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The aim of the Regional Dossier series is to provide concise descriptions of minority languages in education, mainly in Europe but also in other parts of the world. West Frisian, commonly referred to as Frisian (Frisian: Frysk), is a western Germanic, autochthonous minority and official language spoken in Friesland (Frisian: Fryslân), one of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands. In 2018, 61% of the population of Fryslân reported that Frisian was their first language. The Frisian language is widely used in informal domains and mainly in oral use within families and associations, in social and public life, and the media. Every Regional Dossier begins with an introduction about the region in question, followed by six chapters that each deal with a specific level of the education system (e.g. primary education). Chapters 8 and 9 cover the main lines of research into education of the minority language under discussion, and the prospects for the minority language in general and in education in particular, respectively. Chapter 10 provides a summary of statistics. Lists of (legal) references and useful addresses regarding the minority language are given at the end of the dossier. [For the fourth edition, see ED535412.]

In airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems, misalignments between the LiDAR-scanner and the inertial navigation system (INS) mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)'s frame can lead to inaccurate 3D point clouds. Determining the orientation offset, or boresight error is key to many LiDAR-based applications. In this work, we introduce a mixed-integer quadratically constrained quadratic program (MIQCQP) that can globally solve this misalignment problem. We also propose a nested spatial branch and bound (nsBB) algorithm that improves computational performance. The nsBB relies on novel preprocessing steps that progressively reduce the problem size. In addition, an adaptive grid search (aGS) allowing us to obtain quick heuristic solutions is presented. Our algorithms are open-source, multi-threaded and multi-machine compatible.

This regional dossier aims to provide concise, descriptive information and basic educational statistics about minority language education in a specific region of the European Union--Fryslan, one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. Aspects that are addressed include features of the education system, recent educational policies, main actors, legal arrangements, and support structures, as well as quantitative aspects, such as the number of schools, teachers, pupils, and financial investments. This kind of information can serve several purposes and can be relevant for policymakers, researchers, teachers, students, and journalists. They can also use this dossier as a first orientation towards further research or as a source of ideas for improving educational provisions in their own region. The subject of this dossier is Frisian, or "Frysk," an autochthonous minority language currently spoken in Fryslan. Frisian is a western Germanic language closely related to Dutch. Nowadays, Frisian has an official status in the Netherlands. Its spelling has been standardised and Frisian is used in several domains of Frisian society, thereby breaking through the dominance of Dutch. A glossary is included. (Contains 4 tables.) [Additional funding for this paper was provided by the Province of Fryslan and the municipality of Leeuwarden. For previous edition, "Frisian: The Frisian Language in Education in The Netherlands. Second Revised Version. Regional Dossiers Series," see ED452721.]

A majority of the population of Friesland in the Netherlands can speak the Frisian language and over 90 percent can understand it. Frisian is spoken by 55 percent of the population but only 10 percent of the population claim to be fluent in writing Frisian. A brief review of the development of Frisian in education suggests that Frisian has a rather strong position in formal legislation in education. Further, the formulation of objectives hints at the direction of full bilingualism. However, the position of Frisian in daily practice is rather weak and the implementation of Frisian has not resulted in a strong position of Frisian in primary education. Analysis of class hours per week spent on other minority languages in Europe such as Catalan, Basque, and Welsh supports this point. A research project is described that investigated the command of Frisian and Dutch by both Frisian- and Dutch-speaking students. Data are presented concerning students' speaking, reading, comprehension, spelling, and composition abilities. Findings support two conclusions: (1) education in Frisian does not negatively influence the command of the Dutch language of either Frisian- or Dutch-speaking pupils in Friesland, and (2) the command of the Frisian language of both Frisian- and Dutch-speaking pupils is of a very low level at the end of primary school. (Contains 27 references.) (JP)

