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I hope the readers of this short piece will excuse the fact that it gets somewhat personal. After many years carrying the core concepts of The Other 23 Hours (Trieschman, Whittaker, & Brendtro, 196...

none 32 si The International Work Group for Therapeutic Residential Care convened an International Summit on ‘Pathways to Evidence-Based Practice’ at Loughborough University (GBR), Centre for Child and Family Research on 27-29 April, 2016 with generous support from the Sir Halley Stewart Trust and in partnership with The European Scientific Association on Residential and Family Care for Children and Adolescents (NLD) (EUSARF), the International Association for Outcome-Based Evaluation and Research on Family and Children’s Services (ITA) (IAOBER) and the Association of Children’s Residential Centers (USA) and with the additional support of Action for Children (GBR) and the National Implementation Service (NIS) (GBR). Membership includes: Lisa Holmes (Chair), Director, Centre for Child and Family Research, Loughborough University (GBR); James K. Whittaker (Co-Chair), Charles O. Cressey Endowed Professor Emeritus, University of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle (USA); Jorge Fernandez del Valle, Professor of Psychology and Director, Child and Family Research Group, University of Oviedo (ESP); Frank Ainsworth, Senior Principal Research Fellow (Adjunct), James Cook University, School of Social Work and Human Services, Townsville, Queensland (AUS); Tore Andreassen, Psychologist, The Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs (NOR); James P. Anglin, Professor, Faculty of the School of Child and Youth Care, University of Victoria (CAN); Christopher Bellonci, Board-Certified Child/Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist; Associate Professor, Psychiatry Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (USA); David Berridge, Professor of Child and Family Welfare, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol (GBR); Amaia Bravo, Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo (ESP); Cinzia Canali, Senior Researcher, Fondazione Emanuela Zancan, Padova (ITA) and President, International Association of Outcome-Based Evaluation and Research in Family and Children’s Services (IAOBER); Mark Courtney, Professor, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago (USA); Laurah Currey, Chief Operating Officer, Pressley Ridge, Pittsburgh, PA (USA) and President, Association for Children’s Residential Centers, (USA); Daniel. L. Daly, Executive Vice President and Director of Youth Care, Father Flanagan’s Boys’ Home, Boys Town, NE (USA); Robbie Gilligan, Professor of Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College Dublin IRE), Hans Grietens, Professor, Centre for Special Needs Education & Youth Care, University of Groningen (NLD) and President, European Scientific Association on Residential and Family Care for Children and Adolescents (EUSARF); Annemiek T. Harder, Assistant professor, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen (NLD); Martha J. Holden, Senior Extension Associate with the Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research and the Principal Investigator and Director of the Residential Child Care Project at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (USA); Sigrid James, Professor, Department of Social Work & Social Ecology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, CA (USA); Andrew Kendrick, Professor of Residential Child Care, School of Social Work and Social Policy at the University of Strathclyde (GBR) and Consultant at the Centre of Excellence for Looked After Children in Scotland (CELCIS) and the Centre for Youth and Criminal Justice (CYCJ) (UK); Erik J. Knorth, Professor, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen (NLD); Mette Lausten, Senior Researcher at SFI - The Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen (DNK), John S. Lyons, Senior Policy Fellow at Chapin Hall, University of Chicago, IL (USA); Eduardo Martin, Lecturer at the Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife (ESP); Samantha McDermid, Research Fellow, Centre for Child and Family Research, Loughborough University (GBR); Patricia McNamara, Senior Fellow (Honorary), Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne (AUS); Laura Palareti, Assistant Professor in Social Psychology, Department of Education Studies, University of Bologna (ITA); Susan Ramsey, Parent and Former Children’s Mental Health Advocate, The Walker School, Needham, MA (USA); Kari M. Sisson, Executive Director, Association of Children’s Residential Centers (USA); Richard W. Small, Walker Executive Director Emeritus, The Walker School, Needham, MA (USA); June Thoburn, Emeritus Professor of Social Work, University of East Anglia (GBR); Ronald Thompson, Senior Director, Boys Town National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, NE (USA); Anat Zeira, Professor, School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Head of Research and Evaluation at the Haruv Institute (ISR). Our work group wishes to thank CFRC staffer Laura Dale at Loughborough for extraordinary efforts in producing this statement in record time and for her care and assistance with all phases of our Summit activity. Whittaker, James K; Holmes, Lisa; del Valle, Jorge F.; Ainsworth, Frank; Andreassen, Tore; Anglin, James; Bellonci, Christopher; Berridge, David; Bravo, Amaia; Canali, Cinzia; Courtney, Mark; Currey, Laurah; Daly, Daniel; Gilligan, Robbie; Grietens, Hans; Harder, Annemiek; Holden, Martha; James, Sigrid; Kendrick, Andrew; Knorth, Erik; Lausten, Mette; Lyons, John; Martin, Eduardo; Mcdermid, Samantha; Mcnamara, Patricia; Palareti, Laura; Ramsey, Susan; Sisson, Kari; Small, Richard; Thoburn, June; Thompson, Ronald; Zeira, Anat Whittaker, James K; Holmes, Lisa; del Valle, Jorge F.; Ainsworth, Frank; Andreassen, Tore; Anglin, James; Bellonci, Christopher; Berridge, David; Bravo, Amaia; Canali, Cinzia; Courtney, Mark; Currey, Laurah; Daly, Daniel; Gilligan, Robbie; Grietens, Hans; Harder, Annemiek; Holden, Martha; James, Sigrid; Kendrick, Andrew; Knorth, Erik; Lausten, Mette; Lyons, John; Martin, Eduardo; Mcdermid, Samantha; Mcnamara, Patricia; Palareti, Laura; Ramsey, Susan; Sisson, Kari; Small, Richard; Thoburn, June; Thompson, Ronald; Zeira, Anat

