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Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) promotes primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether ICH is associated with arterial stiffness in the transition to adulthood and the mechanisms associated have yet to be shown. The aims of this investigation were to: 1) investigate whether there is a prospective association between ICH and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the transition to adulthood; and 2) to stablish whether the association between ICH and PWV is mediated by inflammatory markers.Participants were part of the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort and follow-ups at 18- and 22-years were used in this study. At the age of 18 years, ICH was computed as the presence of ideal for the following metrics: physical activity, diet, smoking, blood cholesterol and glucose, blood pressure, and body mass index. At the age of 22 years, aortic PWV was obtained as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP).A total of 3528 (1851 females) were included in the analysis. A significant linear effect was observed for ICH on PWV. After adjusting for socioeconomical status, skin colour, birth weight, and mother schooling male and female participants with better ICH profile had PWV of 0.70 m·sICH is inversely associated with PWV among male and female in the transition to adulthood with no mediating role of inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: Diverse strategies to manipulate acute training load can be used in small-sided games (SSG). However, how different methods to score during SSG influence internal and external workloads in young athletes is still under debate. OBJECTIVE: To compare external and internal training loads between SSGs played with different rules to score in young soccer players. METHODS: In separated days, 13 young athletes (age: 14.7±0.4 years) performed three different SSGs models: ball possession (BP-SSG), score zone (SZ-SSG), and SSG with small-goals (SG-SSG). During the SSGs players worn accelerometers to obtain raw acceleration values which were later transformed in external training load (ETL) measured as PlayerLoad®. ~30-min following the SGGs internal training load (ITL) was obtained as the session-rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE). RESULTS: The BP-SSG (369.05±66.6 a.u.) led to higher ETL compared to the SZ-SSG (326.22±50.6 a.u.), and to the SG-SSG (288.08±52.92 a.u.). Similarly, the BP-SSG (238.69±32.21 a.u.) also caused higher ITL compared to the SZ-SSG (208.57±32.17 a.u.), and to the SG-SSG (187, 38±30.4 a.u.). CONCLUSION: In young soccer players, SSGs with the aim to maintain ball possession caused higher ITL and ETL compared to SSG with other methods to score. Coaches are encouraged to use SSG with the aim to maintain ball possession when designing high-intensity sessions, whereas for low-intensity sessions SSG with the small-goals zone can be used.

Introdução: Considerando-se os padrões estéticos impostos pela sociedade atual e o número crescente de procedimentos que visam a harmonia e as proporções das estruturas faciais, a visão ampliada da odontologia, considerando toda a estrutura orofacial além dos dentes, torna-se de extrema importância. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de harmonização orofacial em paciente jovem. Relato de caso: Na execução do presente caso, foram combinadas três técnicas: microagulhamento para melhora da textura da pele; aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A, para amenizar marcas de expressão dinâmicas e relaxar a musculatura do mento, área de interesse para a alteração de perfil; e limitar o movimento do lábio superior, reduzindo o sorriso gengival; e aplicação de ácido hialurônico na região de mento e da deformidade do canal lacrimal. Conclusão: Após o tratamento, o perfil da paciente ficou mais harmônico e a mesma relatou grande satisfação estética e melhora da autoestima.

This study aims to determine whether motor coordination influences the perception-decision time (perceptual-cognitive factor) and movement response time (physical factor) of young soccer players in a sport-specific agility task regardless of maturation. Eighty-seven young male soccer players were analysed. Anthropometric measurements were used to determine the maturity offset, while physical qualities including agility, change of direction speed (CODS) and motor coordination were also assessed. The following variables were obtained from these tests: Motor coordination score, perception-decision time, movement response time, agility time and CODS time. Motor coordination revealed a non-significant correlation with perception-decision time (

BACKGROUND Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability (HRV) in children are unclear. We examined associations of cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV variables in 6- to 8-year-olds. METHODS The participants were a population-based sample of 443 children participating in baseline measurements of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children trial. Cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), insulin, glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). CRS was calculated as WC + insulin + glucose + triglycerides - HDL cholesterol + the mean of SBP and DBP. HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF, Mean RR) were measured using 5-minute electrocardiography at rest and analyzed using the Kubios HRV software. In this cross-sectional study, associations of CRS and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV were investigated using linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and peak height velocity. RESULTS CRS was negatively associated with RMSSD, HF, Mean RR (P value

Purpose To investigate the effects of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in a sample of healthy adolescents, and how acute exercise bouts of different intensities alter the effects of the OGTT on BRS. Methods Thirteen male adolescents (14.0 ± 0.5 years) completed three conditions on separate days in a counterbalanced order: (1) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE); (2) moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE); and (3) resting control (CON). At ~ 90 min following the conditions, participants performed an OGTT. Supine heart rate and blood pressure were monitored continuously at baseline, 60 min following the conditions, and 60 min following the OGTT. A cross-spectral method (LFgain) was used to determine BRS gain. Arterial compliance (AC) was assessed as the BRS vascular component. LFgain divided by AC (LFgain/AC) was used as the autonomic component. Results Although non-significant, LFgain moderately decreased post-OGTT when no exercise was performed (pre-OGTT = 24.4 ± 8.2 ms mmHg− 1; post-OGTT = 19.9 ± 5.6 ms mmHg− 1; ES = 0.64, P > 0.05). This was attributed to the decrease in LFgain/AC (pre-OGTT = 1.19 ± 0.5 ms µm− 1; post-OGTT = 0.92 ± 0.24 ms µm− 1; ES = 0.69, P > 0.05). Compared to CON (Δ = − 4.4 ± 8.7 ms mmHg− 1), there were no differences for the pre–post-OGTT delta changes in LF/gain for HIIE (Δ = − 3.5 ± 8.2 ms mmHg− 1) and MIIE (Δ = 1.3 ± 9.9 ms mmHg− 1) had no effects on BRS following the OGTT (all ES

