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Ribes alpinum L. has all useful properties (optimal combination of vitamins, sugars, organic acids, pectins) and, due to this, it deserves to be introduced into the breeding process. It was found that, in the conditions of the Belgorod region, Alpine currant develops normally and passes all phenological phases. The long-term variation in the timing of the phase onset is 25 days on the average. The studied forms of Ribes alpinum L. belong to phenologically early plants. In the cultivation for decorative purposes in the conditions of the Belgorod region, 5 forms are identified: large-fruited, compact, erect, erect dissected-leaved and spreading. There are 8 Alpine currant varieties (Evrika, Vorskla, Mulatka, Theodor, Dunyasha, Uslada, Krasnyi Schar, Zara) with a complex of economically valuable characteristics.

Herbivorous insects such as butterflies and moths are essential to natural and agricultural systems due to pollination and pest outbreaks. However, our knowledge of butterflies' and moths' nutrition is fragmented and limited to few common, charismatic, or problematic species.This gap precludes our complete understanding of herbivorous insects' natural history, physiological and behavioral adaptations that drive how species interact with their environment, the consequences of habitat fragmentation and climate change to invertebrate biodiversity, and pest outbreak dynamics.Here, we first report a population of the Buff‐tip moth Phalera bucephala (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) feeding on a previously unknown family of host plants, the mountain currant Ribes alpinum (Saxifragales: Grossulariaceae). This is the first report of a Notodontid moth feeding on Grossulariaceae hosts.Using no‐choice and choice assays, we showed that P. bucephala has strong foraging preferences for a previously unknown hosts, the R. alpinum but also, although to a smaller extent, R. uva‐crispa compared with a previously known host (the Norway maple Acer sp.).These findings demonstrate that P. bucephala feed on—and show strong preference for Grossulariaceae host plants, indicating flexible physiological mechanisms to accommodate hosts plants from various families. This makes this species a potential model organism to study the behavioral and physiological mechanisms underpinning insect–plant interactions and diet breadth evolution.We discuss the broad ecological implications of these observations to the biology of the species, the potential negative effects of interspecific competition with endemic specialist moths, and highlight questions for future research., Herbivorous insects are essential to natural and agricultural systems due to pollination and pest outbreaks, but our understanding of their natural history remains limited. We describe, for the first time, Phalera bucephala caterpillars feeding on—and strongly preferring—a previously unknown family of currants and gooseberry plants. This is the first report of a Notodontid moth feeding on Grossulariaceae hosts. Our observation has broad implications to the ecology the species and interspecific competition with endemic moth specialists.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ribes species are usually evergreen shrubs, represented by eight species in Turkey. Although they are known for their fruits with commercial importance, their leaves have been used as folk remedy in various areas in Turkey by rural population owing to their wound healing potential. Aim of the study: In the present study we aimed to assess the wound healing activity of the leaves of Ribes species growing in Turkey, namely, Ribes alpinum L., R. anatolica Behcet, R. petraeum Wulfen, R. multiflorum Kit. ex Romer & Schultes, R. nigrum L, R. orientale Desf., R. rubrum L, R. uva-crispa L. Materials and methods: Wounds were surgically induced on the dorsal parts of the rats and mice. Prepared herbal ointments were topically applied onto the wounds once daily. The effects of the extracts were evaluated by measuring the breaking strength and percentage of reduction in wounded area by comparing the results with the registered reference ointment, FITO Krem (R). Histopathological and antioxidant assays were also conducted. Since, R. nigrum was determined to be the most active species, we further investigated the wound healing potential of the subextracts of the methanol extract of R. nigrum leaves. Results: R. nigrum and R. multiflorum extracts significantly increased wound breaking strength. Significant reduction in the areas was determined for the wounded tissues treated with the ointments of R. nigrum and R. multiflorum extracts. Oxidative Stress Index was found to be lowest for R. orientale, R. nigrum and R. multiflorum. Among the subextracts of R. nigrum, ethyl acetate subextract was found to have promising effect. Conclusions: Methanol extracts of leaves of R. nigrum and R. multiflorum demonstrated significant wound healing effect. We can suggest that ethyl acetate subextract of R. nigrum may be a potential candidate to be used for the development of a wound healing agent. Scientific Research Projects Unit of Ankara University, Turkey [17H0237008] The present study was funded by Scientific Research Projects Unit of Ankara University, Turkey with the Project number of 17H0237008. WOS:000469152400015 30902746 Q1

Šiauliai University Botanical Garden is a member of the International Phenological Garden network since 2005. It is the only one botanical garden in the East Europe that participated in the programme. In 2015, 18 species were observed. For research, data of 14 plants was used. The aim of this study is to estimate the responsiveness of the species of plants of the phenological garden to annual and monthly precipitation and temperature of the air. The main variables in this investigation were growing season length and the beginning of the growing season. In the period 2006-2015, the lowest annual air temperature was in 2010 (6.0 °C), and the highest was in 2015 (8.9 °C). The lowest precipitation was in 2015 (37.3 mm), and the highest was in 2012 (63.5 mm). The leanest regression among growing length, average annual precipitation, and air temperature showed that statistically significant correlation between growing length and average annual air temperature was found for nine plants, between growing length and precipitation was found for three plants, and between growing length and both factors was found for one plant, Salix smithiana, only. Due to the short evaluating period (2007-2015), consistent regression of the length of the growing season could not be found. The growing length of Betula pubescens sequentially increased. The average growing season of 14 plants starts on April 27 (±3), but for Corylus avellana, it is on April 26 (±3). Longevity of the growing season was the most related with precipitation for C. avellana in summer, autumn, and winter and with air temperature, Ribes alpinum and Salix acutifolia in summer and in autumn.

Aim of the study: To study the germination ecology of two species of the genus Ribes to reveal their levels of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) and to facilitate the production of plants from seeds, a key tool for population reinforcement.Area of study: Experiments were carried out both outdoors and in the laboratory in Albacete (Spain) with seeds from the Meridional Iberian System mountain range.Material and methods: Seeds from one population of Ribes alpinum and from other of Ribes uva-crispa were collected during several years. Embryo length, radicle and seedling emergence, and effects on germination of stratification and GA3 were analysed to determine the level of MPD.Main results: In R. alpinum, embryo length in fresh seeds was 0.49 mm, needing to grow to 1.30 mm to germinate. Warm stratification (25/10ºC) promoted embryo length enlargement to 0.97 mm. Afterwards, seeds germinated within a wide temperature range. Embryo growth and seedling emergence occur late summer-early autumn. In R. uva-crispa, embryo length in fresh seeds was 0.52 mm, being 2.10 mm the minimal size to germinate. Embryos exposed to a moderately warm stratification (20/7ºC + 15/4ºC) followed by cold (5ºC) grew to 2.30 mm. Then, seeds germinated ≥ 80% when incubated at temperatures ≥ 15/4ºC. Embryos grew in autumn/early winter, and seedlings emerged late winter-early spring.Research highlights: These results showed that R. alpinum seeds have a nondeep simple MPD while R. uva-crispa seeds have a nondeep complex MPD. Moreover, the different germinative models found for each species help explain their installation in distinct habitats.Keywords: Ribes; seed dormancy break; radicle emergence; seedling emergence; nondeep simple and nondeep complex MPD.Abbreviations used: Morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), morphological dormancy (MD), Gibberellic acid (GA3), months (m).

Cronartium ribicola causes white-pine blister rust and its main hosts are species of Ribes (telial host) and Pinus (aecial host). Between 2007 and 2010, the distribution and abundance of C. ribicola was surveyed in: (1) Ribes spp. in botanical gardens of southern and northern Finland, and (2) Pinus spp. in five-needle pine plantations and Ribes spp. of northern Finland. The fruit-bearing species Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum and Ribes uva-crispa have long been cultivated throughout Finland and Ribes alpinum is a common ornamental. C. ribicola occurred on the leaves of 26 of 36 Ribes species/cultivars. The rust produced spores on all domesticated cultivars of R. nigrum in all botanical gardens each year of the study, whereas some Ribes appeared to be resistant in all locations. Rust infections of Ribes became less common further north and the northernmost infection was found in western Lapland. The rust was not detected on Pinus cembra and Pinus peuce in plantations of northern Finland, although indiv...

Accumulation profiles of fatty acids and α-tocopherol were analysed at three ripening stages in the seed oils of Primula and Echium species. Total seed oils were increased considerably with maturation, while α-tocopherol contents decreased in both species. Increased levels of ALA and oleic acid, and decrease in linoleic and palmitic acids at late ripening stages of Primula sibthorpii, and slightly fluctuations of all examined fatty acids in Echium italicum were observed. Considerable amounts of α-tocopherol (27.4 mg/100 g), linoleic acid (42.76%) and ALA (25.46%) and GLA (4.11%) were detected in Ribes alpinum. Typical accumulation patterns of the examined parameters may be useful for species characterisation and biochemical monitoring of seed development in natural conditions.

Information on the distribution and bionomy of Otiorhynchus smreczynskii Cmoluch, 1968 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Eastern Baltic region is presented. This weevil species is reported from Lithuania and Estonia for the first time. A large population of the species was discovered in Daugavpils (Latvia), where it was observed on Syringa vulgaris, S. villosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Ribes alpinum, Spiraea chamaedrifolia, Cydonia oblonga and Aronia melanocarpa. Pictures of O. smreczynskii aedeagus are presented for the first time. Illustrations of typical leaf-edge-cuts made by this weevil are given.

There are most studies on the antioxidant activity of Ribes nigrum and R. rubrum; however, this activity has been restricted on the other species. In the present study, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of different extracts prepared with methanol (MeOH), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-buthanol (BuOH) and water from the leaf and branch of Ribes alpinum, R. anatolica, R. biebersteinii, R. multiflorum, R. nigrum, R.orientale, R.rubrum and R. uva-crispa, (Grossulariaceae) of Turkish origin were investigated by using in vitro methods.

Four wild Ribes species (Ribes alpinum L., Ribes petraeum Wulf., Ribes rubrum L., and Ribes uva- crispa L.; all 2n = 2x = 16) were surveyed for their chromosome and genome organisation. Their genome size was assessed using flow cytometry. Ribes alpinum had 5.3% more nuclear DNA than did the three other species, whose average was 2C = 1.91 pg with 40.4% GC. In addition, GC- and AT-rich heterochromatin and rDNA (18S–5.8S–26S and 5S) patterns were studied using fluorochrome banding and double-target fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), respectively. Only GC-rich heterochromatin was detected, co-localizing with 18S–26S rDNA. Fluorochrome banding and FISH patterns revealed marked differences between species. Ribes alpinum and R. uva-crispa differed from R. rubrum and R. petraeum by the number of 18S–26S sites and the localization of 5S rDNA. Ribes alpinum and R. uva-crispa were differentiated by the number of 5S sites. Ribes rubrum and R. petraeum also differed by the number of 5S sites and by the size of the GC-rich band on the satellite chromosome pair. These results should contribute to a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships among these species.Key words: Ribes, flow cytometry, fluorochrome banding, FISH, rDNA, NORs.

To investigate the annual and spatial variability in the beginning of growing season across Europe, phenological data of the International Phenological Gardens for the period 1969-1998 were used. The beginning of growing season (BGS) was defined as an average leaf unfolding index of 4 tree species (Betula pubescens, Prunus avium, Sorbus aucuparia and Ribes alpinum). The study shows significant changes in the mean air temperatures from February to April and in the average BGS in Europe since 1989. In the last decade the mean temperature in early spring increased by 0.8°C. As a result the average BGS advanced by 8 d. Between 1989 and 1998, 8 out of 10 years tend towards an earlier onset of spring. The earliest date was observed in 1990. The relationships between air temperature and the beginning of growing season across Europe were investigated by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The spatial variability of both fields can be described by 3 pairs of CCA patterns. The first pattern, which explains most of the variance, shows a uniform structure with above (below) normal temperatures in whole Europe and consequently an advanced (delayed) beginning of growing season. The other 2 patterns show regional differences in the anomaly fields. Whereas the second CCA pattern has a meridional structure, the third pattern shows a zonal distribution. In all cases the anomalies of the regional air temperature and of the beginning of growing season corre- spond very well. The correlation coefficients between the anomaly fields range between 0.90 and 0.66. For all patterns appropriate examples in the observed data were found.