This study, conducted in the Netherlands, examined the effects of a problem-solving program on students' problem-solving and metacognitive skills. The program consisted of four parts involving one or more aspects of problem solving in the content areas of proportions, geometry, numbers, and solving equations and inequalities. The experimental program was implemented in seven classes from three secondary schools, and the control group consisted of seven classes from four secondary schools taking regular classes on the same subjects. Comparisons on pre- and posttest measures for the two groups indicated that students in the experimental group made better use of heuristic rules and were more reflective than students from the control group. A delayed posttest indicated that 3 months after the experimental period, the effect of the program had disappeared, implying that the positive effect of the program was temporary. A 13-page summary in English is included and a list of 161 references is provided. The appendixes include the instruments and research data. (MDH)

The resummation of the $\alpha \ln^2(z)$ non-singlet contributions is performed for initial state QED corrections. As examples, the effect of the resummation on neutral-current deep-inelastic scattering and the $e^+ e^- \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-$ scattering cross section near the $Z^0$-peak is investigated., Comment: 11 pages Latex, including 3 eps-figures

A brief overview is presented of recent developments concerning resummed small-x evolution, based upon the renormalization group equation. The non-singlet and singlet structure functions are discussed for both polarized and unpolarized deep-inelastic scattering. Quantitative results are displayed and uncertainties from uncalculated subleading terms are discussed., Comment: 9 pages with 5 EPS figures. To appear in Acta Physica Polonica

We present theoretical and experimental considerations pertaining to deeply inelastic heavy-flavour production at HERA. The various theoretical uncertainties in the cross section calculation are discussed. Cuts are imposed to determine the fraction of charm production accessible to the detectors. The production of charm at asymptotic $Q^2$ and bottom production are also covered. Experimental aspects include current charm production data analysis and prospects for future analyses including anticipated high precision and distinguishing photon-gluon fusion charm events from excitation from the charm parton density. The feasibility of measuring $F_2^{b\overline b}(x,Q^2)$ is investigated., Comment: 22 total pages with 16 figures. To appear in abbreviated form in the proceedings of the workshop ``Future Physics at HERA'', DESY, Hamburg, 1996

We perform a numerical study of the QCD corrections to the structure function $F_L(x,Q^2)$ in the HERA energy range. The $K$--factors are of $O(30%)$ and larger in parts of the kinematic range. The relative corrections to $F_L^{c\overline{c}}$ turn out to be scale dependent and partially compensate contributions to the massless terms., Comment: 5 pages Latex, including 6 eps-figures. To appear in: Proc. of the 1996 HERA Physics Workshop

Seven next-to-leading order QCD evolution programs are compared. The deviations of the results due to different theoretical prescriptions for truncating the perturbative series are clarified, and a numerical agreement between five codes of better than 0.1% is achieved. Reference results for further comparison are provided., Comment: 11 pages LaTeX, 4 eps-figures. To appear in the proceedings of the workshop "Future Physics at HERA", DESY, Hamburg, 1996

Deep-inelastic production of heavy quarks at HERA, especially charm, is an excellent signal to measure the gluon distribution in the proton at small $x$ values. By measuring various differential distributions of the heavy quarks this reaction permits additional more incisive QCD analyses due to the many scales present. Furthermore, the relatively small mass of the charm quark, compared to the typical momentum transfer $Q$, allows one to study whether and when to treat this quark as a parton. This reaction therefore sheds light on some of the most fundamental aspects of perturbative QCD. We discuss the above issues and review the feasibility of their experimental investigation in the light of a large integrated luminosity., Comment: 10 pages, uses epsfig.sty, five ps figures included. To appear in the proceedings of the workshop Future Physics at HERA, eds. G. Ingelman, A. De Roeck and R. Klanner, DESY, Hamburg, 1996

The differences are discussed between various next-to-leading order prescriptions for the QCD evolution of parton densities and structure functions. Their quantitative impact is understood to an accuracy of 0.02\%. The uncertainties due to the freedom to choose the renormalization and factorization scales are studied. The quantitative consequences of the different uncertainties on the extraction of the strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$ from scaling violations in deep--inelastic scattering are estimated for the kinematic regime accessible at HERA., Comment: 10 pages Latex, including 3 eps-figures, and a style file. To appear in: Proc. of the International Workshop: QCD and QED in Higher Orders, Rheinsberg, April, 1996, Nucl. Phys. {\bf B} (Proc. Suppl); The lay-out of the paper has been changed, one figure sent separately before has been bound in