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training combines exercise and partial reduction of muscular blood flow using a pressured cuff. BFR training has been used to increase strength and muscle mass in healthy and clinical populations. A major methodological concern of BFR training is blood flow restriction pressure (BFRP) delivered during an exercise bout. Although some studies increase BFRP throughout a training intervention, it is unclear whether BFRP adjustments are pivotal to maintain an adequate BFR during a training period. While neuromuscular adaptations induced by BFR are widely studied, cardiovascular changes throughout training intervention with BFR and their possible relationship with BFRP are less understood. This study aimed to discuss the need for BFRP adjustment based on cardiovascular outcomes and provide directions for future researches. We conducted a literature review and analyzed 29 studies investigating cardiovascular adaptations following BFR training. Participants in the studies were healthy, middle-aged adults, older adults and clinical patients. Cuff pressure, when adjusted, was increased during the training period. However, cardiovascular outcomes did not provide a plausible rationale for cuff pressure increase. In contrast, avoiding increments in cuff pressure may minimize discomfort, pain and risks associated with BFR interventions, particularly in clinical populations. Given that cardiovascular adaptations induced by BFR training are conflicting, it is challenging to indicate whether increases or decreases in BFRP are needed. Based on the available evidence, we suggest that future studies investigate if maintaining or decreasing cuff pressure makes BFR training safer and/or more comfortable with similar physiological adaptation.

What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of high-intensity and moderate-intensity interval running on macro- and microvascular function in a fasted state and following a glucose challenge in adolescents? What is the main finding and its importance? Both macro- and microvascular function were improved after interval running independent of intensity. This finding shows that the intermittent exercise pattern and its associated effect on shear are important for vascular benefits. In adolescents, macrovascular function was enhanced after an acute glucose load. However, the effect of chronic glucose consumption on vascular function remains to be elucidated.Interventions targeting vascular function in youth are an important strategy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study examined, in adolescents, the effect of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) and moderate-intensity interval running (MIIR) on vascular function in a fasted state and postprandially after a glucose challenge. Fifteen adolescents (13 male, 13.9 ± 0.6 years) completed the following conditions on separate days in a counterbalanced order: (1) 8 × 1 min HIIR interspersed with 75 s recovery; (2) distance-matched amount of 1 min MIIR interspersed with 75 s recovery; and (3) rest (CON). Macro- (flow-mediated dilatation, FMD) and microvascular (peak reactive hyperaemia, PRH) function were assessed immediately before and 90 min after exercise/rest. Participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2 h after exercise/rest before another assessment of vascular function 90 min after the OGTT. Following exercise, both HIIR and MIIR increased FMD (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively) and PRH (P = 0.04, and P = 0.01, respectively) with no change in CON (FMD: P = 0.51; PRH: P = 0.16) and no significant differences between exercise conditions. Following the OGTT, FMD increased in CON (P 0.01) with no changes in HIIR and MIIR (both P 0.59). There was no change in PRH after the OGTT (all P 0.40). In conclusion, vascular function is improved after interval running independent of intensity in adolescents. Acute hyperglycaemia increased FMD, but prior exercise did not change vascular function after the OGTT in youth.

Purpose: In a sample of healthy adolescents, the authors aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) training and detraining on baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and it’s vascular and autonomic components at rest. Methods: Nineteen volunteers were randomly allocated to (1) 4 weeks HIIE training performed 3 times per week or (2) a control condition with no intervention for the same duration as HIIE training. PRE, POST, and following 2 weeks of detraining resting supine heart rate and blood pressure were measured, and a cross-spectral method (integrated gain [gain in low frequency]) was used to determine BRS gain. Arterial compliance (AC) was assessed as the BRS vascular component. LFgain divided by AC (LFgain/AC) was used as the autonomic determinant of BRS. Results: The HIIE training was completed with 100% compliance. HIIE did not change resting gain in low frequency (LFgain) (P = .66; effect size = 0.21), AC (P = .44; effect size = 0.36), or LFgain/AC (P = .68; effect size = 0.19) compared to control. Conclusion: Four weeks of HIIE training does not change BRS and its autonomic and vascular determinant in a sample of healthy adolescents at rest.

This study investigated the acute post-exercise effect of high-velocity resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive older women. Fourteen volunteers (67.9±5.1 years) performed a high-velocity resistance exercise session (8 exercises using Thera-Band, 3 sets of 6 repetitions as fast as possible in the concentric phase with moderate intensity) and a control session, separated by a 7–10-day period. Ambulatory blood pressure was monitored following 12-h post-sessions and compared between conditions at 1 to 4-h, 5 to 8-h, and 9 to 12-h. Average 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, awake, asleep periods, and blood pressure load were also analyzed. There was a condition by time interaction for systolic ambulatory blood pressure over 12-h post-sessions (P=0.043). It was observed a lower systolic ambulatory blood pressure in the first 4-h period following the high-velocity resistance exercise session compared to the control session (−6.7 mmHg, 95% CI − 11.6 to −1.8 mmHg; P=0.011). No changes were observed for diastolic ambulatory blood pressure over 12-h post-sessions as well as for the other variables analyzed (P>0.05). In summary, a single high-velocity resistance exercise session elicits a post-exercise antihypertensive effect and may be considered as a strategy to acutely improve blood pressure control in hypertensive older women.

