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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a disease characterized by mucocutaneous telangiectasias and visceral arteriovenous malformations. The genetic mutations that cause this disease result in elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, which is inhibited by bevacizumab. Previous studies have shown bevacizumab treatment to be effective in reducing symptoms, but study protocols have all used oncological dosing parameters, which carry several well-described serious side effects. This study investigates whether drastically lower dosages of bevacizumab than normally used in oncological treatment could control epistaxis in patients with HHT and medically refractory epistaxis. A prospective, open-label, noncomparative study enrolled six patients receiving 0.125-mg/kg infusions of bevacizumab once every 4 weeks for a total of six infusions. Severity of epistaxis was assessed with the epistaxis severity score, and quality-of-life measures were followed with the 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test and 36-item Short Form surveys. A statistically significant improvement was seen in the control of epistaxis severity and frequency, with minimal negative side effects and high patient satisfaction. Very low dose bevacizumab treatment is an effective method of controlling medically refractory epistaxis in patients with HHT and additional investigation to optimize dosing guidelines is warranted.

Background: Surgical treatment of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) has historically been managed with the laser procedure or the septodermoplasty procedure. For transfusion-dependent patients with severe epistaxis we have been performing the Young's procedure or surgical closure of the nostrils. The objective of this study was to report treatment of severe epistaxis related to HHT with the Young's procedure and assess patient outcome., Methods: Patients with severe iron or blood transfusion-dependent epistaxis who underwent a Young's procedure in three otolaryngology HHT centers were reviewed. Patients were evaluated for postoperative epistaxis and subjective outcome., Results: Forty-three patients underwent a Young's procedure for severe epistaxis and were observed for a mean of 34 months. The procedure was well tolerated by all patients and 30 of 36 patients (83%) experienced complete cessation of bleeding after the Young's procedure. Patients had a mean increase in hemoglobin of 4.68 g/dL after the procedure. The average Glasgow Benefit Inventory score after surgery was 43.56. No patients requested a reversal of the procedure., Conclusion: The Young's procedure is a safe and efficacious procedure with complete cessation of epistaxis in most patients with severe epistaxis and HHT.

Objective: To examine the efficacy of preoperative Staphylococcus aureus screening on postoperative methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infection rates in otolaryngology., Study Design: Chart review., Subjects and Methods: Postoperative MRSA infection rates in unscreened patients during a 1-year period were compared with infection rates in patients after preoperative S aureus screening was initiated. Colonized patients were treated with mupirocin and chlorhexidine preoperatively., Results: Records of 420 patients were reviewed. In the 241 patients without screening, nine patients had S aureus infections, and there were two (0.8%) postoperative MRSA surgical-site infections. Of 179 patients after screening was initiated, 24 patients (13.4%) were colonized with S aureus and underwent preoperative treatment. There were no MRSA infections in the postoperative period., Conclusion: Early results show the potential benefit of preoperative S aureus screening in MRSA infection rate reduction. Although larger studies are needed, screening and treatment of MRSA colonized patients preoperatively may reduce infectious complications in otolaryngology.

Thyroid reoperation is known to carry a higher risk for complications because of the increased challenge of identifying tissue planes, presence of adherent strap muscles, and generalized scarring of the thyroid bed. Consideration of postsurgical changes in the anatomy of important landmarks, such as the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves, brachiocephalic artery, and parathyroid glands, is crucial during preoperative planning for thyroid reoperations. This article provides a review of these key changes in surgical anatomy and the implications of the anatomic changes after thyroidectomy.

Background: Genetic studies on chronic inflammatory diseases have resulted in an emphasis on the epithelial interface with the environment and the genes that influence this interaction. This study examines the expression of key epithelial genes implicated in the pathogenesis of other inflammatory disorders for their role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)., Methods: Epithelial cells were collected from the inferior turbinate, middle turbinate, and/or uncinate from 62 subjects undergoing sinonasal surgery. Patient groups included 21 CRS patients with nasal polyposis, 23 CRS patients without nasal polyposis, and 18 controls. Samples were analyzed for S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, SLC9A3R1, G-protein-coupled receptor for asthma, and serine protease inhibitor kazal type 5 (SPINK5) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to analyze expression of SPINK5 lympho epithelial kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI) in sinonasal samples., Results: Expression of S100A7 and S100A8 was significantly decreased in CRS with and without nasal polyps when compared with controls. S100A9 expression was significantly decreased in CRS without nasal polyps, and SPINK5 expression was significantly decreased in CRS with nasal polyps. SPINK5 (LEKTI) protein was detected in sinonasal tissue and was significantly decreased in polyp samples using IHC., Conclusion: This study shows marked reductions in the level of expression of several genes involved in epithelial barrier maintenance and repair in the inflammatory state of CRS.