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The article analyzes the existence of a proposed exchange between the rebels and the Republicans to exchange José Antonio Primo de Rivera for Largo Caballero's son. Attempts of bribery and ransom are mentioned, but the release of José Antonio is not achieved. The possible influence of the Nazis in the liberation of José Antonio Primo de Rivera is also discussed. It is concluded that there is no evidence that an official exchange proposal between Francisco Largo Caballero and José Antonio Primo de Rivera was processed. [Extracted from the article]

Amelia Azarola Echeverría was a prominent Spanish student leader and physician born in Santesteban, Navarra, in 1907 and died in 1994. She studied Medicine in Madrid and held positions in the Professional Association of Medical Students. She married Julio Ruiz de Alda, co-founder of Falange Española. During the Second Republic, Amelia was an active defender of the Republic and participated in student events. After the arrest and execution of her husband, she was arrested and imprisoned in the San Rafael Asylum in Madrid. Despite her leftist affiliation, several testimonies stated that Amelia was not disloyal to the republican regime. After being acquitted of political charges during the Spanish Civil War, she was held in different prisons and eventually exchanged. After her release, she retired from politics and became the director of a hospital in Madrid. Her son, Juan Antonio Ruiz de Alda, held an important position in the Bank of Spain. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the friendship between José Antonio Primo de Rivera and Manuel Azaña, as well as the admiration that Primo de Rivera felt for Azaña and how the latter tried to save the life of the Falangist leader. It is mentioned that Princess Bibesco was the one who introduced Primo de Rivera and Azaña. It also highlights Azaña's speech at the Mestalla stadium in 1935, which was not well received by Primo de Rivera due to its exclusionary tone. In general, the article analyzes the relationship between these two political leaders in Spain at the time. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the attempt by socialist minister Prieto to create an Authentic Spanish Falange in southern France with the collaboration of dissident Falangists. Some leaders, such as Vicente Cadenas, Ángel Aldecoa, and Ángel Nieto, managed to escape to France and were attributed with the creation of a clandestine Falangist opposition organization. However, the existence of the Authentic Spanish Falange was questioned and considered an invention by Prieto to create discord among the Falangists. The article mentions the contacts between Vicente Cadenas and the Republican Embassy in Paris to manage the release of imprisoned Falangist leader Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta. It also mentions the exchange of Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta for Justino de Azcárate and the disappearance of important documents. Despite the efforts of Cadenas and his comrades, Fernández-Cuesta's return fails to unify the Falangists against the Unification. Vicente Cadenas does not return to Spain until 1944 and rejects the charges offered by Fernández-Cuesta. [Extracted from the article]

The article addresses the failed attempts of King Alfonso XIII to join Freemasonry and whether Antonio Luna, legal member of the Special Tribunal for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism, could have been a Freemason. Although some historians deny that Alfonso XIII wanted to be a Freemason, there are Masonic sources that indicate that the king tried to join the Order. It is mentioned that a character of high noble title, possibly the Duke of Alba, influenced the king to request his admission to Freemasonry. Additionally, it is mentioned that Luna was dismissed from his position as a member of the TERMC due to a visit from a lieutenant of the army who was possibly extorting Luna. [Extracted from the article]

The article is about the intervention of Nicasio Álvarez de Sotomayor in the Ramirista split of Falange Española. Álvarez de Sotomayor was part of the Federación Universitaria Escolar and was involved in the founding of the Sanidad Union of the CNT. He also participated in the strike at Telefónica and was arrested on several occasions for acts of sabotage. Later, he joined the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista and supported the merger with Falange Española. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the relationship between the writer Llorenç Villalonga and fascism. It argues that although Villalonga had conservative elements and criticisms of consumer society and technology, it cannot be affirmed that he professed a fascist ideology. It is emphasized that his criticism of the masses does not imply a reactionary attitude, but rather a separation between democracy and liberalism. The interpretation of Professor Larios that Villalonga was fascist is questioned, and it is mentioned that no evidence of fascist influences has been found in his writings. [Extracted from the article]