Background Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) aims at primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the population. However, there is a lack of research describing ICH in youth from middle-income countries. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of ICH at 18- and 22-year-old and to investigate the influence of socioeconomic status. Methods The sample consisted of participants from the Pelotas 1993 birth-cohort followed-up at 18- (n = 4,106) and 22-year-old (n = 3,810). Ideal metrics were created for diet, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose. The presence of 4 or more ideal metrics was defined as ICH. Socioeconomic status was obtained using wealth quintiles calculated with factor analysis based on analysis based on the ownership of household and education. The impact of socioeconomic status on ICH metrics was statistically measured using the slope index of inequality. Results The prevalence of ICH was 84.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.7-86.2%) and 84.1% (82.3-85.8%) at 18-year-old and decreased to 61.1% (58.4-63.7%) and 68.7% (66.2-71.2%) at 22-years old, for male and female, respectively. Socioeconomic status influenced ICH and its components differently in males and females. Wealthiest females had ICH prevalence 19 percentage points (pp) (11-27 pp) higher compared to the poorest, whereas poorest males had ICH prevalence 12 pp (1-21 pp) higher compared to the wealthiest. Longitudinal decreases in ICH components were mostly present in the poorest females. Conclusions In middle-income countries, the prevalence of ICH is high at 18-year-old and decreases in a 4-year follow-up. Socioeconomic status influences differently individuals’ ICH between sexes. Efforts are needed to maintain ICH in youth and different strategies may be required between the social status.

Improvements in the autonomic and vascular systems are implicated in cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is composed of vascular and autonomic components. This study aimed to investigate between- and within-day reliability of BRS and its autonomic and vascular determinants in adolescents. Thirteen male adolescents (14·1 ± 0·5 y) participated in this study. For between-day reliability, participants completed four experimental visits separated by a minimum of 48-h. For within-day reliability, participants repeated BRS assessments three times in the morning with one hour between the measures. BRS was evaluated using the cross-spectral gain (LFgain) between blood pressure and heart rate interval. BRS was further divided into: 1) vascular component using arterial compliance (AC); and 2) autonomic component measured as LFgain divided by AC (LFgain/AC). LFgain, AC and LFgain/AC presented between-day coefficient of variation (CV) of 20%, 17%, and 20%, respectively. Similarly, variables associated with blood pressure control, such as cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and total peripheral resistance, presented CVs ranging from 6% to 15%. Within-day reliability was poorer compared to between-day for LFgain (25%), AC (25%), and LFgain/AC (31%), as well as all hemodynamic variables (CVs from 11% to 22%, except heart rate with presented CV of 6%). This study indicates suitable between- and within-reliability of BRS and its autonomic and vascular determinants, as well as hemodynamic variables associated with BRS, in adolescents.

Background Heart rate variability (HRV) is considered to explain improvements in cardiovascular health accrued by physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over and above traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Objective To systematically address associations between HRV, PA and CRF in children and adolescents. Data sources Medline, EMBASE, SportDISCUS and CINAHL Plus were searched on 5th September 2015 and updated on 4th August 2016. Eligibility criteria Observational studies comparing HRV in different groups of PA and CRF, and/or studies investigating associations between PA, CRF and HRV. Sports practices and PA intensities were also included. The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), the spectral density in the high (HF) and low (LF) frequency, and the LF/HF ratio were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results Heterogeneity exists in the assessment of the exposures and outcomes, and sample characteristics. Risk of bias (NOS) was observed in most of the studies. Studies with low risk of bias showed positive associations between moderate-to-vigorous PA and RMSSD. The evidence for the associations between PA and frequency indices is weak. Similarly, the evidence for the association between CRF and HRV is weak. Conclusions Despite the heterogeneity in the studies, moderate-to-vigorous PA is positively associated with RMSSD, but less clear are the associations between CRF and HRV, as well as other PA intensities. Further research is needed to clarify the role of PA and CRF on HRV in children and adolescents.

Time Series Analysis has been used in several areas, such as pattern recognition, machine learning, data mining, andforecasting. However, before applying any method to model a timeseries, it is important to preprocess its observations aiming at, forexample, removing outliers, normalizing its values, and dealingwith missing data. In this context, this work proposes a newpreprocessing method to replace missing data with valid values, respecting the general time series behavior. In our experiments, we demonstrate BMDE provides impressive results, reducingthe memory usage and the complexity by analyzing a numbersignificantly lower of implicit components. The most commonlyused method to replace missing data is SSA (Singular SpectrumAnalysis). However, its memory usage limits its adoption in bigtemporal data. To overcome this situation, we present in thismanuscript a new gap filling method called Bidirectional MeanDistance Estimation (BMDE).

