Employing Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and based on an extensive dataset comprising 104 responses from entrepreneurs engaged in or aspiring to participate in the renewable energy sector, this research reveals a noteworthy finding. Contrary to prevailing expectations, it demonstrates that the perceived interest in safeguarding future resources and the environment among these entrepreneurs is currently low. This study not only enriches the understanding of entrepreneurial behavior within the renewable energy domain but also extends the Theory of Planned Behavior. In doing so, it underscores the critical significance of sustainability factors as drivers of future business development and underscores the need for comprehensive policy initiatives that compel greater commitment to renewable energy and circular economy practices.

The purpose of this paper is to review the scientific literature that explores the issue of funding political parties and election campaigns. The way whereby the parties manage to mobilize the financial resources to finance the activity is an important topic related to the organizational potential of the political parties. It is very important to integrate the principles of openness, transparency, and accountability in financing political parties and therefore, professional accountants are the key actors. Their role is to keep and report accurate and detailed records for each transaction related to the income and expenses incurred during the electoral campaign or current activity of the party. But sometimes, the accounting principles are in contradiction with the electoral regulations and this generates challenges for professional accountants.

The emergence of some critical incidents of economic, biological type-crises, armed conflicts, natural cataclysms can affect significantly the activity of the human society. The article aims at analyzing the behavior of the Romanian consumer in the context of COVID-19 emergence. The performed research has highlighted the particularities of the emergence of this sanitary crisis at the local economy level. Although the Romanian population’s infection degree has been more reduced as compared to the Western states, the strict prevention measures imposed by the authorities have determined a model of behavior of the consumer close to the one of other states affected by the infection with the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV2. The market studies performed by specialized companies have shown that imposing home isolation conditions, due to the emergency state, has significantly reduced the social activities of the Romanian consumer, the actions being oriented mainly towards covering the basic necessities. The health of the consumers (purchase of medicines or visit to the physician), procuring food or financial activities at the banking units are the main motivations for leaving the residence. By comparison, the sports activities or the visits for supporting family members have the lowest weight. A segment of consumers, advocate of traditional commerce, has been forced to appeal to modern trade methods based on online shopping, and the specialists’ estimations provide the maintenance of the trade behavior. Companies will have to focus on understanding the consumer’s needs and to adapt their product offer and distribution system so that to reduce the new consumption limits and to facilitate the sales act. The main orientation during the crisis towards the local products can represent an opportunity for the Romanian companies, but Government support measures are necessary for the Romanian producers.

The present paper focuses mainly on the development of a new idea which can consolidate the relation between the Employee and the Employer. The research is based on the identification of a dimension and connection between the Financial Management and the Human Resources Management. The financial resources used for the motivation of the Human Resources can be considered at the limit between investment and non-recoverable expense. The human capital represents the most important factor for an organization; due to this, it must constantly ensure the motivation of the Human Resources. The motivation lays at the basis of the behaviors and activities which the Employees develop within an entity in close connection to the particularity of its challenges. Accordingly, in order to ensure the performance of modern companies, there is the need to know and understand the elements which motivate or demotivate an Employee. The individual and group performances are in connection to the direct implementation of the Human Resources Management; accordingly, a structural background can be created only by knowing the motivational theory and by applying efficient managerial strategies, background which can help the interests of the organization, as well as those of the Employees.

Through Public Procurement, the Contracting Authorities aim at obtaining products, works or services. Starting from identifying the necessity, a series of procedures are followed for its satisfaction. Considering the complexity of the procurement process, the desired result will not appear in case certain stages are bypassed. These omissions can have repercussions on the offered price when either the Contracting Authority did not explain sufficiently clear in the awarding documentation the need or it did not assess it adequately, as well as when the Tenderer did not completely understand the complexity of the requested work / service / product. In these conditions, the present study aims at analyzing from the point of view of both parties the problems related to the unusually low price estimated by the Contracting Authority or proposed by the Tenderer for services and its influence on the quality of the provided services.

The global economy is constantly growing, being a world where the professional bodies must ensure that its members have the necessary knowledge, qualifications and skills in order to help the organizations to sustain the economic growth and to compete at national and international level. The tax and accounting legislation is continuously changing and it has contributed to the creation of some difficult situations which can be solved by the accounting and tax professional, and the number of litigations found pending before the Court is constantly growing. The issue of the competencies necessary for performing the fiscal expertise, considering that the documents studied are generally in accounting area, as well as using the taxability in performing the accounting documents represent the main objectives of the present paper.

It is known that the cost of production holds the largest share of the total operating costs of a company. Therefore, in order for a company to survive, grow and pay its shareholder by generating a reasonable profit, the effective and efficient control of such a cost by management becomes very important. When the cost is not properly controlled and maintained by ensuring that actual results are in line with predefined standards, it could result in higher operating costs, lower profit margins, and ultimately discontent among owners and potential investors.

The objective of this paper was to study and analyze the expertise effects in the criminal cases. To that end, we quantified information on the concept, subject and importance of the accounting expertise, tried to map out the distinction between the accounting expertise and the traditional audit, brought into discussion and dealt with the phenomenon of "White Collar Criminality", referring to the role the chartered accountants have in such cases, as well as the competences they need to carry out their work. We also approached issues related to access to the profession of chartered accountant in Romania, but also in other countries, highlighting the importance and contribution of professional accounting bodies.

The real estate market has known in the last years a constant expansion of about 20% / year, being actually in the real estate boom area, both in retail and corporate segments. The impact of this trend, at company’s level, is quite insignificant, managing to put to use the fixed assets increase in the turnover. The companies included in the sample under study have registered turnover increases in the last two calendar years (2016 and 2017). This increase was put in relation to the increases in the Romanian economy in the fiscal year, to inflation increase and had been done in the conditions of the consumers’ behavior migrating to a higher level. This consumption level is due to the national salary policies which have aligned the salary incomes from the budgetary system to the threshold obtainable in 2020. Based on the data reported by the economic agents in the financial statements, this study aims at objectively assessing the dynamic of changing the financial indicators in the context of the previously mentioned real estate boom. The financial rates analysis, in relation to fixed assets, is viewed through the ratio between effort and result, contributing to obtaining the preliminary table necessary for issuing the econometric model. The issued model will be of regression – comparative type and will be based on relative data, computed through multi-yearly weights for the economic increase indicators: profitability, liquidity and capitalization reported to the usage of capitalized fixed assets at the market value, changeable in the real estate boom period. The resulted values will be tested through statistical tests, in what concerns the statistical significance and data validity. A number of 25 statistical observations are entering in the construction of the model, collected from Romanian companies which obtained a turnover of minimum Euro 195 million

Equity represents an important element reflecting company’s performance and the efforts of the shareholders and management in the economic development of the entity. This paper brings in a novelty element by the structured analysis of the economic performance, as compared to equity accumulation, but also through the point of view of approaching some pragmatic aspects on the accountability and audit of shareholders’ equity. In this context, this paper aims at performing a complete radiography of equity holding, including through the study of performance coming from its usage, through the study performed on a sample made out of the companies listed at Bucharest Stock Exchange, a full diagnosis of the performances by placing this theme in the context of some scientific researches in this area, but also in the transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary context

The paper aims to deal both empirically and critically with the topical issues regarding the absorption of European funds and the role of the audit in this process. The paper contain an empirical study regarding general aspects of auditing with emphasis on commitment of agreed procedures. We will consider the main normative framework (ISRS 4400 and ISA 500) to expose a coherent and relevant synthesis of the agreed procedures engagement. The research will focus on presenting a critical study of dynamics of audit activity in Romania in the last 10 years based on data collected from the CAFR annual reports and website. Through this study, the authors propose, based on statistical functions, an evaluation of quality level in audit and the development of a comparative risk analysis based on the qualitative-value indicators.

