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International audience; Purpose: the purpose of this multicenter study was to evaluate the clinical success at three months of prostate artery embolization (PAE), assess PAE safety in centers with various experiences and identify factors associated with PAE success.Patients and methods: this multicenter, retrospective study included patients who underwent PAE for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including those with indwelling urinary catheter. PAE clinical success was defined as either 25% improvement of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) or 1-point improvement of quality of life (QoL) score, or catheter removal at three months. Multivariable analyses were performed using a logistic regression adjusted on patient variables, technical parameters and center experience in PAE.Results: a total of 383 men (mean age, 68.4±9.7 [standard deviation] years; range: 46-94) with LUTS, including 99 (25.8%) patients with indwelling urinary catheter, were included in seven centers from January 2017 to March 2019. Five patients reported major complications (1.3%), three (0.8%) penile ulceration, three (0.8%) acute urinary retention, one (0.3%) prostatic abscess, and 56 (14.6%) minor complications. Follow up data were available for 271 patients (center 1: n= 159; other centers: n= 112). Clinical success was reported in 232 patients (85.6%). In multivariable analyses, presence of cardiovascular comorbidities (diabetes, stroke history, myocardial infarction and lower limb artery disease) was the single independent variable inversely associated with PAE clinical success (odds ratio= 0.396; 95% confidence interval: 0.17-0.91; P= 0.029). There was no center effect.Conclusion: our results show that PAE is safe and effective in centers with various PAE experiences. Cardiovascular comorbidity is the single independent variable associated with PAE failure.

Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP) and Prostatic Artery Embolization (PAE) are novel techniques for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH-LUTS). The objective of this study was to describe and compare the functional results and complications of these two techniques at one year follow-up.We performed a retrospective, monocentric study of all patients consecutively treated in our center with HoLEP or PAE for symptomatic or complicated BPH between January 2016 and December 2019. Data regarding patient and perioperative characteristics, follow-up biological results, functional questionnaires and uroflowmetry were collected from medical records.A total of 490 and 57 patients were treated with HoLEP and PAE, respectively. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups were similar. The operative time was significantly higher for PAE (p 0.001) and hospitalization time longer after HoLEP (p = 0.0006). The urinary catheterization time was longer after PAE (p 0.001). The prostatic volume treated was higher with HoLEP than with PAE (56% versus 26%, p 0.001). The mean difference in IPSS from baseline to 12 months was significantly higher after HoLEP than after PAE: - 17.58 versus - 8 (p 0.001). The mean difference in QoL-IPSS from baseline to 12 months was significantly higher after HoLEP: - 4.09 versus - 2.27 (p 0.001). The rate of postoperative adverse events in the first three months was similar between the two groups:35% after HoLEP and 33% after PAE (p = 0.88).HoLEP and PAE both significantly improved BPH-LUTS, with HoLEP having an advantage over PAE.

Living donor nephrectomy is a high-stake procedure involving healthy individuals, therefore every effort should be made to define each patient’s individualized risk and improve potential donors’ information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interest of the Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) score, an imaging-based score initially designed to estimate the risk of adherent perinephric fat in partial nephrectomy, to predict intra- and postoperative complications of living donor nephrectomy. We retrospectively reviewed the imaging, clinical, and follow-up data of 452 kidney donors who underwent laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in two academic centers. Imaging and follow-up data were available for 307 kidney donors, among which 44 (14%) had a high MAP score (≥ 3). Intraoperative difficulties were encountered in 50 patients (16%), including difficult dissection (n = 35) and bleeding (n = 17). Conversion to open surgery was required for 13 patients (4.2%). On multivariate analysis, a MAP score ≥ 3 was significantly associated with the risk of intraoperative difficulty [OR 14.12 (5.58–35.7), p

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The nutcracker syndrome is a compression of the left renal vein by the superior mesenteric artery. It causes lumbar pain and hematuria. Renal autotransplantation provides...

Objectives To report the long-term survival of transplanted kidneys in patients with a continent urinary diversion. Methods Between January 1987 and July 2015, 16 patients with a median age of 37 years (range 21–63 years) underwent kidney transplantation on a continent urinary diversion. A total of 14 patients presented irreversible dysfunction of the lower urinary tract, and two patients had required radical cystectomy because of bladder cancer. All continent urinary diversions were carried out before the transplantation. There were nine Kock pouches, five Mainz pouches, one Mainz neobladder and one Hautmann neobladder. A total of 11 patients had a previous non-continent urinary diversion. Of the transplants, 14 came from brain-dead donors and two from related living donors. Results The median post-transplantation follow up was 171 months (range 30–298 months). Two patients died, while six patients lost their transplant and resumed hemodialysis. Nine patients (56.2%) were alive with a functional transplant at the end of follow up. The most common allograft complication was acute pyelonephritis, but no graft was lost as a result of urinary diversion complications. The kidney transplant survival rate was 73.3% after 10 years, and 66.6% after 15 years. Among patients who still had a functional transplant at the time of the study, creatinine clearance was >30 mL/min for seven patients and

