Search

Atmospheric electricity measurements, principally of the hourly potential gradient (PG), were made continuously at Eskdalemuir Observatory, Scotland (55.314° N, 3.206° W), between 1911 and 1981. Air ion properties were also determined. The sensing apparatus for PG measurement at Eskdalemuir initially used a Kelvin water dropper potential equaliser (1911–1936), followed by a radioactive probe from 1936 and, from 1965, a horizontal stretched wire sensor at 0.5 m, all attached to recording devices. Monthly mean PG data from these instruments are now available digitally. Originally, the data were classified into undisturbed and disturbed days, using the chart record (electrogram). This approach has deficiencies at Eskdalemuir due to mist, fog and calm conditions, which can influence the mean PG despite the day appearing undisturbed on the electrogram. Nevertheless, a correlation with Pacific Ocean temperature fluctuations is apparent in the Eskdalemuir PG data between 1911 and 1950. As at Lerwick, there was an abrupt decrease in the PG caused by nuclear weapon detonations in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The 1950s PG decrease began at Eskdalemuir before that at Lerwick, for which possible additional local factors are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent interest in measuring methane (CH4) emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells has resulted in five methods being typically used. In line with the US Federal Orphaned Wells Program's (FOWP) guidelines and the American Carbon Registry's (ACR) protocols, quantification methods must be able to measure minimum emissions of 1 g of CH4 h−1 to within ±20%. To investigate if the methods meet the required standard, dynamic chambers, a Hi-Flow (HF) sampler, and a Gaussian plume (GP)-based approach were all used to quantify a controlled emission (Qav; g h−1) of 1 g of CH4 h−1. After triplicate experiments, the average accuracy (Ar; %) and the upper (Uu; %) and lower (Ul; %) uncertainty bounds of all methods were calculated. Two dynamic chambers were used, one following the ACR guidelines, and a second "mobile" chamber made from lightweight materials that could be constructed around a source of emission on a well head. The average emission calculated from the measurements made using the dynamic chamber (Qav = 1.01 g CH4 h−1, Ar = +0.9%), the mobile chamber (Qav = 0.99 g CH4 h−1, Ar = −1.4%), the GP approach (Qav = 0.97 g CH4 h−1, Ar = −2.6%), and the HF sampler (Qav = 1.02 g CH4 h−1, Ar = +2.2%) were all within ±3% of 1 g of CH4 h−1 and met the requirements of the FOWP and ACR protocols. The results also suggest that the individual measurements made using the dynamic chamber can quantify emissions of 1 g of CH4 h−1 to within ±6% irrespective of the design (material, number of parts, geometrical shape, and hose length), and changes to the construction or material specifications as defined via ACR make no discernible difference to the quantification uncertainty. Our tests show that a collapsible chamber can be easily constructed around the emission source on an abandoned well and be used to quantify emissions from abandoned wells in remote areas. To our knowledge, this is the first time that methods for measuring the CH4 emissions of 1 g of CH4 h−1 have been quantitively assessed against a known reference source and against each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]