Host recognition behaviours were investigated in the Rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. Infective juveniles were exposed to mucus samples from mollusc species of varying susceptibility (Arion hortensis agg., Deroceras reticulatum, Tandonia budapestensis, Helix aspersa ,Limax flavus, Limax marginatus). Behavioural responses to the mucus were analysed using video-taped sequences. During contact with the mucus samples, infective juveniles decreased duration and frequency of forward crawling and increased frequency and duration of head thrusting and duration of head waving. Other host recognition behaviours identified included body waving and pushing. Most significant differences in behaviour recorded were between controls and during exposure to mollusc mucus; there were few significant differences between mollusc species. The results suggest that P. hermaphrodita forages by the 'cruise' method until mucus from potential hosts is encountered, but then concentrates its search behaviour, characterised by the decrease in forward crawling. However, there were no recorded behaviours that would differentiate between readily susceptible species and those with low or unknown susceptibility.

Any discussions about specialized helping environments for children or young people would be incomplete without reference to the relationships found between practices in group care centers and schools. This involves thinking of a child's total environment as a curriculum for teaching competencies and learning outcomes important to daily living. The task involves making a conscious effort to deal with a child's functioning in the present, thereby avoiding diagnostic conclusions that emphasize difficulties in one area of their life as the cause of learning problems.

The sheep ked Melophagus ovinus is a member of the parasitic Dipteran family Hippoboscidae; it was a widespread ectoparasite of sheep that was of veterinary importance until the introduction of effective pesticides. Since then it has become of less concern and may have become a relatively uncommon species through much of its former range. Changes in agricultural practice, both greater intensification and development of more extensive systems (including organic farming and conservation grazing), may allow resurgence and a review of existing knowledge of M. ovinus may be timely. This paper reviews the biology, annual population cycles, natural causes of mortality, veterinary and economic significance and control of, and host resistance to, M. ovinus.

SUMMARY The notion of a “continuum of care” and the associated idea of residential care and treatment programs for children and youth as “last resort” interventions are endemic in the child welfare literature (Whittaker, 1979; Beker, 1981). The purpose of this paper is to question the utility of both of these notions. Indeed, it will be argued that the construct of a continuum of care as it plays out in practice is fundamentally problematic, inhibiting the use of appropriately intensive interventions even when they are in the best interests of children and families, and inhibiting rather than promoting family reunification in many complex cases.

SUMMARY The child welfare system continues its challenge to find better ways for achieving safe permanent connections between children, youths and their families. The importance of maintaining these relationships, especially when children have been removed from their families for periods of time, has been consistently substantiated in the literature (Braziel, 1996; Pecora, Whittaker & Maluccio, 1992; Wells, Wyatt, & Hobfoll, 1991). However, many residential providers, particularly those with long histories as orphanages and children's homes, have been reluctant to embrace family-centered practices as these are often perceived to conflict with their historical, child-rescue missions (see Table 1). Some providers who have attempted to move toward more family-centered residential care have found it necessary to confront a lack of support from the service systems in which they operate. Other organizations, however, have been able to make extraordinary progress in reinventing their treatment philosophy and ser...