At present, human capital generates interest in the global economic system for both researchers and different organizations, having both favorable and unfavorable arguments for recognizing accounting and financial reporting. However, aspects regarding the human capital are not clear and there is no international convention to provide unitary regulatory practice. In this context, having as a source of information papers belonging to well-known authors, specialized articles published at national and international level, we have corroborated the essential ideas to highlight the human capital characteristics, surnamed "the new millennium currency", as component of human capital being considered the best asset of a company.

In the context of global change, the financial crisis is highlighting how financial systems are connected. This interconnection brings more prosperity but at the same time a greater concentration of systemic risk. Policy makers are also responsible for the economic impact of the crisis and for legislative changes at the request of the user audience. In this paper the authors proposed to express a point of view on the importance of creating audit reports in order to ensure access to the structural funds, but especially the importance of including in the prepared reports of other information about the entities that access these funds and not just financial information. The author believes that this information would outline a more complete overview of the entity and ease the evaluations for reimbursement by the contracting authority.

The objective of this work is to offer contributions to improve the understanding of related party transactions. Our goal is to explore the role of related party transactions from the perspective of company�s corporate governance environment. Even though there is a growing interest in related party transactions, there is little academic literature to understand the nature of related party transactions and their economic consequences. Our study was conducted on a sample of 40 companies listed companies on Bucharest Stock Exchange activating in manuafacuring sector. Our objective was to analyse the way the companies follow the requirements of transparency of related party transaction. Based on our observations on companies� financial reports and companies web-sites, the level of transparency between these companies was reflected by an index estimated from producers� scores on Likert-type scales (one to five) that showed to what extent they disclose or not disclose information such as relationship between parents and subsidiaries, key management personnel compensation, the value of transactions with related parties or separate disclosure for the group entities.

The phenomenon of virtual currency, and especially the virtual currency Bitcoin, have managed to draw attention of the population, organizations and governments, from the moment of its appearance, proliferating pro and against attitudes against their use in the day-to-day transactions. The study is a detailed analysis of the virtual currency phenomenon and an attempt to outline a possible status from the accounting point of view of the virtual worlds, starting from the position adopted by the regulating authorities in the countries where the virtual currencies register the highest rate of use.

Globalization is a concept of widespread international circulation, launched since the last decade of the previous century in all academic, financial and commercial environments. Globalization has been a subject of debate, both for and against, through its differentiation due to the economic progress of the various participants in the process. In this paper we aimed to address the evolution of the banking phenomenon in the context of globalization and to highlight the differences in the structure in banking according to the main global financial indicators.

The cost of medical services is a concept which cannot be overlooked from the managerial strategy of hospitals, given the fact that it reflects the expenses incurred in order to make the medical act possible. It adds up the direct and indirect costs which are recorded under hospital departments, regarded as cost centres. The result of the calculation is materialized in Expenses Settlement drawn for every discharged patient. The cost thus determined underlies the calculation of efficiency, both at hospital level and at each department and helps at conducting comparative analyses between different health care institutions. In fact, hospital financing is based on average costs established per case, according to the diagnosis groups. The financing system allows monitoring the quality of services and increasing efficiency through cost control. The present study analyses the calculation of the cost of medical services and of the efficiency for average level hospitals from Romania.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the scientific literature regarding the nature, extent and consequences of related-party transactions. According to IAS 24 related party transaction represent a a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties, regardless of whether or not a market price is charged. Two entities are considered to be related if one party has the ability to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions, for example a controlling shareholder, a director, key management personnel, or affiliated companies, controlled entities, and entities under common control.

The objective of this paper is to present the legal framework for financing the election campaigns in Romania and in the world. There are different systems of campaign finance across the world. Some of these systems rely mainly on private funds, some are based mainly on public funds, but most systems are a combination of both. In all cases a certain degree of limitations on contributions and expenditures are a standard characteristic of the campaign finance system. Limitations on contributions can be means to reduce the corruption and limitations on expenditures may be imposed to guarantee egalitarianism among the various political forces.