Background: The aim of our study was to compare perioperative and functional outcomes of two different prostatic laser enucleation techniques performed in two high-volume centers: 100 W holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) (Lyon, France) and 110 W thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) (Varese, Italy). Materials and Methods: A nonrandomized, observational, retrospective and matched-pair analysis was performed on two homogeneous groups of 117 patients that underwent prostate laser enucleation in the HoLEP or ThuLEP centers between January 2015 and April 2017, following the classical ‘three lobes’ enucleation technique. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and prostate volume were the main parameters considered for matching the patients between the two groups. Patients on anticoagulant therapy, with documented detrusor hypoactivity or hyperactivity or with the finding of concurrent prostate cancer were excluded from the study. Follow up was assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results: Median enucleation and morcellation time was 75.5 and 11.5 min, respectively, in the HoLEP group versus 70.5 and 12 min, respectively, in the ThuLEP group ( p = 0.001 and 0.49, respectively). Enucleated adenoma weight was comparable (44 g versus 45.6 g, p = 0.60). Energy index (3884.63 versus 4137.35 J/g, p = 0.30) and enucleation index (0.57 versus 0.6 g/min, p = 0.81) were similar in the two groups. Catheterization time was comparable (1 versus 1 day; p = 0.14). The International Prostate Symptom Score and Quality of Life score significantly decreased, as well as maximal urinary flow rate. Median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) drop 1 year after surgery was 2.1 ng/ml in the HoLEP group (−52.83%) versus 1.75 ng/ml in the ThuLEP group (−47.85%) ( p = 0.013). Conclusion: Both HoLEP (100 W) and ThuLEP (110 W) relieve lower urinary tract symptoms in a comparable way with high efficacy and safety, with negligible clinical differences.

International audience; PURPOSE:Urolithiasis is rare among renal transplant recipients and its management has not been clearly defined.METHODS:This multicentre retrospective study was organised by the Comité de Transplantation de l'Association Française d'Urologie (French Urology Association transplantation committee). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19 software.RESULTS:Ninety-five patients were included in this study. Renal transplant urolithiasis was an incidental finding in 55% of cases, mostly on a routine follow-up ultrasound examination. One half of symptomatic stones were due to urinary tract infection and the other half were due to an episode of acute renal failure. The initial management following diagnosis of urolithiasis was double J stenting (27%), nephrostomy tube placement (21%), or watchful waiting (52%). Definitive management consisted of: watchful waiting (48%), extracorporeal lithotripsy (13%), rigid or flexible ureteroscopy (26%), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (11%) and surgical pyelotomy (2%). All transplants remained functional following treatment of the stone. The main limitation is the retrospective design.CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of lithiasis could be higher in kidney transplanted patients due to a possible anatomical or metabolical abnormalities. The therapeutic management of renal transplant urolithiasis appears to be comparable to that of native kidney urolithiasis.

Kidneys from uncontrolled donors after cardiac arrest (uDCD) suffer from a period of warm ischemia between cardiac arrest and cold flushing. Aim of the study was to evaluate renal outcomes of uDCD kidneys selected on the basis of renal Resistance Index (RI) and its influence on graft function and survival. The study included 44 kidneys procured from 26 uDCD starting 1.1.2006 until 31.12.2013. The donors (Maastricht category II) underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation by assisted ventilation and chest compression; the organs were preserved with “in situ” cold perfusion or a normothermic regional perfusion. All kidneys were perfused on hypothermic (1-4°C) pulsatile perfusion machine (RM3, Waters Medical System) and discarded when RI≥0.5 mmHg/mL/min after 6 hours of perfusion. There was one (2.2%) primary non-function, while 37 recipients (84.1%) experienced delayed graft function. Graft survival was 97.6% at 1 and 3 post-transplantation years. Linear regression models showed that lower values of RI at the end of perfusion were associated to higher values of MDRD at 3 (p=0.049) and 6 months after transplantation (p=0.010) and to higher values of inulin clearance at 1 year (p=0.030). RI showed to be a useful tool to select uDCD kidneys allowing to achieve good clinical results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

To compare fluoroscopy duration, radiation dose, and efficacy of two ultrasound stone localization systems during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) treatment.Monocentric prospective data were obtained from patients consecutively treated for renal stones using the Sonolith(®) i-sys (EDAP TMS) lithotripter, with fluoroscopy combined with ultrasound localization using an "outline" Automatic Ultrasound Positioning Support (AUPS) (group A), or the "free-line" Visio-Track (VT) (EDAP-TMS) hand-held three-dimensional ultrasound stone locking system (group B). Efficacy rate was defined as the within-groups proportion stone free or with partial stone fragmentation not needing additional procedures. Statistical analysis used Pearson chi-square tests for categoric variables, nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables, and linear regression for operator learning curve with VT. Continuous variables were reported as median (range) values.Patients in group A (n=73) and group B (n=81) were comparable in baseline characteristics (age, kidney stone size, others) and in SWL application (duration, number of shocks, energy [Joules]). During SWL, the median (range) duration (seconds) of radiation exposure was 159.5 (0-690) in group A and 3.5 (0-478) in group B (P0.001) and irradiation dose (mGy.cm(2)), 10598 (0-54843) in group A and 163 (0-13926) in group B (P0.001). Fluoroscopy time significantly decreased with operator experience using VT. The efficacy rate was 54.5% in group A and 79.5% in group B (P=0.001).VT significantly reduced fluoroscopy use during SWL and the duration and dose of patient exposure to ionizing radiation. Stone treatment efficacy was significantly greater with VT mainly because of a better real-time monitoring of the stone.

Purpose: We present the findings of 50 patients undergoing pure trans-umbilical laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) living donor nephrectomy (LDN), between February 2010 and May 2014. Materials and Methods: Laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery LDN was performed through an umbilical incision. Different trocars were used, namely Gelpoint (Applied Mιdical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA) SILS port (Covidien, Hamilton, Bermuda), R-port (Olympus Surgical, Orangeburg, NY) and standard trocars, inserted through the same skin incision but using separate fascial punctures. The standard laparoscopic technique was employed. The kidney was pre-entrapped in a retrieval bag and extracted trans-umbilically. Data were collected prospectively including questionnaires containing patient reported oral pain medication duration and time to recovery. Results: LESS LDN was successful in all patients. Mean warm ischemia time was 6.2 min (3-15), mean procedure time was 233.2 min (172-300), and hospitalization stay was 3.94 days (3-7) with a visual analogue pain score at discharge of 1.32 (0-3). No intraoperative complications occurred. The mean time of oral pain medication was 8.72 days (1-20) and final scar length was 4.06 cm (3-5). Each allograft was functional. Conclusion: Although challenging, trans-umbilical LESS LDN seems to be feasible and safe. Hence, LESS has the potential to improve cosmetic results and decrease morbidity.

Background Kidney transplantation following uncontrolled donation after circulatory death (uDCD) presents a high risk of delayed graft function due to prolonged warm ischemia time. In order to minimise the effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury during warm ischemia, normothermic recirculation recently replaced in situ perfusion prior to implantation in several institutions. The aim of this study was to compare these preservation methods on kidney graft outcomes. Methods The primary endpoint was the one-year measured graft filtration rate (mGFR). We collected retrospective data from 64 consecutive uDCD recipients transplanted over a seven-year period in a single centre. Results Thirty-two grafts were preserved by in situ perfusion and 32 by normothermic recirculation. The mean ± SD mGFR at 1 year post-transplantation was 43.0 ± 12.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the in situ perfusion group and 53.2 ± 12.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the normothermic recirculation group (p = 0.01). Estimated GFR levels were significantly higher in the normothermic recirculation group at 12 months (p = 0.01) and 24 months (p = 0.03) of follow-up. We did not find any difference between groups regarding patient and graft survival, delayed graft function, graft rejection, or interstitial fibrosis. Conclusions Function of grafts preserved by normothermic recirculation was better at 1 year and the results suggest that this persists at 2 years, although no difference was found in short-term outcomes. Despite the retrospective design, this study provides an additional argument in favour of normothermic recirculation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-017-0805-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Aim One of the factors that may affect survival and function of kidney graft is its functional mass. Methods In a prospective study, we investigated the impact of the ratio between donor kidney weight in grams and recipient bodyweight in kilograms (DKW/RBW) on creatinine clearance, inulin clearance, and proteinuria: 154 kidneys from deceased donors were weighed and the mean kidney weight was 227 ± 59 g, the bodyweight of the recipients was 64 ± 19 kg. Results This study showed significant lower values of modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) in patients with DKW/RBW ratio 2.5 g/kg and between 2.5 and 4.5 g/kg compared with those with DKW/RBW ratio >4.5 g/kg as well as in patients with DKW/RBW ratio 4 g/kg; moreover a random coefficient model showed a different time evolution in creatinine clearance values in patients with DKW/RBW ≤ 3 g/kg when compared with patients with DKW/RBW ratio >4 g/kg. There were significant lower values of inulin clearance in patients with DKW/RBW ratio between 2.5 and 4.5 g/kg compared with those with DKW/RBW ratio >4.5 g/kg at 12 post-transplant months and a significantly greater occurrence and earlier appearance of proteinuria in the recipients with DKW/RBW ratio