A survey is given of recent developments on the resummed small-$x$ evolution, in a framework based on the renormalization group equation, of non--singlet and singlet structure functions in both unpolarized and polarized deep--inelastic scattering. The available resummed anomalous dimensions are discussed for all these cases, and the most important analytic and numerical results are compiled. The quantitative effects of these small-$x$ resummations on the evolution of the various parton densities and structure functions are presented, and their present uncertainties are investigated. An application to QED radiative corrections is given., Comment: 18 pages Latex, including 11 eps-figures, and a style file. To appear in: Proc. of the International Workshop: QCD and QED in Higher Orders, Rheinsberg, April, 1996, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl)

A brief survey is given of recent results on the resummation of leading small-x terms for unpolarized and polarized non--singlet and singlet structure function evolution., Comment: 6 pages Latex, 2 eps-figures, additional style file procl.sty included. Contribution to the Proceedings of the International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and Related Phenomena, Rome, April 1996

Open heavy flavour production at $e^+e^-$ colliders in deeply inelastic $e\gamma$ scattering has an interesting feature: the structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$ for this process is calculable for $x>0.01$, and is essentially proportional to the gluon density in the photon for smaller $x$ values. We give estimates for event rates at LEP2 and a Next Linear Collider in $x,Q^2$ bins, and present differential distributions in the transverse momentum and rapidity of the heavy quark for the case of charm. We include all next-to-leading-order QCD corrections, and find theoretical uncertainties are well under control., Comment: 14 pages, Latex, epsfig, 4 figures

This report is an overview of the gamma-gamma physics capabilities of LEP2, and covers the following topics: structure functions, equivalent photon approximation, tagging conditions etc, soft and semihard physics, large-$p_t$ processes, heavy-quark physics, and exclusive channels., Comment: 58 pages, Latex, gzipped and uuencoded, to appear in the proceedings of the LEP2 workshop

There are presently two approaches to calculating heavy quark production for the deeply inelastic scattering process in current literature. The conventional fixed-flavor scheme focuses on the flavor creation mechanism and includes the heavy quark only as a final state particle in the hard scattering cross section; this has been computed to next-to-leading order--\alphas^2. The more recently formulated variable-flavor scheme includes, in addition, the flavor excitation process where the initial state partons of all flavors contribute above their respective threshold, as commonly accepted for calculations of other high energy processes; this was initially carried out to leading order--\alphas^1. We first compare and contrast these existing calculations. As expected from physical grounds, the next-to-leading-order fixed-flavor scheme calculation yields good results near threshold, while the leading-order variable-flavor scheme calculation works well for asymptotic Q^2. The quality of the calculations in the intermediate region is dependent upon the x and Q^2 values chosen. An accurate self-consistent QCD calculation over the entire range can be obtained by extending the variable-flavor scheme to next-to-leading-order. Recent work to carry out this calculation is described. Preliminary numerical results of this calculation are also presented for comparison., Comment: LaTeX format, 7 pages, 5 uuencoded figures with epsf.tex. Presented by FIO at XXXth Rencontres de Moriond, QCD and High Energy Hadronic Interactions, March 1995. Postscript file available from anonymous ftp: ftp://ftp.physics.smu.edu/pub/papers/1995

We discuss the calculation of $F_2^{\gamma}({\rm charm})$ to next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD, including contributions from both hadronlike and pointlike photons. We show that the former dominates strongly below $x\simeq 0.01$, and the latter above this value. This fact makes $F_2^{\gamma}({\rm charm})$ for $x \geq 0.01$ calculable, whereas for $x \leq 0.01$ it serves to constrain the small-$x$ gluon density in the photon. Both ranges in $x$ are accessible at LEP2. Theoretical uncertainties are well under control. We present rates for single-tag events for the process for $e^+e^- \rightarrow e^+e^- c X$ for LEP2. Although these event rates are small, we believe a measurement of $F_2^{\gamma}({\rm charm})$ is feasible., Comment: 7 pages Latex, with 2 eps figs., uuencoded