The aim of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the effects of active video games (AVGs) on mental health, physical fitness and body composition of children and adolescents. A search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed; MEDLINE (by Ovid); SportDiscus, Cochrane library systematic reviews (CENTRAL) and EMBASE with no language restrictions during October 2020. Reviews on the use of AVGs were included in the study. We use the AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews) scale to analyze the methodological quality of the studies. Seventeen systematic reviews and meta-analyzes were included on the effects of AVGs with 30 to 4728 children and adolescents of both sexes with ages ranging from 6 to 19 years. In five studies, the population was overweight or obese. Regarding the quality, 12 studies were of moderate quality, two had high quality, two had low quality and one showed very low quality. The analyzed data indicate that the use of AVGs with a frequency of 1 to 3 times a week with durations of between 10 and 90 min per day shows positive effects on mental health and physical functioning. There was moderate quality evidence that AVGs can result in benefits for self-esteem, increased energy expenditure, physical activity and reduced body mass index in children and adolescents who used AVGs in the home environment. Further research is needed on this tool to help in the process of social isolation and consequently in promoting health and well-being.

What is the central question of this study? What are the autonomic and vascular components of the baroreflex during hypotension following different exercise intensities in adolescents? What is the main finding and its importance? Hypotension after high-intensity exercise lasted 60 min, whereas following moderate-intensity exercise, blood pressure was restored after 20 min. Stroke volume and peripheral resistance responses were different between intensities. Post both exercise intensities, baroreflex sensitivity was lowered mainly due to the autonomic component, which returned to baseline 60 min post-exercise. The different haemodynamic stimuli indicate potential differences in cardiovascular health benefits of exercise intensity in healthy adolescents.This work aimed to investigate the time course of changes in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and its vascular and autonomic components after different exercise intensities in adolescents. Thirteen male adolescents (age 13.9 ± 0.5 years) completed on separate days in a counterbalanced order (1) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE): 8 × 1 min running at 90% of maximal aerobic speed with 75 s of active recovery; (2) moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE): 10-12 bouts of 1 min running at 90% of gas exchange threshold with 75 s of active recovery; and (3) resting as a control. Supine heart rate and blood pressure were monitored continuously at baseline, and 5 and 60 min following the conditions. A cross-spectral method (low frequency gain; LF

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-01 This study aimed to examine the alterations in physiological and biochemical markers, after 17 weeks of ballet training in high level ballet dancers. Twenty four female ballet dancers from 12 to 15 years old took part in the study. The study followed 17 weeks of ballet training and analyzed changes in body composition, the autonomic nervous system and biochemical variables before and after (post) training. The internal training load was obtained using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method, calculated as the mean weekly session-RPE, monotony and strain. After 17 weeks of training there were significant increases in body mass, height, lean body mass, total protein, urea, hemoglobin concentration, testosterone and thyroxine. During this period, decreases in relative body fat, uric acid, red blood cells, C-reactive protein, and ferritin were also found. After the training period, the autonomic modulation demonstrated significant positive alterations, such as increases in parasympathetic related indices. Based on the results obtained we concluded that ballet training led to improvements in body composition and autonomic modulation. In general hematological and biochemical variables demonstrated that the training did not have adverse effects on the health state of the adolescents. Departamento de Educacąõ Física, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Do Paraná-(UENP) Departmento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Do Estado de Saõ Paulo (UNESP) Grupo de Estudos das Adaptações Fisiológicas Ao Treinamento, GEAFIT Departamento de Histologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Departmento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Do Estado de Saõ Paulo (UNESP)

The aims of this study were to investigate in adolescents: 1) the relationships of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to traditional CVD risk factors, rest and recovery autonomic function; and 2) whether autonomic function strengthens the associations between PA, CRF and CVD risk. Fifty-four (22 girls) adolescents had traditional CVD risk factors, rest and recovery autonomic function evaluated. CRF was measured using a steep ramp cycle test and PA was assessed with accelerometers. Resting HRV (and RMSSD30) and heart rate recovery (T30, HHRτ) were used. Clustered traditional (CVDRtrad) and autonomic (CVDRauto) risk scores were created and added to form a composite clustered CVD risk score (CVDRcom). PA and CRF were significantly and negatively associated with traditional CVD risk factors. Moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) were positively related to resting RMSSD, and negatively related to T30 and HHRτ (all P