The healthcare system in Romania is continuously under a reform process, in order to make more efficient the medical care and to allow a wide access for the population to the healthcare services. The incomes of the healthcare system mainly come from the contribution to the social healthcare insurance, but also from other taxes, the system also benefits from subsidies from the state budget. The public healthcare expenses have a relatively low percentage from the total public expenses, being mainly oriented towards hospitals, subsidized drugs and primary medical assistance. The integration of Romania into the EU brought for the healthcare system opportunities as well as threats: the increase of the competence and quality of the medical act, the favourable context of decentralization but also the increase of the costs for medical services, the mobility of the patients and the pronounced migration of the qualified medical staff to other countries of the EU. The paper wants to analyse the incomes and expenses from the healthcare, taking into account all these aspects.

Aquaculture contribute ever more to the production of aquatic food worldwide, even if the sustainable limits for majority of wild fish stocks, are now almost reached or even exceeded. In the EU, aquaculture is an important economic activity in many coastal and continental regions. Aquaculture plays an important role in terms of access to food resources and it is necessary to use its potential to contribute to sustainable development, food security, economic growth and employment. In this regard, starting from EU aquaculture objectives, we intend to make an analysis of the national situation of aquaculture and its current potential. We will also analyse the progress of Romanian investments in aquaculture, identifying needs and opportunities for Romanian aquaculture development. The conclusions of the research may be useful for academic and business environment, to develop sustainable activities in aquaculture sector.

The development of the fishery sector represents one of the European Union’s priorities due to the positive impact it has on food security and to its potential to ensure nutritious and quality food at an affordable price as compared to other animal-origin resources. The Community policy in the fishery sector focuses on reducing the Community market dependence on imports and on the sustainable development of business in this domain. Romania aligned with the Community policies and, therefore, important funds were allocated to the national fishery sector. The diversified natural resources, the possibility to use friendly technologies, the qualified staff, the tradition in the domain, and the existence of a number of niche markets all represent motivations for the development of the Romanian fishery sector. The present paper proposes an analysis of the Romanian fishery production and of the European financing effects on the specialized companies. Despite the fact that there have been important resources allocated to the sector and there is a slight positive evolution, the absorption of funds was difficult. The results of the investment may be observed after a long period of time, this is why Romania is still dependent on fishery product imports. Aquaculture represents the main segment towards which the European funds were directed, including in our country, thus providing the greatest part of the income and employment in the domain.

Aquaculture contribute ever more to the production of aquatic food worldwide, even if the sustainable limits for majority of wild fish stocks, are now almost reached or even exceeded. In the EU, aquaculture is an important economic activity in many coastal and continental regions. Aquaculture plays an important role in terms of access to food resources and it is necessary to use its potential to contribute to sustainable development, food security, economic growth and employment. In this regard, starting from EU aquaculture objectives, the paper intend to make an analysis of the national situation of aquaculture and its current potential. The paper presented the progress of Romanian investments in aquaculture, identifying needs and opportunities for the Romanian aquaculture development. Taking into consideration the natural resources available and the growth of global request of organic product, the development of ecologic aquaculture might represent o niche market for local producers.

The rules governing the financial statements consolidation have been subject for debates for many years. The financial crisis in 2008 accelerated changes toward new improved standards. The main objective of this article is to explain the key parts of the IASB standards for consolidation of financial statements.

The land fund is an important natural resource, in it’s own nature and specificity, different from other goods, and it refers to land areas located within the territorial limits of a state. Romania has a significant development potential but with little use, holding 0.18% of the world surface occupying 17th place, and 5.41% of the European surface occupying 12th place. In the past 20 years, the manasgement of the Romanian land fund was poor, not taking into account the conservation of land resources and their effective capitalization. The laws governing the land fund were incorrectly applied, in an uneven way, causing damage to the population and the budget state.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the scientific literature related to cash holdings of non-financial companies. We concentrated in our work on motives, determinants and theories of cash holding. The result of this study will enhance understanding of cash holding determinants and relevance of postulated theories in Romanian context. The main objective is to.