Objectifs Les hypertrophies prostatiques de haut volume sont actuellement traitees par traitement medical ou chirurgie (adenomectomie ou laser). L’embolisation des arteres prostatiques serait une alternative pour les patients en echec de traitement medical a haut risque chirurgical. L’objectif de la video est de presenter la technique d’embolisation des arteres prostatiques ainsi que le bilan pre- et post-interventionnel necessaire. Methodes Patient de 54 ans suivi pour hypertrophie prostatique, sous phytotherapie et alphabloquants. Il avait presente plusieurs episodes de retention avec echec de desondage. Le PSA etait mesure a 8,57 mais des biopsies recentes etaient revenues negatives. L’echographie endorectale (EER) estimait le volume prostatique a 265 g. Le patient refusait le traitement chirurgical et il a ete propose une embolisation des arteres prostatiques. Il a ete realise un angioscanner abdominopelvien avec reconstruction arterielle pour evaluer la vascularisation prostatique (dans le cadre du bilan preoperatoire). Resultats L’embolisation des arteres prostatiques a lieu en salle de radio-interventionnel. Le patient etait en decubitus dorsal et beneficiait d’une analgesie et anesthesie locale. Il est realise une ponction femorale droite permettant de catheteriser les arteres prostatiques et de realiser une arteriographie prostatique. Les arteres prostatiques sont ensuite embolisees par des nanoparticules en partie proximale puis distale jusqu’a disparition du blush prostatique. La sortie est autorisee le jour meme et la sonde vesicale est retiree a j10. Il est realise une IRM prostatique a J3 permettant d’objectiver l’absence de prise de contraste prostatique. Le patient a ete revu a 3 mois avec un IPSS a 1/35 et un debit maximal a 25 mL/s a la debitmetrie. L’EER a 3 mois a estime le volume prostatique a 145 g. Conclusion L’embolisation des arteres prostatiques est une technique en cours d’evaluation permettant un traitement des prostates de haut volume chez les patients refusant ou en mauvaise conditions pour la chirurgie.

Resume But La lithotritie extracorporelle est le traitement le plus utilise pour les calculs urinaires. Les calculs sont reperes par fluoroscopie ou echographie. La fluoroscopie etait la plus utilisee. Evaluation d’un nouveau systeme de navigation stereotaxique : le calcul etait repere par la sonde d’echographie avec sauvegarde de la position en 3D. La table se deplacait de facon a centrer automatiquement le calcul sur le point focal. La sonde d’echographie mobile permettait de suivre l’evolution du calcul en continu. L’objectif etait de mettre en evidence la reduction de la fluoroscopie pour le reperage du calcul en lithotritie extracorporelle grâce au module de reperage echographique 3D. Patients et methodes Etude prospective comparant 20 patients traites avant et 20 patients traites apres l’installation du module echographique Visio-Track ® d’EDAP-TMS. Les deux populations ont ete comparees avec un test de Student sur les parametres d’âge, d’IMC, de taille de calcul, de nombre de chocs et d’energie administree. Resultats Les deux populations etaient comparables sur l’ensemble des parametres, avec un âge moyen de 55 ans, et une taille moyenne de calcul de 10,7 mm. Le temps de scopie etait de 174,8 contre 57,1 secondes respectivement dans les groupe sans et avec Visio-Track ® ( p 2 contre 1987,6 mGy.cm 2 avec Visio-Track ® ( p = 0,0033) Conclusion Le systeme de reperage echographique Visio-Track ® a reduit l’utilisation du reperage scopique chez nos premiers patients ce qui a permis de diminuer la dose d’irradiation recue par patient.

International audience; BACKGROUND:Results of the conservative treatment of renal cell carcinomas arising in functional renal transplants are unknown compared to transplant nephrectomy. Only small series or case reports have been reported.METHODS:Data were collected from 32 transplantation centers nationwide on cases of de novo tumors in functional renal transplants presumed to be malignant between January 1988 and December 2013.RESULTS:Among 116 de novo transplant tumors, 62 were treated conservatively including: 48 by partial nephrectomy (PN) and 14 by thermal ablation (TA). These patients were compared to 30 other patients who were treated by transplant nephrectomy. The median age of the transplanted kidneys at the time of diagnosis was 43.5 years old as calculated from the donor's age. Tumors treated by transplant nephrectomy presented more often with symptoms (pain, fever, impaired condition, hematuria) than tumors treated conservatively (P = .019). After PN, final histology showed 27 (47.5%) papillary carcinomas, 19 (32.2%) clear cell carcinomas, 1 mixed carcinoma, and 2 oncocytomas. The median tumor size treated by PN was 24 mm with no difference in comparison to the TA group. Nine patients treated by PN had postoperative complications (21%), including 4 requiring operative intervention (Clavien IIIb). None of the patients treated by TA had complications. Specific survival was 100% at the time of last follow-up (median time after treatment 37 months) for patients treated by PN or TA.CONCLUSION:PN proved to be efficient in the treatment of small tumors of transplanted kidneys with good long-term functional and oncologic outcomes, including avoiding return to dialysis. TA seems to be an alternative therapy with good results in selected patients.