A large proportion of children in residential treatment engage in extreme acting-out behavior and suffer from severe attachment disorders and abuse reactivity. At the same time, practice is increasingly alienated from theory and public policy. The challenges to practitioners posed by these difficulties are described and illustrated by vignettes, their impact on residential group care practice is discussed, and their implications for the redesign of practice and for the development of a new theoretical base are examined.

This article cites the international research evidence that supports family centred group care practice. A working definition, the key assumption and an orientation to group care and family work compatible with family centred group care practice is then articulated. This is followed by a set of practice guidelines and identification of the key characteristics of family centred group care agencies.

The relative resistance of Manx Loaghtan, Shetland and Southdown sheep to naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infection was assessed over a ten week period. Thirty shearling ewes, ten from each of the three breeds, were co-grazed on an infective pasture. The animals were initially treated with an anthelmintic to minimise previous nematode infection, and faecal samples were collected from individual animals every two weeks. Southdown sheep had significantly higher faecal egg counts (FEC) than Shetland by week 6, and than Manx Loaghtan by week 10. After ten weeks there was an 86-fold difference in FEC between Shetland and Southdown sheep, and a 14-fold difference between Manx Loaghtan and Southdown sheep. These preliminary results suggest that primitive Shetland and Manx Loaghtan sheep may have greater resistance to gastrointestinal parasites, a trait that could be of value to the UK livestock industry.

In presenting the Walker School's program at the Issaquah conference, I had the distinct advantage of being able to show the staff and children themselves in a slide presentation as I talked about various aspects of the school. The response to this presentation and the subsequent opportunities to detail and analyze our approaches with our colleagues was a tremendously productive experience for both A1 Trieschman and myself. Many thanks to Jim Whittaker and all our colleagues for this opportunity to look at ourselves in such depth. For this special issue of Child Care Quarterly it seems most appropriate to present a brief general description of the Walker School program. The Walker Home and School is a private facility serving 61 emotionally disturbed boys between the ages of 6 and 13 years. We rarely accept a boy as a new student beyond the age of 101A years. Of the 61 boys, 35 are residents and 26 are day students. Twenty of the residents live on the main campus in Needham, 6 live in a group residence in the same community, and 9 live in a group residence in Cambridge. All boys except Cambridge House students, who have their own school program, attend school at the school building on the main campus (1968 Central Avenue, Needham, Massachusetts). Walker School maintains a 24-hour program of caring and teaching. Day students participate in this program until 4:30 P.M. 4 days each week, and until 1:00 P.M. on Fridays when all boys begin their weekends. In 1975-1976 Walker will continue its program of placing boys with their natural families, foster families, or friendship families

Shortly after assuming the presidency, Ronald Reagan asserted that his proposed budget cuts for federal fiscal year 1982 (FFY 1982) were "only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizen and government."' "I know," he said, "that accepting responsibility, especially for cutbacks, is not easy. But this package should be looked at by state and local governments as a great step toward not only getting America moving again, but toward restructuring the power system which has led to economic stagnation and urban deterioration." 2 In New York State, two sets of factors have confounded the president's objectives. To a lesser extent than in many states, recessionary factors continued throughout 1982 to limit realization of the president's objectives by reducing the state's budget flexibility and by increasing the outlay of federal assistance funds. To a greater extent than in most states, political factors muted the effects of Reaganomics and the New Federalism, from the first responses of Governor Hugh L. Carey in October 1981 to the final results of the gubernatorial election in November 1982.

A residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed preadolescents hosted an evaluation of cognitive and behavioral social competence training. Participants were 45 young men of 51 enrolled at the center. Post-test measurement showed boys in the problem solving and interpersonal skill training conditions had better conceptual abilities and overt comportment than boys in the problem solving only or discussion and test only conditions. No significant differences were found on locus of control scores or on ratings of videotaped performance tests. Study findings have implications for future research and treatment with emotionally disturbed youth.

More than 150 references dealing with roles, skills, and job tasks in child care work that have appeared since 1930 were located and analyzed. They appeared to group themselves into six categories within the overall role: parent substitute/primary caretaker; therapeutic intervention; membership in a professional team; training provided to the worker; membership in an emerging profession; and new roles and tasks involving the family and the community. Lists of specific tasks identified are provided in five categories, and all the references are categorized as well.

Teenage pregnancy is a growing social problem in the United States. Past interventive failures and current research suggest new directions for primary prevention. A comprehensive prevention program is outlined, and training techniques based on a cognitive-behavioral approach are proposed to help adolescents acquire skills necessary to avoid unwanted pregnancies.