The coefficient functions for heavy-flavour production in deeply inelastic electron-hadron scattering have been calculated previously. Analytic expressions are impossible to publish due to their length. Therefore we have tabulated them as two-dimensional arrays as is often done for the scale-dependent parton densities. Using this computer program we present event rates for charm production at HERA in bins of $x$ and $Q^2$. These rates are insensitive to variations in the factorization and renormalization scale $\mu$., Comment: LaTeX file, 2 uuencoded figures in a separate file

We compare the results of the fixed-flavor scheme calculation of Laenen, Riemersma, Smith and van Neerven with the variable-flavor scheme calculation of Aivazis, Collins, Olness and Tung for neutral-current (photon-mediated) heavy-flavor (charm and bottom) production. We compare the structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$ throughout phase space, and also analyze the $\mu$-dependenceWe find that the former calculation is most applicable near threshold, while the latter works well for asymptotic $Q^2$., Comment: LaTeX format, 4 pages, 2 figures in uuencoded format. Postscript file available from ftp://smuphy.physics.smu.edu/usr/ftpdir/pub/papers . **Presented at the Eighth DPF Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, August, 1994** (Conference version of SMU-HEP/94-21.)

We compare the results of the fixed-flavor scheme calculation of Laenen, Riemersma, Smith and van Neerven with the variable-flavor scheme calculation of Aivazis, Collins, Olness and Tung for the case of neutral-current (photon-mediated) heavy-flavor (charm and bottom) production. Specifically, we examine the features of both calculations throughout phase space and compare the structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$. We also analyze the dependence of $F_2$ on the mass factorization scale $\mu$. We find that the former is most applicable near threshold, while the latter works well for asymptotic $Q^2$. The validity of each calculation in the intermediate region is dependent upon the $x$ and $Q^2$ values chosen., Comment: LaTeX format, 19 pages, 20 figures in uuencoded format. Postscript file available at ftp://smuphy.physics.smu.edu/usr/ftpdir/pub/papers

Results for b-quark production at hadron colliders, both current and proposed, are presented. Distributions in $p_t$ are presented for the TeVatron and SSC. Confirmation of agreement between the ${\cal O}(\alpha_S^3)$ calculations and UA1 data is presented, and the discrepancy between the ${\cal O}(\alpha_S^3)$ calculations and the CDF results is updated with the most recent data., Comment: LaTeX 9 pages with 6 uuencoded figures at the end, SMU HEP 93-08, AL-HEP-CP-93-66

We present the complete NLO QCD analysis of the photon structure functions $F_2^\gamma(x,Q^2)$ and $F_L^\gamma(x,Q^2)$ for a real photon target. In particular we study the heavy flavor content of the structure functions which is due to two different production mechanisms, namely collisions of a virtual photon with a real photon, and with a parton. We observe that the charm contributions are noticeable for $F_2^\gamma(x,Q^2)$ as well as $F_L^\gamma(x,Q^2)$ in the x-region studied., Comment: Latex 34 pages, 24 figures, uuencoded, attached at end, ITP-SB-93-46, FERMILAB-Pub-93/240-T, SMU HEP 93-14

We examine the QCD corrections to the structure functions $F_2^\gamma(x,Q^2)$ and $F_L^\gamma(x,Q^2)$ for a real photon target. The pointlike photon contributions from light and heavy quarks are computed through $O(\alpha\alpha_S)$. A parameterization of the hadronic (resolved) photon contribution is also included and a comparison is made with the present experimental data. We find that while the pointlike contributions are large for $F_2^\gamma(x,Q^2)$, they are the dominant part of $F_L^\gamma(x,Q^2)$. For $Q^2 > 50$ $({\rm GeV}/c)^2$ the charm component is as least as large as the light quark component., Comment: Latex 22 pages (16 figures available upon request), ITP-SB-93-1, FERMILAB-Pub-93/033-T