The incidence of penile cancer is four times higher in Paraguay than in the United States or Europe. There are no adequate scientific explanations for this geographical variation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the interplay among risk factors, morphology of the primary tumor, and HPV status. Information on socioeconomic status, education level, habits, and sexual history was obtained in 103 Paraguayan patients with penile cancer. All patients were then treated by surgery, and specimens were evaluated histopathologically. Patients usually dwelled in rural/suburban areas (82%), lived in poverty (75%), had a low education level (91%), and were heavy smokers (76%). Phimosis (57%), moderate/poor hygienic habits (90%), and history of sexually transmitted diseases (74%) were frequently found. Patients with >10 lifetime female partners had an odds ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.1, 12.6; P-trend = .03) for presenting HPV-positive tumors when compared to patients with

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Machine perfusion of kidney graft improves short term outcome. However, the technique still requires optimization, as the rate of delayed graft function remains high. Machine perfusion of kidney graft has significant benefits on chronic outcome in terms of interstitial fibrosis and kidney function. Improvement of the technique is possible using alternative perfusion fluids, such as fourth generation preservation solutions containing polyethylene glycol. OBJECTIVES • To assess the effect of machine perfusion (MP) on renal function recovery vs kidney preservation in static cold storage (CS), in a large animal preclinical model. • To assess whether MP benefits are dependent on the preservation solution used. METHODS • Using an established autotransplantation pig kidney model associated with a contralateral nephrectomy we studied the impact of MP against the deleterious effects of warm ischaemia (WI; 60 min), then 22 h of cold ischaemia using MP or static CS, followed by autotransplantation. • We used Berzer MP solution (MPS), recommended for MP, and Institut Georges Lopez preservation solution (IGL-1), designed for CS. • The pigs were divided into four study groups: MPS-CS: static CS with MPS (n = 7); MPS-MP: renal perfusion with MPS using the Waters Medical Systems (Rochester, MN, USA) RM3 pulsatile machine (n = 7); IGL-CS: static CS with IGL-1 solution (n = 7); IGL-MP: renal perfusion with IGL-1 solution (n = 7). • The effect of ischaemia was determined using different variables: pig survival; plasma creatinine; proteinuria; oxidative stress; tubular sodium reabsorption rate; and tissue damage at 1 month. RESULTS • Pig survival was higher in MP and IGL groups compared to MPS-CS. • Plasma creatinine levels did not differ among the groups, but proteinuria assay showed significant benefits for the MP vs static CS groups. • Histological evaluation of kidney grafts showed more injury in the CS groups than in the MP groups. • Urinary measurement of tubular enzyme activity differed substantially among the groups, highlighting the benefits of MP in maintaining brush border integrity. CONCLUSIONS • In our model reproducing the conditions of deceased after cardiac arrest donors we show that MP decreases the risk of renal dysfunction and preserves kidney parenchyma. • A non-invasive urinary enzyme assay can provide valuable information on graft integrity. • The preservation solution used is important as the wrong solution can decrease the benefits of MP.

The aim of this study was to describe pathologic features found at autopsy of 14 patients with penile cancer. Nine patients died from disseminated disease; 5 of them presented local/regional recurrences. Five patients died from other causes, 2 of them postoperatively. Local recurrence sites were corpus cavernosum, Buck’s fascia and urethra, regional skin, and prostate. Metastatic sites were lymph nodes (9 cases), liver (7 cases), lungs (6 cases), heart (5 cases), adrenals, bone and skin (3 cases each), thyroid and brain (2 cases each), and pancreas, spleen, and pleura (1 case each). Patients with heart metastasis had arrhythmias. Patients who died and who did not die from penile cancer had different profiles: low-grade superficial tumors with usual and warty subtypes versus high-grade deeply invasive basaloid or hybrid verrucous/sarcomatoid carcinomas. A natural history model for penile cancer routes of spread is proposed: local intrapeneal, regional and systemic nodes, regional skin, liver, lungs, heart, and other multiple sites.

We determined the role of ischemic preconditioning on renal function and histology in a rat model.A total of 34 Sprague-Dawley rats (Janvier Laboratories, Le Genet-St-Isle, France) were divided into 6 groups, including sham operation, ischemic preconditioning alone (5 minutes of bilateral ischemia followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion for 3 cycles), ischemia alone (60 minutes of bilateral renal pedicle clamping), ischemic preconditioning before bilateral ischemia, ischemic preconditioning before ischemia in left nephrectomized rats and ischemic preconditioning of the left kidney alone before 60 minutes of bilateral warm ischemia to assess the effect of left kidney preconditioning on the contralateral kidney. Serum creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were recorded at days 0, 1, 3, 11 and 15. Kidneys were harvested at day 15 for histological study and alpha-smooth muscle actin typing.At days 1 and 3 serum creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the ischemic preconditioning group compared to levels in the ischemia alone group. At days 11 and 15 creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were similar in all groups and comparable to levels at day 0. At day 15 ischemic preconditioning kidneys showed significantly decreased fibrosis and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression than ischemia alone kidneys.Ischemic preconditioning improves the ability of rat kidney to tolerate subsequent ischemic injury in the first 3 days after reperfusion. Moreover, fibrosis and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression are decreased in ischemic preconditioning kidneys 15 days after reperfusion, suggesting a potential interest of ischemic preconditioning in surgical situations that expose kidneys to prolonged warm ischemia.

Urethral and penile tissues and their neoplasms are considered anatomically and pathogenetically different. Since we observed urethral dysplastic lesions and some similarities between noninvasive and invasive lesions of the anterior urethra and glans, we designed this study to document epithelial urethral abnormalities in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. We examined urethral epithelia from 170 penectomies with invasive squamous cell carcinoma finding a variety of primary epithelial abnormalities in 89 cases (52%) and secondary invasion of penile carcinoma to urethra in 42 cases (25%). Patients' average age was 68 years. Primary tumors measured 4 cm in average diameter and the majority were squamous cell carcinoma of the usual (67%) or verrucous type (15%). Primary epithelial abnormalities found were squamous intraepithelial lesions, metaplasias and microglandular hyperplasias. Urethral squamous intraepithelial lesions of high grade was found in six patients and of low grade in eight cases. Squamous metaplasia, seen in 69 cases, was the most frequent finding. Metaplasias were classified as nonkeratinizing and keratinizing. Nonkeratinizing metaplasias (57 cases) were variegated in morphology: simplex (26 cases), hyperplastic (12 cases), clear cell (11 cases) and spindle (8 cases). Keratinizing metaplasias (12 cases) showed hyperkeratosis and were more frequently associated with verrucous than nonverrucous penile squamous cell carcinoma. Microglandular hyperplasia was present in eight cases. Lichen sclerosus was associated with simplex squamous metaplasia in four cases. Despite the large size of the primary tumors, direct urethral invasion by penile carcinoma was present in only 25% of the cases. The presence of precancerous lesions in urethra of patients with penile carcinoma indicates urethral participation in the pathogenesis of penile cancer. Simplex squamous metaplasia is a common finding probably related to chronic inflammation. Keratinizing and hyperplastic squamous metaplasias may be important in the pathogenesis of special types of penile carcinomas such as verrucous carcinoma.

Organ shortage is a major problem in organ transplantation. For this reason, transplantation teams have found it necessary to revisit their organ acceptance criteria. Uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest could increase the donor pool by 20%, but at the same time there is a greater risk of delayed graft function and primary non-function. Dual kidney transplantation is an option when single kidney transplantation cannot be carried out because of lack of organ quality. We report for the first time our four first dual kidney transplantation from uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest with a follow up longer than 1 year. We described graft outcomes until 5 years, and histology at 3 and 12 months after transplantation. All organs were machine perfused in order to assess their quality leading to a single kidney transplantation or dual kidney transplantation decision. After 1 year of follow up, all grafts were functional with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 44.5 ± 3.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and a mean inulin clearance of 43.7 ± 13.6 mL/mn/ 1.73 m 2 . These findings suggest that dual kidney transplantation can represent a viable option for kidneys unsuitable for single kidney transplantation without increasing the rate of surgical complications. Successful transplantation is linked to histological, biological and donor clinical criteria, as well as perfusion parameters.

One of the factors that may affect survival and function of kidney graft is its functional mass.In a prospective study, we investigated the impact of the ratio between donor kidney weight in grams and recipient bodyweight in kilograms (DKW/RBW) on creatinine clearance, inulin clearance, and proteinuria: 154 kidneys from deceased donors were weighed and the mean kidney weight was 227 ± 59 g, the bodyweight of the recipients was 64 ± 19 kg.This study showed significant lower values of modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) in patients with DKW/RBW ratio 2.5 g/kg and between 2.5 and 4.5 g/kg compared with those with DKW/RBW ratio4.5 g/kg as well as in patients with DKW/RBW ratio3 g/kg and between 3 and 4 g/kg compared with those with DKW/RBW ratio4 g/kg; moreover a random coefficient model showed a different time evolution in creatinine clearance values in patients with DKW/RBW ≤ 3 g/kg when compared with patients with DKW/RBW ratio4 g/kg. There were significant lower values of inulin clearance in patients with DKW/RBW ratio between 2.5 and 4.5 g/kg compared with those with DKW/RBW ratio4.5 g/kg at 12 post-transplant months and a significantly greater occurrence and earlier appearance of proteinuria in the recipients with DKW/RBW ratio2.5 g/kg. DKW/RBW ratio did not influence DGF incidence and graft survival. Donor and recipient gender, number of acute rejection episodes and donor age also significantly influenced MDRD values.Measurements of graft weight as well as donor kidney and recipient body matching should be recommended as influencing renal function.

International audience; Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) results in the transplanted population remain unknown because they are only presented in small series or case reports. Our objective was to study renal sparing surgery for kidney graft renal cell carcinomas (RCC) in a multicenter cohort. Data were collected from 32 French transplantation centers. Cases of renal graft de novo tumors treated as RCC since the beginning of their transplantation activity were included. Seventy-nine allograft kidney de novo tumors were diagnosed. Forty-three patients (54.4%) underwent renal sparing surgery. Mean age of grafted kidneys at the time of diagnosis was 47.5 years old (26.1-72.6). The mean time between transplantation and tumor diagnosis was 142.6 months (12.2-300). Fifteen tumors were clear cell carcinomas (34.9%), and 25 (58.1%) were papillary carcinomas. Respectively, 10 (24.4%), 24 (58.3%) and 8 (19.5%) tumors were Fuhrman grade 1, 2 and 3. Nine patients had postoperative complications (20.9%) including four requiring surgery (Clavien IIIb). At the last follow-up, 41 patients had a functional kidney graft, without dialysis and no long-term complications. NSS is safe and appropriate for all small tumors of transplanted kidneys with good long-term functional and oncological outcomes, which prevent patients from returning to dialysis.