The concept of transaction costs takes a pivotal seat in the institutions’ economic analysis. I’ll begin the analysis by presenting this concept and some attempts at quantification. After, I’ll be presenting the characteristics of the banking system in quantifying and measuring transaction costs, in the context in which the economic activity of financial-banking institutions is rather complex, from the economic governance perspective as well as that of the transaction costs. In the case study executed based on the BCR Group data, I have tried to quantify transaction costs by means of their two components: interest and non-interest expenses.

The purpose of this paper is to present our own vision about some general aspects of aquaculture and oyster farming expanded pearlite and their accounting implication. In our references we took into consideration the role of aquaculture as well as the benefits and drawbacks of it. Through this article we aimed to highlight a series of theoretical aspects regarding the role and importance of developing aquaculture national and international as well as a number of practical aspects about involved costs and profit. We intended that the results of the paper and the individual documentaries to materialize in a easy structure product so as to be a informing way on a general vision about aquaculture and oyster farming expanded pearlite.

For the current economy, the sector of telecommunications which includes mobile telephony is one of the most important worldwide. World leaders of this sector are among the companies present in Romania, in terms of income and as financial performance. The range of services offered by mobile operators diversified and greatly increased in recent years, so that there are a wide variety of business models, which are subject to different policies. Experts in the field have hoped that the adoption of IFRS will help increase clarity in the sector, but the results so far are uncertain. The overall objective of this paper focuses on the analysis of the telecommunications industry accounting practices, focusing on specific issues of the mobile market. To this end we intend to analyze aspects of the history and evolution of mobile telephony market, national and international accounting regulations applied to the mobile operators, and evaluating accounting practices applied in the mobile telephony companies.

Agriculture is an important part of the global economy. Given the gap in the literature, the problems of legislation (in particular the lack of them), the controversies related to IAS 41 standard, we considered necessary to analyze problems and the way in which it it highlighted in the economy the production process of wines with different periods of aging. In Romania, agriculture is a sector with great potential, traditionally occupying an important role in the national economic structure. Thus, by adopting the accounting regulations imposed by Order no. 1802-29 December 2014 the national legislation was aligned with the European level, this framework being closer to regulations imposed by IAS 41. However, if we take into account large areas of forest cultures, vineyards or cultures purchased using foreign investment funds and the many foreign investments in livestock farms, it is expected that in the near future it will also be necessary to consider the application of this standard in Romania.In conclusion, this study is intended as a promoter of change that must occur in accordance with the current situation, supporting the idea of harmonizing the rules in effect worldwide.

Leasing developed in time, from the simple form of renting to the modern modality of financial from nowadays, as an alternative for loan. It is present in the entire world, being used both by the financial specialized companies and banks, and the clients are companies and population. The object of leasing contract can be assets and also services, which are rented by the financier (lessor), on definite period, to the client (lessee), in exchange for a leasing rate (rent). The registering in accounting and the fiscal implications in the companies financial administration are different, according to the leasing form which they are using. The capitalist system has in view to obtain profit from renting, but the Islamic System, based on Șaria, forbids renting “haram” assets and services, obtaining interest from renting and using the leasing contract for the transfer of the property.

Intangible fixed assets are of great importance in terms of progress of economic units. In recent years new approaches have been developed, additions to old standards so that intangible assets have gained a reputation both in the economic environment and in academia. We intend to develop a practical study on the main accounting approaches of the accounting modeling of the intangibles that impact on a company's brand development research PRORESEARCH SRL.

In the current society, there are many options regarding the use of computer programs for the processing of accounting information. In this paper I propose to develop the method of approach, in terms of technical IT audit, for a program for the management of accounting information, i.e. an integrated ERP-CRM program, used by the majority of Romanian business.

Interest has appeared from the people need to borrow main agricultural products. Over the time, it has been the subject for many theories - for interest, and against interest- all of them having various reasons. Church has, in general, forbidden interest, but the economic reasons have won, considering fair to reward the creditor for the time passed from the moment of loaning, for the monetary devaluation because of inflation, and for the reason that money is a good which must produce profit. Nowadays, the interest rate and the way haw it modifies the report between demand and supply, is a very debated subject. The interest rate is an instrument in the hand of Governments and International Financial Organisms, and interest is used in the conventional banks from the entire world. But, in the system of Islamic Economy, interest is considered “a sin”, and the appearance of Islamic Banks is a proof for the efforts to introduce in the banking system of Muslim countries, a modality of financing which respects, from the religious point of view, what is allowed and what is forbidden.

With effect from 1 January 2012, according to The NATIONAL BANK of ROMANIA No. 27/2010, International Financial reporting standards (IFRS) have become the basis of the accounting system used by credit institutions in Romania. In this context, the regulatory framework relating to the adjustments for impairment of financial assets other than loans and securities is given by IAS39 and IAS 37. In this paper I propose to develop a study on the application of the prudence principle in accounting of credit institutions, a study, which will be the main issues of taxation and accounting implementation of prudent credit institutions.

The assignment of debts is the Convention by which the transferor lender submits a claim against the assignee to a third party. According to the MPF. 1898/2013 for amending and completing the accounting Regulations compliant with European directives approved by the MPF. 3055/2009, published in the Official Gazette, part I, no. 727 of 26 November 2013, the claims taken over by the disposal, will be shown in the accounts at cost of acquisition, their nominal value being recorded in off-balance sheet. In this paper we propose to emphasize the effects of accounting and tax treatment of debts taken from the transfer in the light of the new changes introduced by the MFP. 1898/2013.

The purpose of this paper is to examine recent accounting rules to facilitate international harmonization in BRICS countries and to show how they have developed an accounting system that harmonizes with international standards, while maintaining macroeconomic control. This paper studies the influence of globalization on the development of accounting in BRICS countries, suggesting that the accounting practices of a country in harmony with international standards outlined above face barriers in the literature, such as the economic and accounting system - tradition. In order to answer the research question, the study primarily differences in contexts of international accounting and book-keeping from the BRICS countries subsequently in terms of the conceptual framework, clarifying thus the differences between the accounts of the BRICS and international Accounting and the causes of these differences.

Although subject to short term fluctuations as a result of the business cycle, the value of trade has continued to grow, reflecting the increased significance of trade and globalization. This paper focuses on the importance of accounting harmonisation on international trade showing the fiscal framework regarding trade in Romania. The study also presents the situation of exports and imports in our country in the last years, showing that the volume of goods and services trades is raising, leading also at the entire economy to grow.

Wherever manufacturing activities where services are provided and work, there are costs. In circumstances where resources are relatively limited, companies should try to achieve what is needed for business. Competition is becoming tougher and tougher after 1990 the economic environment has made it costly the decision error caused by the reduced amount of information on costs. The work aims to analyze the theoretical and practical calculation method Georges Perrin. It will consider on the one hand to analyze the importance of the right choice of costing methods in an economic entity, on the other hand highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the method and analyzed the situations in which is opportunity or its use.

Activity-based costing (ABC), an alternative approach to traditional accounting, represents a costing methodology that identifies the main cost drivers, or the main activities in an organization, thus assigning the cost of the products and services according to the number of specific activities or transactions used in the development process of a product or service. This system is based on the measurement of all the activities performed within an organization and provides the companies with the opportunity to efficiently improve their activity or to reduce the costs with no quality loss for their customers. The primary aim of ABC method was to implement a logical system of additional allocation with a better information and improvement in the field of managerial policies, a real cost structure on the basis of which strategic managerial decisions could be further adopted. Under the terms of a continuous growth of fixed cost weighting, we will become more interested in the calculation system of process costing. This costs calculation method can bring on important benefits, especially for service provider companies, considering the high share of common- indirect costs (overhead), in their unit.

Following the evaluation proces, it is possible that some intangible assets, recorded in the economic entity’ s accounting, have a higher value than accounting value. An example is the patent obtained by an economic entity, revealed at the overall cost of research and development, as well as the patent fees, but in view of the economic benefits, generated by its use in the production, has a higher fair value. The purpose of this paper is to show the good impact on the economic side of the entity which generates the productive patent, as representative of intellectual property, following the evaluation, resulting a value which leads to increase the overall economic entity. The evaluation of a productive patent aims to increase the market value of the economic entity on one hand, but on the other hand, looking ahead, the first order effect of this action is related to increasing opportunities for funding its activity.

Agriculture is a vast field that deserves to be studied and analyzed, being an important pillar in the economy of any country. The plant growth, fish farming, beekeeping, forestry, animal husbandry etc. are self-contained sciences and occupations, parts of the main branch called agriculture; they can be the subject of complex research papers of great interest and importance, through a new approach of themes already considered classics. The accounting in livestock farms has a special character, which requires knowledge of concepts that are not found in other companies. This paper deals with issues related to the accounting regulations applied in Romanian agricultural entities, in correspondence with the applied IFRS referential; funding sources in agriculture, that investors can access; and last but not least, to determine the profitability of raising or buying swine in order to sell them, through a study case.

The work developed by the authors assumes a definite need for reflection on funding mechanisms and macroeconomic management at all levels of budget deficit, amid the economic crisis unprecedented in the recent history of Romania and the whole of Europe. In this direction, this paper attempts to highlight issues that arise in terms of absorption of European funds for economic development based on this absorption emphasizing the role of grants in the economy and the need to audit projects.

The value-added tax (VAT) is an indirect tax, supported by the final consumer of the good/service that it is applied. During the productive and commercial cycle, the companies pay VAT according to the value added on the good/service. Quite recently appeared in the fiscal system of different states, VAT has a big spreading area. The taxation rates are different from a country to another, according to the economic conditions and the fiscal law (in EU, from 15% for Cyprus and Luxembourg to 27% for Hungary, and outside EU, from 3% for Iran, to 25% for Norway). In Romania, the rates are: the standard rate of 24% and the reduced rates of 9% and 5%, the payment term being monthly or quarterly, according to the company turnover. In the accounting and fiscality area, VAT presents special features, conditioned by the type of activity and the company size. In order to support the small companies, starting with 01.01.2013 the “VAT Encashment System” was introduced, that relates the VAT payability to the encashment moment of the invoice. The VAT impact on the profitability is an aspect that must be considered when we discuss about: costs, cash-flow, results, liquidity, solvency or efficiency rates.

The general accounting principles are presented in section 7 of annex to OMFP 3055/2009 (as amended and supplemented). Thus, the effects of transactions and other events are recognized when the transactions and the events occur and are recorded in the accounts and reported in the financial statements of the periods involved. In this paper we propose to deal with specific aspects regarding the application of the general accounting principles to the banking companies with particular reference to the principle of prudence, which will be combined with the current provisions of IAS 37 and the issues regarding the identification and the management of the banking risks.

The economic development of the European countries in the second half of the XXth century, and also the increase of commercial international exchanges, generated the transportation development in general, and especially the road transportation. The road transports knew an ascendant evolution due to their advantages: superior mobility; fast adaptability to every land conditions, without special investments; the capacity to complete the other modalities of transportation, in order to achieve the transportation chain; the only one type or transportation which can be done by self; the insurance of wares perishability, without require supplementary manipulations during the transportation. It’s obvious that, there are also negative aspects like: pollution and supplementary fuel consumption. On the level of Romanian companies, transports rise problems related on their costs, the costs structure and the directions to make this activity profitable.The Romanian government established fiscal measures, in order to make the companies more responsible in the vehicles use and their efficient exploitation.