Search

Einleitung: Der Beruf eines/einer Physiotherapeut/in (PT) kann in Deutschland seit 2010 auf drei unterschiedlichen Wegen erlernt werden: als Berufsausbildung, als dualer Studiengang oder als grundständiger primärqualifizierender Studiengang. Die Forderung der therapeutischen Verbände[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA), des Arbeitskreises zur Weiterentwicklung der Lehre in der Zahnmedizin (AKWLZ) und der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Lehre (CAL)

Absolute values of gravity wave momentum flux (GWMF) deduced from satellite measurements by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument and the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) are correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) with the aim of identifying those oceanic regions for which convection is a major source of gravity waves (GWs). Our study identifies those latitude bands where high correlation coefficients indicate convective excitation with confidence. This is based on a global ray-tracing simulation, which is used to delineate the source and wind-filtering effects. Convective GWs are identified at the eastern coasts of the continents and over the warm water regions formed by the warm ocean currents, in particular the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio. Potential contributions of tropical cyclones to the excitation of the GWs are discussed. Convective excitation can be identified well into the mid-mesosphere. In propagating upward, the centers of GWMF formed by convection shift poleward. Some indications of the main forcing regions are even shown for the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT).

In this manuscript we address an important gap in our current carbohydrate active enzyme toolbox, by developing a highly a2,6-selective (over a2,3-selective) de facto sialidase that is necessary both for glycan analysis and glycoconjugate remodeling. Both glycosidic linkages are commonly found in animal biology and each has been shown to have distinct biological function. Our approach is novel in that it harnesses the high selectivity of known glycosyltransferases ‘in reverse’ for effective hydrolysis, converting transferases to hydrolases by reaction engineering. More specifically, we demonstrate that the a2,6-specific pseudosialidase activity of Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224 a2,6-sialyltransferase can be used effectively for highly a2,6 selective hydrolysis on a broad range of analytes: small synthetic probes, isolated complex glycans and complex mixtures of glycoproteins.

International audience; The stratospheric circulation is an important element of climate as it determines the concentration of radiatively active species likewater vapor and aerosol above the tropopause. Climate models predict that increasing greenhouse gas levels speed up the stratospheric circulation. However, these results have been challenged by observational estimates of the circulation strength, constitutingan uncertainty in current climate simulations. Here, we quantify the effect of volcanic aerosol on the stratospheric circulation focusing on the Mount Pinatubo eruption and discussing further the minor extratropical volcanic eruptions after 2008. We show that the observed pattern of decadal circulation change over the past decades is substantially driven by volcanic aerosol injections. Thus, climate model simulations need to realistically take into account the effect of volcanic eruptions, including the minor eruptions after 2008, for a reliable reproduction of observed stratospheric circulation changes.

International audience; A major uncertainty in current climate model simulations concerns the evolution of the stratospheric Brewer-Dobson circulation. Models show decreasing mean age, indicating an accelerating circulation, while observations show opposite decadal age variations in the Northern hemisphere. Here, we quantify the effect of the stratospheric volcanic aerosol on mean age variability, using mean age from reanalysis-driven TRACZILLA and CLaMS simulations for the 1989-2010 period, showing decadal variations consistent with observations. Our method is based on a multilinear regression technique using satellite observations of aerosol optical depth including Pinatubo and smaller volcanoes after 2002. We find that the decadal age variations can be primarily attributed to the volcanic signals. In particular the smaller volcanic eruptions after 2002, which are not included in most climate model simulations, cause most of the positive mean age decadal change in the Northern hemisphere after 2002. Consequently, the discrepancy between climate models and observations regarding decadal mean age changes (2002-2010) is likely related to the representation of volcanic stratospheric aerosol in the models.

The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) presents new opportunities for the retrieval of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The radiometric calibration of the measured signal is achieved using in-flight measurements of reference blackbody and upward-pointing "deep space" scenes. In this paper, we present techniques developed specifically to calibrate GLORIA data exploiting the instrument's imaging capability. The algorithms discussed here make use of the spatial correlation of parameters across GLORIA's detector pixels in order to mitigate the noise levels and artefacts in the calibration measurements. This is achieved by combining a priori and empirical knowledge about the instrument background radiation with noise-mitigating compression methods, specifically low-pass filtering and principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, a new software package for the processing of GLORIA data is introduced which allows us to generate calibrated spectra from raw measurements in a semi-automated data processing chain.