Objectifs Nous decrivons une technique de vaporisation de la prostate apres enucleation partielle au laser thulium de l’adenome. Technique derivee de « la mushroom technique » decrite par Hochreiter et al. en 2002. Methodes Cette technique utilise les capacites de section et de vaporisation du laser thulium. Le materiel utilise est un resectoscope a embout bisaute Ch. 24,5, une fibre laser 1000 μ et un generateur laser thulium 120 W. L’intervention debute par une section a 50 W du col vesical au veru montanum a 5 et 7 heures. Le lobe median est ensuite repousse vers le col dans le plan de la capsule. Une fois pedicule, le lobe est vaporise a 120 W. Les lobes lateraux sont detaches de l’apex prostatique en regard du veru et liberes du plan capsulaire. Une fois pedicules, les lobes lateraux sont vaporises. Resultats L’enucleation a faible energie des lobes prostatiques dans le plan de la capsule permet de delimiter le bon plan de dissection de l’adenome tout en assurant une hemostase de bonne qualite. Cette technique evite de delivrer une energie excessive sur la capsule et evite les traumatismes que pourrait engendrer l’utilisation excessive de la poussee mecanique du bec du resectoscopie pour l’enucleation. La vaporisation a haute energie (120 W) des lobes pedicules et partiellement devascularises reduit le risque hemorragique et minimise l’impact de la diffusion de la chaleur sur la capsule. Cette technique evite les contraintes d’une morcellation. Conclusion La « mushroom technique » au laser thulium est une technique fiable et reproductible pour les prostates de volume est inferieure a 60 mL. Des etudes cliniques sont necessaires pour evaluer les resultats fonctionnels et les comparer aux techniques standards.

Introduction Devant l’augmentation du nombre de patients inscrits sur liste d’attente s’est developpe en France le prelevement d’organes a partir de donneurs decedes d’arret cardiaque (DDAC) non controles [1] . Deux methodes de preservation in situ des reins se sont succedees : la sonde de Gillot (Gillot) (2006–2009) et la circulation regionale normothermique (CRN) (2010 a ce jour). L’objectif de cette etude est de comparer la fonction renale a 2 ans des greffons selon la methode de preservation utilisee. Materiels et methodes Etude retrospective realisee de septembre 2006 a octobre 2013 incluant les dossiers de tous les patients ayant recu un rein de DDAC. Le debit de filtration glomerulaire (DFG) mesure (inuline a 1 an) et estime (MDRD a M3, M6, M12, M24) ainsi que les resultats des biopsies systematiques (rejets et fibrose interstitielle quantifiee a M3 et M12) etaient compares entre les receveurs du groupe Gillot et ceux du groupe CRN. Resultats Soixante-quatre patients ont recu un rein de DDAC (Gillot n = 32 vs CRN n = 32). On observe une difference en termes de DFG estime sur 2 ans ( Tableau 1 ) et mesure a 1 an (Gillot = 43 contre CRN = 53 mL/min, p = 0,004). Il n’a pas ete objective de difference en terme de fibrose interstitielle, de survie greffon et/ou patient ni de rejet aigu. Un taux plus eleve de rejet borderline a ete mis en evidence a 12 mois dans le groupe Gillot (p = 0,009). Discussion Les patients dont les greffons ont ete conserves par CRN ont eu une meilleure fonction renale 2 ans apres la transplantation, et moins de lesions borderlines a 1 an. Conclusion Cela doit encourager les equipes de transplantation a definir la CRN comme technique de reference dans le prelevement des DDAC non controles.

Organ shortage is a major problem in organ transplantation. For this reason, transplantation teams have found it necessary to revisit their organ acceptance criteria. Uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest could increase the donor pool by 20%, but at the same time there is a greater risk of delayed graft function and primary non-function. Dual kidney transplantation is an option when single kidney transplantation cannot be carried out because of lack of organ quality. We report for the first time our four first dual kidney transplantation from uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest with a follow up longer than 1 year. We described graft outcomes until 5 years, and histology at 3 and 12 months after transplantation. All organs were machine perfused in order to assess their quality leading to a single kidney transplantation or dual kidney transplantation decision. After 1 year of follow up, all grafts were functional with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 44.5 ± 3.3 mL/min/1.73 m(2), and a mean inulin clearance of 43.7 ± 13.6 mL/mn/1.73 m(2). These findings suggest that dual kidney transplantation can represent a viable option for kidneys unsuitable for single kidney transplantation without increasing the rate of surgical complications. Successful transplantation is linked to histological, biological and donor clinical criteria, as well as perfusion parameters.

