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Growth hormone (GH), once the age of linear growth is completed, continues to play a fundamental role for the human body. In adulthood, GH contributes to regulate muscle, cardiovascular and bone metabolism. The same happens in old age, although there is less data on the effect of GH in the elderly. Regardless the age of onset, a reduced quality of life (QoL), an increased cardiovascular risk and an accelerated age-related decline in physical strength have been demonstrated in the elderly with GH deficiency (EGHD). In adults with GH deficiency (AGHD), recent studies suggest a role of GH replacement therapy (GHrt) in improving lean/fat mass ratio, blood pressure, lipid profile, bone metabolism and QoL. Despite these recent studies, there is still a lack of randomized controlled trials proving these positive effects in EGHD. Moreover, the lack of a long-term positive outcome on mortality, and the cost of GHrt could often impact on treatment decision-making and lead to postpone or avoid the prescription. The aim of this mini-review is to summarize the available data on GHrt in EGHD, in order to highlight its weaknesses and strengths and to provide directions to clinicians that will help in the management of this specific set of patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Ricci Bitti, Franco, Albertelli, Gatto, Vera, Ferone and Boschetti.)

Guidelines recommend adults with pituitary disease in whom GH therapy is contemplated, to be tested for GH deficiency (AGHD); however, clinical practice is not uniform., Aims: 1) To record current practice of AGHD management throughout Europe and benchmark it against guidelines; 2) To evaluate educational status of healthcare professionals about AGHD., Design: On-line survey in endocrine centres throughout Europe., Patients and Methods: Endocrinologists voluntarily completed an electronic questionnaire regarding AGHD patients diagnosed or treated in 2017-2018., Results: Twenty-eight centres from 17 European countries participated, including 2139 AGHD patients, 28% of childhood-onset GHD. Aetiology was most frequently non-functioning pituitary adenoma (26%), craniopharyngioma (13%) and genetic/congenital mid-line malformations (13%). Diagnosis of GHD was confirmed by a stimulation test in 52% (GHRH+arginine, 45%; insulin-tolerance, 42%, glucagon, 6%; GHRH alone and clonidine tests, 7%); in the remaining, ≥3 pituitary deficiencies and low serum IGF-I were diagnostic. Initial GH dose was lower in older patients, but only women <26 years were prescribed a higher dose than men; dose titration was based on normal serum IGF-I, tolerance and side-effects. In one country, AGHD treatment was not approved. Full public reimbursement was not available in four countries and only in childhood-onset GHD in another. AGHD awareness was low among non-endocrine professionals and healthcare administrators. Postgraduate AGHD curriculum training deserves being improved., Conclusion: Despite guideline recommendations, GH replacement in AGHD is still not available or reimbursed in all European countries. Knowledge among professionals and health administrators needs improvement to optimize care of adults with GHD.

Context: Steroid profiling by mass spectrometry has shown implications for diagnosis and subtyping of adrenal tumors., Objectives: To investigate steroid profiles and their cardiovascular correlates in a large cohort of patients with nonsecreting (NS) adrenal incidentalomas and autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS)., Design: Cohort study., Setting: University hospital., Patients: Patients (n = 302) with incidentally discovered adrenal masses, divided into unilateral adenoma and hyperplasia with ACS (n = 46 and n = 52, respectively) and NS (n = 120 and n = 84, respectively). Post-dexamethasone suppression test (DST) cortisol <50 or >50 nmol/L defined NS and ACS, respectively., Intervention: Analysis of 10-steroid panel by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and clinical data (mean follow-up 39 months)., Main Outcome Measures: Difference in baseline and post-DST steroid profiles between groups. Correlation with cardiovascular profile., Results: Patients with unilateral adenomas and ACS showed higher cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, and corticosterone and lower dehydroepiandrosterone than those with NS adenomas. Patients with ACS hyperplasia showed higher cortisol and lower androgens in women than those with NS. Patients with ACS had reduced suppression of post-DST cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, and corticosterone, irrespective of adrenal morphology. Post-DST cortisol and corticosterone were associated with higher prevalence of severe/resistant hypertension. Patients with ACS unilateral adenomas showed higher incidence of worsening of hypertensive disease and novel cardiovascular events than those with NS, with post-DST cortisol [hazard ratio (HR) 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03; P < 0.001] and baseline corticosterone (HR 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.12; P = 0.031) among the main predictors., Conclusions: Patients with adrenal incidentalomas showed different steroid profiles, depending on functional status and adrenal morphology, with implications for their cardiovascular status., (Copyright © 2019 Endocrine Society.)