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Poly-lactic acid/polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) bio-based films suppose an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-derived packaging. In addition, rice bran extracts (RBEs) are an interesting source of bioactive compounds. In the present study, active films were formulated with 0.3% (w/v) or 0.5% (w/v) RBE (low-RBE and high-RBE) and compared to PLA/PHB films with no RBE. The migrations of active compounds as well as the antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were analyzed in the three film formulations. The effects of active PLA/PHB films on fresh pork meat were evaluated by measuring the instrumental color, lipid and protein oxidations, and microbiological status of meat refrigerated for 1, 5, or 9 days. The developed films presented antioxidant activity in vitro, but they did not have an antimicrobial effect against bacterial development (E. coli nor L. innocua). The PLA/PHB film with no extract prevented changes in the instrumental color of meat during storage. However, the antioxidant effect of the PLA/PHB films on fresh pork was negligible, and the inclusion of high doses of extract favored microbial development in the pork during storage. Despite the lack of activity of active PLA/PHB films on meat, their use could be a sustainable alternative to the petroleum-based films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly-lactic acid/polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) bio-based films suppose an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-derived packaging. In addition, rice bran extracts (RBEs) are an interesting source of bioactive compounds. In the present study, active films were formulated with 0.3% (w/v) or 0.5% (w/v) RBE (low-RBE and high-RBE) and compared to PLA/PHB films with no RBE. The migrations of active compounds as well as the antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were analyzed in the three film formulations. The effects of active PLA/PHB films on fresh pork meat were evaluated by measuring the instrumental color, lipid and protein oxidations, and microbiological status of meat refrigerated for 1, 5, or 9 days. The developed films presented antioxidant activity in vitro, but they did not have an antimicrobial effect against bacterial development (E. coli nor L. innocua). The PLA/PHB film with no extract prevented changes in the instrumental color of meat during storage. However, the antioxidant effect of the PLA/PHB films on fresh pork was negligible, and the inclusion of high doses of extract favored microbial development in the pork during storage. Despite the lack of activity of active PLA/PHB films on meat, their use could be a sustainable alternative to the petroleum-based films.

PPAR-γ anti-inflammatory functions have received significant attention since its agonists have been shown to exert a wide range of protective effects in many experimental models of neurologic diseases. Rice bran is very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are reported to act as PPAR-γ partial agonists. Herein, the anti-inflammatory effect of rice bran extract (RBE) through PPAR-γ activation was evaluated in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mouse model in comparison to pioglitazone (PG) using 80 Swiss albino mice. RBE (100 mg/kg) and PG (30 mg/kg) were given orally for 21 days and LPS (0.25 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for the last 7 days. TNF-α and COX-2 brain contents were evaluated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, NFκB binding to its response element was evaluated alongside with the effect of treatments on IκB gene expression. Furthermore, PPAR-γ sumoylation was also studied. Finally, histopathological examination was performed for different brain areas. RBE administration was found to protect against the LPS-induced inflammatory effects by decreasing the inflammatory mediator expression in mice brains. It also decreased PPAR-γ sumoylation without significant effect on IκB expression or NFκB binding to its response element. The majority of the effects were attenuated in presence of PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662). Level of significance was set to P < 0.05. Such findings highlight the agonistic effect of RBE component(s) on PPAR-γ and support the hypothesis of involvement of PPAR-γ activation in its neuroprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and shear stress (physical effect) are risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Rice bran, a by-product of rice milling process, is known to house polyphenols and vitamins which exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Through recent emerging knowledge of rice bran in health and wellness, the present study was aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of rice bran extracts (RBE) derived from Japanese colored rice varieties in modulating risk factors of atherosclerosis via in vitro and in vivo study models. Pre-treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine J774A.1 macrophage-like cells with RBE alleviated nitric oxide (NO) overproduction and downregulated gene expressions of pro-inflammatory modulators: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, RBE also significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated protein expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells as compared to non-treated LPS control group. In in vivo, 12 weeks of RBE dietary supplementations significantly reduced (p < 0.05) total cholesterol, triglycerides, and pro-atherogenic oxidized LDL/β2-glycoprotein I (oxLDL/β2GPI) complexes at plasma levels, in high fat diet (HFD) induced low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr−/-) mice. En face pathological assessments of murine aortas also revealed significant reductions by 38% (p < 0.05) in plaque sizes of RBE-supplemented HFD mice groups as compared to non RBE-supplemented HFD control mice group. Moreover, gene expressions of aortic (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β) and hepatic (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β) pro-inflammatory modulators were also downregulated in RBE-supplemented mice groups. Present study has revealed the potent health attributes and application of RBE as a dietary supplement to attenuate risks of inadvertent oxidative damage and chronic inflammation underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Intrinsically, present preliminary findings may provide global health prospects for future dietary implementation of RBE in management of atherosclerosis.

Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), has been recently demonstrated to attenuate inflammatory response and improve cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. RBE is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were recently considered as new PPARγ modulators. Accordingly, the effect of RBE on memory and cognition in a neuroinflammatory mouse model was examined to investigate whether RBE improves cognition through modulating PPARγ. RBE administration significantly improved the spatial working, reference memory and non-spatial recognition memory where the effect was abolished in the presence of a PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). Moreover, nuclear brain extracts obtained from mice treated with RBE showed increase in the PPARγ binding to its response element, indicating activation of the receptor, which was attenuated in the presence of GW9662. These findings demonstrate that the involvement of RBE in the beneficial effects on cognitive performance is correlated with its action on PPARγ receptors.

Graphical abstract Highlights • RBE is able to enhance cognitive effects in the neuroinflammatory mouse model. • Beneficial effects of RBE on cognition were inhibited by PPARγ antagonist. • PPARγ binding to its response element is increased in brains from RBE treated mice. • RBE is more beneficial than Pioglitazone in improving memory without affecting weight. Abstract Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), has been recently demonstrated to attenuate inflammatory response and improve cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. RBE is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were recently considered as new PPARγ modulators. Accordingly, the effect of RBE on memory and cognition in a neuroinflammatory mouse model was examined to investigate whether RBE improves cognition through modulating PPARγ. RBE administration significantly improved the spatial working, reference memory and non-spatial recognition memory where the effect was abolished in the presence of a PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). Moreover, nuclear brain extracts obtained from mice treated with RBE showed increase in the PPARγ binding to its response element, indicating activation of the receptor, which was attenuated in the presence of GW9662. These findings demonstrate that the involvement of RBE in the beneficial effects on cognitive performance is correlated with its action on PPARγ receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rice bran extract (RBE) performed as a mixed-type inhibitor. • XPS evidenced the formation of a protective film on the steel surface. • DFT supported the donor–acceptor adsorption and inhibition mechanism for RBE. • Adsorption of RBE on the steel surface was spontaneous and stable. In this study, an ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor made of waste rice bran was produced to reduce corrosion caused by chloride on reinforcement. Electrochemical results revealed that with increasing inhibitor concentration the inhibition efficiency of the rice bran extract (RBE) reached the maximum value of 98% at an optimum concentration of 4.5%. The existence of carbonaceous passive film over the steel surface was established by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Quantum mechanics and Molecular simulations evidenced the adsorption of phytochemicals onto the steel surface thus, affirming the inhibition action of the rice bran extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]