International audience; The use of uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest (uDDCA) has been developed in France to compensate for organ shortage. The quality of these kidneys remains unclear. We analyzed kidney graft function and histology from 27 uDDCA and compared them with kidneys from 30 extended criteria donors (ECD) and from 24 simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) donors as a control group of optimal deceased donors. Kidneys from ECD and SPK donors were preserved by static cold storage while kidneys from uDDCA were preserved by pulsatile perfusion. The uDDCA graft function at 3 years posttransplantation (estimated with MDRD and measured with inulin clearance) did not differ from that of the ECD group (eGFR 44.1 vs. 37.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.13; mGFR 44.6 vs. 36.1 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.07 in the uDDCA and ECD groups, respectively). The histological assessment of 3-month and 1-year protocol biopsies did not show differences for interstitial lesions between the uDDCA and ECD grafts (IF score at M3 was 30 vs. 28% and at M12 36 vs. 33%, p = NS). In conclusion, the results at 3 years with carefully selected and machine-perfused uDDCA kidneys have been comparable to ECD kidneys and encourage continuation of this program and development of similar programs.

Background Machine perfusion (MP) of kidney graft provides benefits against preservation injury, however decreased graft quality requires optimization of the method. We examined the chronic benefits of MP on kidney grafts and the potential improvements provided by IGL-1 solution. Method We used an established autotransplantation pig kidney model to study the effects of MP against the deleterious effects of warm ischemia (WI: 60 minutes) followed by 22 hours of cold ischemia in MP or static cold storage (CS) followed by autotransplantation. MPS and IGL-1 solutions were compared. Results Animal survival was higher in MPS-MP and both IGL groups. Creatinine measurement did not discriminate between the groups, however MPS-MP and both IGL groups showed decreased proteinuria. Chronic fibrosis level was equivalent between the groups. RTqPCR and immunohistofluorescent evaluation showed that MP and IGL-1 provided some protection against epithelial to mesenchymal transition and chronic lesions. IGL-1 was protective with both MP and CS, particularly against chronic inflammation, with only small differences between the groups. Conclusion IGL-1 used in either machine or static preservation offers similar levels of protection than standard MP. The compatibility of IGL-1 with both machine perfusion and static storage could represent an advantage for clinical teams when choosing the correct solution to use for multi-organ collection. The path towards improving machine perfusion, and organ quality, may involve the optimization of the solution and the correct use of colloids.

To assess the effect of machine perfusion (MP) on renal function recovery vs kidney preservation in static cold storage (CS), in a large animal preclinical model. To assess whether MP benefits are dependent on the preservation solution used.Using an established autotransplantation pig kidney model associated with a contralateral nephrectomy we studied the impact of MP against the deleterious effects of warm ischaemia (WI; 60 min), then 22 h of cold ischaemia using MP or static CS, followed by autotransplantation. We used Berzer MP solution (MPS), recommended for MP, and Institut Georges Lopez preservation solution (IGL-1), designed for CS. The pigs were divided into four study groups: MPS-CS: static CS with MPS (n = 7); MPS-MP: renal perfusion with MPS using the Waters Medical Systems (Rochester, MN, USA) RM3 pulsatile machine (n = 7); IGL-CS: static CS with IGL-1 solution (n = 7); IGL-MP: renal perfusion with IGL-1 solution (n = 7). The effect of ischaemia was determined using different variables: pig survival; plasma creatinine; proteinuria; oxidative stress; tubular sodium reabsorption rate; and tissue damage at 1 month.Pig survival was higher in MP and IGL groups compared to MPS-CS. Plasma creatinine levels did not differ among the groups, but proteinuria assay showed significant benefits for the MP vs static CS groups. Histological evaluation of kidney grafts showed more injury in the CS groups than in the MP groups. Urinary measurement of tubular enzyme activity differed substantially among the groups, highlighting the benefits of MP in maintaining brush border integrity.In our model reproducing the conditions of deceased after cardiac arrest donors we show that MP decreases the risk of renal dysfunction and preserves kidney parenchyma. A non-invasive urinary enzyme assay can provide valuable information on graft integrity. The preservation solution used is important as the wrong solution can decrease the benefits of MP.

De novo tumors in renal allografts are rare and their prevalence is underestimated. We therefore analyzed renal cell carcinomas arising in renal allografts through a retrospective French renal transplant cohort. We performed a retrospective, multicentric survey by sending questionnaires to all French kidney transplantation centers. All graft tumors diagnosed after transplantation were considered as de novo tumors. Thirty-two centers participated in this study. Seventy-nine tumors were identified among 41 806 recipients (Incidence 0.19%). Patients were 54 men and 25 women with a mean age of 47 years old at the time of diagnosis. Mean tumor size was 27.8 mm. Seventy-four (93.6%), 53 (67%) and 44 tumors (55.6%) were organ confined (T1-2), low grade (G1-2) and papillary carcinomas, respectively. Four patients died of renal cell carcinomas (5%). The mean time lapse between transplantation and RCC diagnosis was 131.7 months. Thirty-five patients underwent conservative surgery by partial nephrectomy (n = 35, 44.3%) or radiofrequency (n = 5; 6.3%). The estimated 5 years cancer specific survival rate was 94%. Most of these tumors were small and incidental. Most tumors were papillary carcinoma, low stage and low grade carcinomas. Conservative treatment has been preferred each time it was feasible in order to avoid a return to dialysis.