In a case study of a remarkable Major stratospheric sudden Warming (MW) during the boreal winter 2008/09, we investigate how transport and mixing triggered by this event affect the composition of the whole stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere. We simulate this event with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), with optimized mixing parameters and with no mixing, i.e. with transport occurring only along the Lagrangian trajectories. The results are investigated by using the tracer–tracer correlation technique and by applying the Transformed Eulerian Mean formalism. The CLaMS simulation of N2O and O3 with optimized mixing parameters shows good agreement with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data. The spatial distribution of mixing intensity in CLaMS correlates fairly well with the Eliassen–Palm flux convergence and illustrates how planetary waves drive mixing. By comparing the simulations with and without mixing, we find that after the MW poleward transport of air increases not only across the vortex edge but also across the subtropical transport barrier. Moreover, the MW event also accelerates polar descent and tropical ascent of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. The accelerated ascent in the tropics and descent at high latitudes firstly occurs in the upper stratosphere and then propagates downward to the lower stratosphere. This downward propagation takes over one month from the potential temperature level of 1000 to 400 K.

Level 2 processing for the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer GLORIA: derivation and validation of temperature and trace gas volume mixing ratios from calibrated dynamics mode spectra

During the TACTS aircraft campaign enhanced tropospheric trace gases such as CO, CH4, and H2O and reduced stratospheric O3 were measured in situ in the lowermost stratosphere over Northern Europe on 26 September 2012. The measurements indicate that these air masses differ from the stratospheric background. The calculation of 40 day backward trajectories with the trajectory module of the CLaMS model shows that these air masses are affected by the Asian monsoon anticyclone. Some air masses originate from the boundary layer in Southeast Asia/West Pacific and are rapidly lifted (1–2 days) within a typhoon. Afterwards they are injected directly into the anticyclonic circulation of the Asian monsoon. The subsequent long-range transport (8–14 days) of enhanced water vapour and pollutants to the lowermost stratosphere in Northern Europe is driven by eastward transport of tropospheric air from the Asian monsoon anticyclone caused by an eddy shedding event. We find that the combination of rapid uplift by a typhoon and eastward eddy shedding from the Asian monsoon anticyclone is an additional fast transport pathway that, in this study, carries boundary emissions from Southeast Asia/West Pacific within approximately 5 weeks to the lowermost stratosphere in Northern Europe.

A new data set of atomic oxygen abundance in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere is presented. The data are derived from the nighttime atomic oxygen green line limb emission measurements of the SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) instrument on the European Environmental Satellite. The temporal coverage is October 2002 until April 2012, and the latitudinal extent is 50°S to 80°N at 10 P.M. local time. This data set is compared to other satellite data sets, in particular to recently published data of SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) and the Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter model. SCIAMACHY atomic oxygen peak abundances are typically 3–6×1011 mol/cm3 at the atomic oxygen maximum region, depending on latitude and season. These values are similar to previous values based on chemiluminescence measurements of the atomic oxygen three-body recombination reaction but at least 30% lower than atomic oxygen abundances obtained from SABER.

Thirty years of balloon-borne measurements over Boulder (40°N, 105°W) are used to investigate the water vapor trend in the tropopause region. This analysis extends previously published trends, usually focusing on altitudes greater than 16 km, to lower altitudes. Two new concepts are applied: (1) Trends are presented in a thermal tropopause (TP) relative coordinate system from –2 km below to 10 km above the TP, and (2) sonde profiles are selected according to TP height. Tropical (TPz > 14 km), extratropical (TPz < 12 km), and transitional air mass types (12 km < TPz < 14 km) reveal three different water vapor reservoirs. The analysis based on these concepts reduces the dynamically induced water vapor variability at the TP and principally favors refined water vapor trend studies in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Nonetheless, this study shows how uncertain trends are at altitudes −2 to +4 km around the TP. This uncertainty in turn has an influence on the uncertainty and interpretation of water vapor radiative effects at the TP, which are locally estimated for the 30 year period to be of uncertain sign. The much discussed decrease in water vapor at the beginning of 2001 is not detectable between −2 and 2 km around the TP. On lower stratospheric isentropes, the water vapor change at the beginning of 2001 is more intense for extratropical than for tropical air mass types. This suggests a possible link with changing dynamics above the jet stream such as changes in the shallow branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation.