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Knee disorders are common among the human population. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most widespread knee joint disorder, which may require surgical treatment. The detection and diagnosis of knee joint disorders from medical images demand enormous human effort and time. The development of a computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system can notably minimise the burden of medical experts and remove the intra‐observer and inter‐observer variations. To achieve the goal, the highly challenging research problem of knee image segmentation has been frequently paid attention in past years, which can be efficiently applied in the development of the CAD system. Knee image segmentation is a challenging task owing to the image contrasts, intensity variations, shape irregularities, and the presence of thin cartilage structures. Therefore, this paper presents a literature review of automated segmentation approaches mainly focused on the segmentation of knee cartilage and bone, with respect to the underlying technical aspects, datasets used, and the performance reported. The paper also presents the growth from classical segmentation approaches towards the deep learning approaches in the knee image segmentation. Owing to the varying quality and complexity of different knee image datasets, this paper abstains from doing a rigorous comparative evaluation of image segmentation approaches.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging area of research now-a-days due to its support for road safety and comfort applications. VANET is a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) which allows vehicle to vehicle (V2V) as well as vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. Due to high mobility and frequently changing topology of vehicles, the MANET protocols cannot be directly used for VANET environments. The major research challenges in VANET are congestion control, link repair and collision avoidance. Mobile as well as fixed infrastructure units play an important role in the efficient routing in VANET by providing the traffic information to the vehicles on road. The fixed infrastructure mainly consists of traffic lights and road side units whereas the mobile infrastructure mainly consists of buses which are used for communication in VANET. In this paper, some infrastructure based routing protocols are discussed which offer higher Quality of Service (QoS) than the existing VANET routing protocols.

The objective of this study is to develop a methodology capable of solving the problem of patients asthma. The study employs chemical evaluation in the pulmonary mechanisms. The measurements of the vital capacity of parameters of air flow are investigated. Spirometry tracings give a reliable indirect method of assessing the presence and severity of obstructive ventilatory defect. In addition, experiments on several patients were successfully made in the laboratory with X-ray imaging. The paper deals with the management of asthma and covers new treatment procedures on the basis of available evidences.