INTRODUÇÃO: A percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) é um método de fácil aplicação e de muita utilidade no contexto esportivo, sendo sugerido um período de 30 min após a sessão de treinamento para sua avaliação; no entanto, não existem dados empíricos que suportem essa sugestão.OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação e a concordância entre a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) média reportada durante sessões de treinamento com valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 e 30 min após o término das sessões de treinamento, em atletas de basquetebol de ambos os gêneros.MÉTODOS: Participaram desse estudo 11 atletas do sexo feminino e nove atletas do sexo masculino. A PSE foi avaliada através da escala de PSE CR-10 a cada 20 min durante a sessão de uma hora de treinamento (PSE média da sessão) e 5, 15 ou 30 min após o término. Dessa forma, a PSE média de cada sessão de treinamento foi comparada com os valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 e 30 min após as sessões.RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significante da PSE média entre as três sessões. As maiores correlações foram observadas entre PSE média das sessões 2 e 3 com a PSE reportada 15 e 30 min, após para homens (r = 0,92 - 0,91) e mulheres (r = 0,75 - 0,82). Os maiores valores de concordância foram verificados entre a PSE média das sessões 1 e 2 e as reportadas 15 min e 30 min após para ambos gêneros.CONCLUSÃO: Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que se evite reportar a PSE 5 min após o término da sessão. Além disso, recomendamos reportar a PSE no mínimo 15 min e, sobretudo, 30 min após o término da sessão. INTRODUCTION: The session rating perceived exertion (session-RPE) is an easily applied and very useful method in the sports context, a 30 minutes period after training session having been recommended for assessment; however, there are not empiric data supporting this suggestion.OBJECTIVE: To verify the relationship and the agreement between the average rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the session with RPE values reported 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the end of the sessions.METHODS: Eleven female and nine male basketball players took part at the study. The RPE was assessed by means of a CR-10 scale every 20 minutes during the session which had a duration of 1 h (average RPE session) and 5, 15 or 30 minutes after de end of the sessions. Thus, the average RPE of every session was compared with RPE values reported 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the respective session.RESULTS: There was no difference in average RPE among the three sessions. The higher correlations were observed between average RPE session during sessions 2 and 3 with RPE reported 15 and 30 minutes after the end of the session for men (r = 0.92 - 0.91) and women (r = 0.75 - 0.82). The higher agreement values were founded between average RPE session during the sessions 1 and 2 with the RPE reported 15 and 30 minutes after the end those sessions for both genders.CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we suggest avoiding reporting the RPE session 5 minutes after the end of the session. Furthermore, we suggest reporting the RPE at least 15 minutes, or rather 30 minutes after the end of the session. INTRODUCCIÓN: La percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo de la sesión (PSE de la sesión) es un método de fácil aplicación y de mucha utilidad en el contexto deportivo, siendo sugerido un período de 30 minutos tras la sesión de entrenamiento para su evaluación; sin embargo, no existen datos empíricos que apoyen esta sugerencia.OBJETIVO: Verificar la correlación y la concordancia entre la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) media reportada a lo largo de las sesiones de entrenamiento con valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 y 30 minutos tras el término de las sesiones de entrenamiento, en atletas de baloncesto de ambos sexos.MÉTODOS: Participaron en este estudio 11 atletas del sexo femenino y 9 atletas del sexo masculino. La PSE fue evaluada por medio de la escala de PSE CR-10 a cada 20 minutos a lo largo de la sesión de una hora de entrenamiento (PSE media de la sesión) y 5, 15 o 30 minutos después del término. De esta forma, la PSE media de cada sesión de entrenamiento fue comparada con los valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 y 30 minutos después de las sesiones.RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia significativa de la PSE media entre las 3 sesiones. Las mayores correlaciones fueron observadas entre PSE media de las sesiones 2 y 3 con PSE reportada 15 y 30 minutos, después para hombres (r=0,92-0,91) y mujeres (r = 0,75- 0,82). Los mayores valores de concordancia fueron verificados entre la PSE media de las sesiones 1 y 2 y las reportadas 15 y 30 minutos después para ambos sexos.CONCLUSIÓN: Con base en los resultados, sugerimos que se evite reportar la PSE 5 minutos tras el término de la sesión. Además, recomendamos reportar la PSE al mínimo 15 minutos e, sobre todo, 30 minutos tras el término de la sesión.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o efeito de jogos de futsal realizados em dias consecutivos sobre o desempenho em testes de saltos verticais e sobre o estresse e a recuperação de atletas dessa modalidade. Participaram deste estudo 11 atletas do sexo masculino (24,3 ± 5,0 anos, 1,73 ± 0,07 cm, 75,7 ± 9,0 kg, 11,2 ± 4,1% de gordura), pertencentes a uma equipe de futsal. A equipe foi monitorada durante a fase final dos Jogos Abertos do Paraná, com jogos realizados em quatro dias consecutivos. O RESTQ-Sport foi aplicado antes e após a competição, e os testes de "squat jump" (SJ) e de salto vertical com contramovimento (CMJ) foram realizados na manhã de todos os dias de jogos. O SJ apresentou uma provável diminuição (0/34/66%) antes do segundo jogo comparado com antes do primeiro, uma muito provável diminuição (0/3/97%) antes do terceiro jogo comparado com antes do primeiro e uma provável diminuição (2/20/78%) antes do quarto jogo comparado com antes do primeiro. O CMJ apresentou uma provável diminuição antes do segundo (0/19/81%), terceiro (3/20/77%) e quarto jogo (1/10/89%) em relação à antes do primeiro. A escala recuperação física do RESTQ-Sport foi menor no pós-competição, comparada com o pré-competição (p < 0,05) e a escala fadiga foi maior no pós-competição comparada com pré-competição (p < 0,05). A diferença entre o Σ das escalas de recuperação e o Σ das escalas de estresse no pós-competição (7,5 ± 9,8) foi menor que o pré-competição (9,8 ± 9,1; p = 0,03). Em conclusão, o decréscimo no desempenho de saltos verticais e as alterações deletérias nas escalas do RESTQ-Sport sugerem que houve acúmulo de fadiga ao longo de jogos de futsal realizados em dias consecutivos. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of futsal games conducted on consecutive days on vertical jump performance test and stress and recovery of 11 professional players (male, 24.3 ± 5.0 years, 1.73 ± 0.07 cm, 75.7 ± 9.0 kg, 11.2 ± 4.1% fat). The team was monitored during the final phase of Paraná Open Games, with games in four consecutive days. The RESTQ-Sport questionnaire was applied before and after the competition, and the squat jump (SJ) and countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) tests were performed every morning when the games were held. The SJ presented a likely decrease when comparing before the second game to before the first game (0/34/66%) and before the fourth game to before the first game (2/20/78%), and a very likely decrease before the third game when compared to before the first game (0/3/97%). The CMJ showed a likely decrease before the second (0/19/81%), third (20/03/77%) and fourth game (01/10/89%) compared to before the first game. The physical recovery scale of the RESTQ-Sport was lower in the post-competition compared to pre-competition (p < 0.05) and the fatigue scale was greater in the post-competition compared to pre-competition (p < 0.05). The difference between the Σ recovery scales and the Σ stress scales in post-competition (7.5 ± 9.8) was lower when compared to the pre-competition (9.8 ± 9.1, p = 0.03). In summary, the decrease in vertical jump performance and deleterious changes in the RESTQ-Sport scales suggest a fatigue accumulation over consecutive days of futsal games.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar osefeitos do enxágue bucal com carboidrato sobre o desempenho, durante sprints repetidos (RSA), de jovens jogadores de futebol. Nove atletas de futebol dacategoria infantil (15,0 ± 1,5 anos; 60,7 ± 4,84 kg; 1,72 ± 0,05 m; 20,5 ± 1,25kg/m2) foram submetidos ao teste de RSA. O teste foi composto por seis sprintsde 40 m (ida/volta = 20 m + 20 m), separados por 20 s de recuperação passiva com três condições experimentais: enxágue bucal com carboidrato (CHO) ou placebo (PLA) e controle (CON). O enxágue bucal com CHO ou PLA foi conduzido 5 min antes e imediatamente antes do início dos testes em doses de 100 mL. Otempo do melhor sprint (RSAbest), a média de tempo dos sprints (RSAmean) e o índice de fadiga (IF) foram determinados nas diferentes condições experimentais. ANOVA one-way para medidas repetidas não identificou diferenças significantes (p> 0,05) para RSAbest (CHO = 7,30 ± 0,31 s; PLA = 7,30 ± 0,30 s; CON = 7,26 ±0,16 s), RSAmean (CHO = 7,71 ± 0,30 s; PLA = 7,71 ± 0,25 s; CON = 7,66 ± 0,24s) e IF (CHO = 5,58 ± 2,16%; PLA = 5,77 ± 3,04%; CON = 5,55 ± 3,72%). Os resultados sugerem que o enxágue bucal com CHO não parece capaz de melhorar odesempenho, sobre sprints repetidos, de jovens jogadores de futebol

The analysis of post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery is a practical clinical tool for the assessment of cardiovascular health. A reduced heart rate recovery - an indicator of autonomic dysfunction - has been found in a broad range of cardiovascular diseases and has been associated with increased risks of both cardiac and all-cause mortality. For this reason, over the last several years, non-invasive methods for the assessment of cardiac autonomic recovery after exercise - either based on heart rate recovery or heart rate variability indices - have been proposed. However, for the proper implementation of such methods in daily clinical practice, the discussion of their clinical validity, physiologic meaning, mathematical formulation and reproducibility should be better addressed. Therefore, the aim of this methodological review is to present some of the most employed methods of post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery in the literature and comprehensively discuss their strengths and weaknesses.

Summary Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV) after a session of resistance exercise and compare the responses to those obtained in a series of maximal and submaximal aerobic exercises. Methods Ten male volunteers with previous experience with resistance training were recruited. The participants underwent three exercise protocols, including a session of resistance exercise composed of 10 exercises. In different days, participants performed a progressive maximal intermittent test (30-15IFT) and a continuous submaximal test at an intensity of 45% of the final velocity attained in the maximal test (45%VIFT). The autonomic responses were analyzed during the 10 min following exercise, by HRV analysis and vagal reactivation indices. Results The time domain indices were lower for maximal aerobic exercise, followed by resistance exercise and by the submaximal aerobic exercise (standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN): 32 ± 15.4, 11 ± 3.7, 45.5 ± 15.3, P 0.05), and they were both slower than submaximal exercise (P Conclusion We may conclude that autonomic responses after resistance exercise remained higher than after maximal aerobic exercise.

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical performance and resting heart rate variability (HRV) in professional futsal players during the pre-season and in-season training periods. 11 athletes took part in the study (age=24.3±2.9 years; height=176.3±5.2 cm; weight=76.1±6.3 kg), and performed a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test [6×40 m (20+20 m with a 180° change of direction) sprints separated by 20 s of passive recovery] and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) at 3 different moments (M1=beginning of pre-season; M2=end of pre-season; M3=mid in-season). The HRV indices were assessed at the same moments. After the short pre-season (3-week), mean RSA time (RSAmean) (M1=7.43±0.2 s; M2=7.24±0.2 s; P=0.003), decrement in RSA performance (RSAdecrement) (M1=6.7±0.3%; M2=5.0±0.9%; P=0.001), and Yo-Yo IR1 distance (M1=1.244±298 m; M2=1.491±396 m; P=0.002) were significantly improved (P

This study aimed to examine the influence of a weekend of passive rest on the perceived stress and heart rate variability (HRV) in professional handball players. Fourteen elite athletes participated in the study (age 26.0±4.6 years; body mass 89.0 ±10.1 kg; body height 186.5±7.2 cm; practice 12.5±6.0 years). Stress symptoms via the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) questionnaire, time and frequency-domain to HRV indices were measured on Friday morning of a normal training load week and again after 72 hours of passive recovery. In response to the weekend without a scheduled match, the handball players significantly reduced their DALDA ‘worse than normal’ responses from 6.1±3.8 to 3.4±2.5 (ES 0.85). Further, changes in the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (RMSSD) and standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) were greater than the smallest worthwhile change over the weekend. These results highlight the positive role of a passive rest weekend for the psychological and autonomic recovery that should be considered during athletic training periodization.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) analisada no período inicial da pré-temporada de futebol apresenta relação com a melhora do desempenho físico ao longo deste período. Dez jogadores de futebol fizeram parte da amostra. O desempenho foi analisado através dos seguintes testes: Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), sprint de 30 m e salto vertical, aplicados antes e após seis semanas da pré-temporada. As medidas de VFC foram realizadas em repouso, na posição supina, durante dez minutos. O teste de Spearman foi usado para investigar as possíveis relações entre VFC e melhora no desempenho e o teste T de Student para verificar as mudanças no desempenho e na VFC. A inferência prática baseada em magnitudes (analise qualitativa) foi aplicada para verificar as chances dos valores encontrados serem positivos, irrelevantes e negativos. Houve melhora significante do desempenho para o Yo-Yo IR1 (P< 0,001) e Sprint de 30 m (P< 0,001). A análise qualitativa revelou que a mudança do desempenho no Yo-Yo IR1 foi "muito provavelmente positiva", para o Sprint de 30 m foi "quase certamente positiva" e para o salto vertical foi "inconclusiva". Houve forte correlação entre um índice parassimpático da VFC e a variação no desempenho [r = 0,85; P = 0,003 (IC95% =0,49 - 0,97)]. Em conclusão, esse estudo mostrou uma correlação forte entre índices parassimpáticos da VFC analisados antes do treinamento, com a melhora do desempenho no Yo-Yo IR1 durante a pré-temporada em atletas de futebol. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the heart rate variability (HRV), assessed at the beginning of a soccer preseason, reveals a correlation with the improvement of physical performance over this training period. Ten soccer players took part in the study. Their performance was evaluated by the following tests: the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, Level 1(Yo-Yo IR1); the 30-m sprint time, and the vertical jump; all were conducted before and after six weeks of pre-season. The HRV measurements were performed at rest in the supine position for ten minutes. The Spearman Rank Correlation test was used to investigate any possible relationship between HRV and improvements in performance, while the Student's t-test verified the changes in both performance and HRV. The Magnitude-Based Inferences approach (qualitative analysis) was applied to verify the possibilities of the observed values being positive, negative or inconclusive. There were significant improvements in Yo-Yo IR1 performance (P< 0.001) and in the 30-m sprint time (P< 0.001). The qualitative analysis revealed that the differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance were very likely positive, were almost certainly positive for the sprint, but were inconclusive for the vertical jump. There was a strong correlation between one parasympathetic index and the change in performance [r = 0.85 P = 0.003 (IC95% = 0.49 - 0.97)]. In conclusion, this study revealed a strong correlation between parasympathetic indices of HRV (analyzed before the training) with the performance improvement in Yo-Yo IR1 in football athletes during pre-season.

Durante a pré-temporada e a temporada, os atletas de modalidades coletivas são submetidos a períodos de elevadas cargas de treinamento interpostos por períodos de recuperação. A aplicação de cargas intensificadas sem a recuperação adequada pode levar a alterações inflamatórias e autonômicas de maneira crônica o que pode aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de overtraining. Dessa maneira, a aplicação de métodos que auxiliem a recuperação devem ser implementados. A aplicação da fototerapia com diodo emissor de luz (LED) é um método que tem mostrado resultados positivos sobre a recuperação tecidual, diminuindo o quadro inflamatório e promovendo o reparo tecidual. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar se a aplicação da LEDfototerapia de maneira crônica apresenta influência sobre a diminuição dos marcadores inflamatórios; aumento da modulação parassimpática; diminuição do estresse percebido durante uma semana de treinamento em atletas de futebol. Fizeram parte da amostra 18 atletas de futebol de Londrina (Idade: 21,2 ± 2,6 anos; Peso: 73 ± 7,2 Kg; Estatura: 178 ± 6,2 cm.). Durante uma semana foram realizadas coletas da frequência cardíaca de repouso e avaliação subjetiva de estresse e recuperação, através do DALDA. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas na segunda e sábado no período entre as 08:00 e 09:00 da manhã para análise de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Os atletas foram aleatorizados em dois grupos, grupo LED e grupo placebo (PLA). O tratamento foi aplicado nos membros inferiores nos músculos do quadríceps e bíceps femoral todos os dias após a última sessão de treinamento. A aplicação foi realizada de maneira “duplo cego”. Para análise estatística foi aplicado ANOVA two-way para medidas repetidas (2 grupos por 2 coletas) para verificar se o tratamento apresenta influência sobre a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e modulação autonômica. Para a comparação das respostas subjetivas ao questionário DALDA foi aplicado teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. A significância adotada foi P < 0,05. Além disso, foi aplicado à inferência prática baseada em magnitudes para verificar a probabilidade da LEDfototerapia apresentar efeito positivo, irrelevante ou negativo comparado com o tratamento placebo. Após a semana, houve uma diminuição nas concentrações de TNF alfa para o grupo LED (Segunda: 7,9 ± 11,4; Sábado: 3,5 ± 2,4) comparado com o grupo PLA (Segunda: 7,1 ± 6,7; Sábado: 6,9 ± 8,9) as chances desse efeito serem positivos/inconclusivos/negativos para o grupo LED foi de 95/5/1. Além disso, houve um possível aumento (2/28/70) nas concentrações de IL6 para o grupo LED (45,9%) comparado com o grupo PLA (-34,1%). No que diz respeito às alterações autonômicas o grupo PLA apresentou um aumento no RMSSD (40%) após a semana, comparado com o grupo LED (10,9%) esse resultado mostrou um possível efeito positivo (9/16/75) para o grupo PLA comparado com o grupo LED. As alterações no estresse percebido “respostas pior que o normal e melhor que o normal” da parte “A” e “B” diminuíram e aumentaram, respectivamente para o grupo LED. Com esses resultados podemos concluir que a aplicação da LEDterapia foi capaz de diminuir as concentrações de TNF alfa e acarretar um efeito negativo sobre as concentrações de IL6. Além disso, as alterações na VFC foram inconclusivas para o grupo que recebeu o tratamento ao passo que o grupo controle (PLA) apresentou uma pequena elevação na modulação vagal. During the training team sports athletes are exposed to high training loads which are interposed by recovery periods. The intensified training loads without appropriated recovery may lead to a chronic inflammatory state and an autonomic change that are related with higher odds to overtraining development. Thus, recovery methods should be implemented. The phototherapy with light emitting diode (LED) is one method that has been showing positive results over the tissue repair process and decrease in inflammatory state. The main of the study was analyze the influence of chronic LEDphototherapy on inflammatory state, increase of parasympathetic modulation and decrease in perceived stress during a week of training in soccer players. Took part in the study 18 soccer players (Age: 21.2 ± 2.6 years; Body mass: 73 ± 7.2 Kg; Stature: 178 ± 6.2 cm). During one training week blood collect for inflammatory cytokine analysis, heart rate recovery and subjective perceived stress through DALDA questionnaire was realized. The data collect was performed in Monday and Saturday between 08:00 – 09:00 a.m. During this week the athletes were randomized in two groups: LED and placebo (PLA). The treatment with LED was applied on four points in lower limbs on quadriceps and hamstring muscles every day after the last training session. The treatment was performed in double-blind fashion. ANOVA two way with repeated measures was performed to check if the treatment had had influence on pro-inflammatory cytokine and autonomic modulation. The perceptual responses of DALDA were compared using the Wilcoxon test. The significance adopted was P < 0.05. More after, the practical inferences based on magnitudes was used to verify the probabilities of LED had a positive, trivial or negative effect compared with PLA. After the week there was a decrease on TNF alpha for LED (Monday: 7.9 ± 11.4; Saturday: 3.5 ± 2.4) compared with PLA (Monday: 7.1 ± 6.7; Saturday: 6.9 ± 8.9) the chances of an effect to be considered positive/trivial/negative were 95/5/1 for LED. Besides, there was a possible increase (2/28/70) on IL6 concentrations for LED (45.9%) compared with PLA (-34.1%). Regarding the autonomic changes PLA showed an increase in RMSSD (40%) after the week compared with LED (10.9%), this result showed a possible positive effect for PLA compared with LED. The changes in “worse than normal” and “better than normal” were significantly for LED. With those results we can conclude that the LEDtherapy was capable of decrease TNF alpha concentration and lead to an increase in IL6. More often, the changes in VFC were inconclusive for LED and the PLA showed a slight increase in vagal modulation.

Frequency domain analyses of changes in electromyographic (EMG) signals over time are frequently used to assess muscle fatigue. Fourier based approaches are typically used in these analyses, yet Fourier analysis assumes signal stationarity, which is unlikely during dynamic contractions. Wavelet based methods of signal analysis do not assume stationarity and may be more appropriate for joint time-frequency domain analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) in assessing muscle fatigue in supramaximal constant load dynamic exercise (110% VO2peak). The results of this study indicate that CWT and STFT analyses give similar fatigue estimates (slope of median frequency) in supramaximal constant load dynamic exercise (P>0.05). However, the results of the variance was significantly lower for at least one of the muscles studied in CWT compared to STFT (P

Objective The objective of this study was to compare these methods Fourier (STFT) and Wavelet (WT) transforms to assess muscle fatigue during supramaximal exercise. Methods Twenty five subjects of both genders (13 men, age = 28.2 ± 2.7 years and 12 women, age = 23.2 ± 2.7 years) performed the Wingate test, during which the electromyographic responses of the superficial muscles of the quadriceps were examined. For analysis we used the STFT and WT transforms, which provided the following variables: median frequency (MF), slope and variance. Results The results showed no differences (P > 0.05) in MF and slope. However, there were differences for the variance between the analysis (P Conclusion It seems that both analyzes provide the same physiological parameters, however, the WT transform shows less variance between the results.