To investigate the impact of recent climatic changes on the plant development in Europe, this study uses phenological data of the International Phenological Gardens for the period 1969–1998. For this study, the leafing dates of four tree species (Betula pubescens, Prunus avium, Sorbus aucuparia and Ribes alpinum) were combined in an annual leaf unfolding index to define the beginning of growing season. The end of growing season was defined using the average leaf fall of B. pubescens, P. avium, Salix smithiana and R. alpinum. A nearly Europe-wide warming in the early spring (February–April) over the last 30 years (1969–1998) led to an earlier beginning of growing season by 8 days. The observed trends in the onset of spring corresponded well with changes in air temperature and circulation ( North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO-index)) across Europe. In late winter and early spring, the positive phase of NAO increased clearly, leading to prevailing westerly winds and thus to higher temperatures in the period February–April. Since the end of the 1980s the changes in circulation, air temperature and the beginning of spring time were striking. The investigation showed that a warming in the early spring (February–April) by 1 ◦ C causes an advance in the beginning of growing season of 7 days. The observed extension of growing season was mainly the result of an earlier onset of spring. An increase of mean annual air temperature by 1 ◦ C led to an extension of 5 days. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Summary Reversion is the most important disease of blackcurrant crops world-wide yet, despite research over more than 70 yr, the causal agent of this disease has not been identified. We reported recently the isolation of a new virus from reverted blackcurrant which had a very close association with the two recognised forms of blackcurrant reversion disease, and was detected in vector gall mites from reverted plants and in plants on which such mites had fed (Lemmetty et al., 1997). These data suggest that this virus, tentatively called blackcurrant reversion associated virus (BRAV), may be the causal agent of reversion disease. We now report the detection of BRAV by immuno-capture reverse-transcriptase PCR (IC-RT-PCR) in redcurrant and in the wild species, Ribes spicatum and R. alpinum, other known hosts of the reversion agent, but not in the non-host, gooseberry, graft-inoculated with scions from reverted blackcurrant plants. We also demonstrate the erratic distribution of BRAV in reversion-affected blackcurrant plants, another characteristic of the reversion agent. Taken together with our earlier findings, these new data add further support to the suggestion that BRAV is the causal agent of reversion disease. We also report how changes to the various parameters of sample preparation and of the IC-RT-PCR protocol affect the sensitivity of BRAV detection.

Rust fungi in the genus Melampsora (Pucciniales) are the most important pathogens of shrub willows (Salix spp.) cultivated for biomass in New York State and temperate regions worldwide. The taxonomy and species identification of these fungi historically have been problematic as they are morphologically indistinguishable on willow and often have complex life histories. Melampsora of Salix in North America, therefore, have been circumscribed to the collective species Melampsora epitea Thum. and further delineated to formae speciales by aecial host. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) data was obtained from 75 collections/isolates of Melampsora in NY State affecting either native and cultivated Salix spp. or suspected alternate hosts. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian (BI) analyses were conducted on three data partitions (individual and concatenated): complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences for all collections. Analyses of the ITS and concatenated ITS-LSU sequences revealed that Melampsora on native and cultivated willows in NY State consisted of three phylogenetically delineable taxa (phylotaxa); monophyly for each phylotaxon was strongly supported by ML, MP, and BI credibility values. Phylotaxa were also delimited phylogenetically by aecial host: Alpine currant (Ribes alpinum), eastern larch (Larix laricina), or balsam fir (Abies balsamea).

The separation of γ- and α-linolenic acid containing triacylglycerols with an identical acyl carbon number and degree of unsaturation was obtained on capillary supercritical fluid chromatography using a 25% cyanopropyl−75% methylpolysiloxane stationary phase. The resolution of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-γ-linolenoyl-sn-glycerol and 1,3-dioleoyl-2α-linolenoyl-sn-glycerol was 1.35 on a 10 m×50 μm i.d. column, whereas the resolution was enhanced to 1.66 by combining two 10-meter columns in series. The difference in the position of double bonds in one linolenic acid residue of triacylglycerols resulted in two series of peaks in the separation of alpine currant (Ribes alpinum) and black currant (R. nigrum) seed oils. The use of the 10-meter column was found to be appropriate for the screening of the triacylglycerol profile in both seed oils studied.

Cecidophyopsis mites were studied by PCR amplification of parts of their ribosomal DNA, followed by restriction enzyme analysis. Mite specimens on Ribes nigrum (black currant) from six countries gave the same digestion pattern, which was distinct from the pattern for mites found on R. rubrum from Poland and Finland and for R. grossularia from the USA. This suggests that each Ribes species is host to a different mite species: C. ribis, C. selachodon and C. grossulariae, respectively. Two other mite samples from R. alpinum and R. aureum were identical but were distinct from each of the other species.

summary The authors describe three vegetal groupments within the hedged areas of Low Berry and Marche: first, a Carpino-Prunetum spinosae and a Lonicero-Rubetum ulmifolii, in a comparative study with similar groupments from other regions; then, an apparently original groupment with Ribes alpinum for which the name of Euonymo-Ribetum alpini is proposed.

Ribes alpinum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 200. 1753. "Habitat in Sueciae, Helvetiae, Angliae sepibus siccis." RCN: 1628. Lectotype (Imkhanitskaya in Bot. Zhurn. 84(1): 120. 1999): Herb. Linn. No. 278.3 (LINN). Current name: Ribes alpinum L. (Grossulariaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part R), pp. 785-805 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 795, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

The objectives of this study were to examine the foliar sensitivity to ozone exposure of 12 tree, shrub, and herbaceous species native to southern Switzerland and determine the seasonal cumulative ozone exposures required to induce visible foliar injury. The study was conducted from the beginning of May through the end of August during 2000 and 2001 using an open-top chamber research facility located within the Lattecaldo Cantonal Forest Nursery in Canton Ticino, southern Switzerland (600 m asl). Plants were examined daily and dates of initial foliar injury were recorded in order to determine the cumulative AOT40 ppb h ozone exposure required to cause visible foliar injury. Plant responses to ozone varied significantly among species; 11 species exhibited visible symptoms typical of exposures to ambient ozone. The symptomatic species (from most to least sensitive) were Populus nigra, Viburnum lantana, Salix alba, Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum opulus, Tilia platyphyllos, Cornus alba, Prunus avium, Fraxinus excelsior, Ribes alpinum, and Tilia cordata; Clematis spp. did not show foliar symptoms. Of the 11 symptomatic species, five showed initial injury below the critical level AOT40 10 ppmh O3 in the 2001 season.

The species of the genus Eriosoma Leach found in Sweden are described and figured, including two new species. Eriosoma (Schizoneura) anncharlotteae n.sp. causes curling of the leaves of Ulmus carpinifolia and U. procera and the secondary host is Ribes alpinum. E.(S.) sorbiradicis n.sp. has only been found on the roots of the secondary host, Sorbus aucuparia. Keys are given to emigrants, apterous exules and sexuparae.

Ribes alpinum, spec. nov. 2. Ribes inerme, racemis erectis: bracteis flore longioribus. Ribes inerme, floribus planiusculis, racemis erectis. Hort. cliff. 82. Fl. suec. 198. Ribes alpinum dulce. Bauh. hist. 2. p.98. Fl. lapp.97. Grossularia vulgaris fructu dulci. Bauh. pin. 455. ��. Ribes montana, oxyacanthae sapore. Bauh. prodr. 160. Amoen. acad. 1. p.170. Habitat in Sueciae , Helvetiae , Angliae sepibus siccis. ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on pages 200-201, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989