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3. Do fast foods cause asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Global findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three

Author

Ellwood, Philippa, Asher, M Innes, García-Marcos, Luis, Williams, Hywel, Keil, Ulrich, Robertson, Colin, Nagel, Gabriele, Aït-Khaled, N, Anderson, H R, Asher, M I, Beasley, R, Björkstén, B, Brunekreef, B, Crane, J, Ellwood, P, Flohr, C, Foliaki, S, Forastiere, F, García-Marcos, L, Keil, U, Lai, C K W, Mallol, J, Mitchell, E A, Montefort, S, Odhiambo, J, Pearce, N, Robertson, C F, Stewart, A W, Strachan, D, von Mutius, E, Weiland, S K, Weinmayr, G, Williams, H, Wong, G, Asher, M I, Clayton, T O, Ellwood, E, Ellwood, P, Mitchell, E A, Stewart, A W, Baena-Cagnani, C E, Gómez, M, Howitt, M E, Weyler, J, Pinto-Vargas, R, Cunha, A J L A, de Freitas Souza, L, Kuaban, C, Ferguson, A, Rennie, D, Aguilar, P, Amarales, L, Benavides, L A V, Contreras, A, Chen, Y-Z, Kunii, O, Li Pan, Q, Zhong, N-S, Aristizábal, G, Cepeda, A M, Ordoñez, G A, Koffi, B N, Bustos, C, Riikjärv, M-A, Melaku, K, Saʼaga-Banuve, R, Pekkanen, J, Vlaski, E, Hypolite, I E, Wong, G, Novák, Z, Zsigmond, G, Awasthi, S, Sabir, M, Sharma, S K, Singh, V, Suresh Babu, P S, Kartasasmita, C B, Konthen, P, Suprihati, W, Masjedi, M-R, Steriu, A, Odajima, H, al-Momen, J A, Imanalieva, C, Kudzyte, J, Quah, B S, Teh, K H, Baeza-Bacab, M, Barragán-Meijueiro, M, Del-Río-Navarro, B E, García-Almaráz, R, González-Díaz, S N, Linares-Zapién, F J, Merida-Palacio, J V, Ramírez-Chanona, N, Romero-Tapia, S, Romieu, I, Bouayad, Z, Asher, M I, MacKay, R, Moyes, C, Pattemore, P, Pearce, N, Onadeko, B O, Cukier, G, Chiarella, P, Cua-Lim, F, Brêborowicz, A, Lis, G, Câmara, R, Lopes dos Santos, J M, Nunes, C, Rosado Pinto, J, Fuimaono, P, Goh, D Y T, Zar, H J, Lee, H-B, Blanco-Quirós, A, Busquets, R M, Carvajal-Urueña, I, García-Hernández, G, García-Marcos, L, González Díaz, C, López-Silvarrey Varela, A, Morales Suárez-Varela, M M, Pérez-Yarza, E G, Al-Rawas, O, Mohammad, S, Mohammad, Y, Tabbah, K, Huang, J-L, Kao, C-C, Trakultivakorn, M, Vichyanond, P, Iosefa, T, Windom, H H, Burr, M, Strachan, D, Holgado, D, Lapides, M C, Aldrey, O, Sears, M, Aguirre, V, Mallol, J, Lai, C K W, Shah, J, Baratawidjaja, K, Anderson, H R, Nishima, S, and Lee, B-W

Published
2013
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5. A multi-centre study of candidate genes for wheeze and allergy: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase 2

Author

Genuneit, J., Cantelmo, J. L., Weinmayr, G., Wong, G. W. K., Cooper, P. J., Riikjärv, M.-A., Gotua, M., Kabesch, M., von Mutius, E., Forastiere, F., Crane, J., Nystad, W., El-Sharif, N., Batlles-Garrido, J., García-Marcos, L., García-Hernández, G., Morales-Suarez-Varela, M., Nilsson, L., Bråbäck, L., Saraçlar, Y., Weiland, S. K., Cookson, W. O. C., Strachan, D., and Moffatt, M. F.

Published
2009
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8. Are Environmental Factors for Atopic Eczema in ISAAC Phase Three due to Reverse Causation?

Author

Rutter, Charlotte E., primary, Silverwood, Richard J., additional, Williams, Hywel C., additional, Ellwood, Philippa, additional, Asher, Innes, additional, Garcia-Marcos, Luis, additional, Strachan, David P., additional, Pearce, Neil, additional, Langan, Sinéad M., additional, Aït-Khaled, N., additional, Anderson, H.R., additional, Asher, M.I., additional, Beasley, R., additional, Björkstén, B., additional, Brunekreef, B., additional, Crane, J., additional, Ellwood, P., additional, Flohr, C., additional, Foliaki, S., additional, Forastiere, F., additional, García-Marcos, L., additional, Keil, U., additional, Lai, C.K.W., additional, Mallol, J., additional, Mitchell, E.A., additional, Montefort, S., additional, Odhiambo, J., additional, Pearce, N., additional, Robertson, C.F., additional, Stewart, A.W., additional, Strachan, D., additional, von Mutius, E., additional, Weiland, S.K., additional, Weinmayr, G., additional, Williams, H.C., additional, Wong, G., additional, Clayton, T.O., additional, Ellwood, E., additional, Baena-Cagnani, C.E., additional, Gómez, M., additional, Howitt, M.E., additional, Weyler, J., additional, Pinto-Vargas, R., additional, Petrolera de Salud, Caja, additional, Cunha, A.J. D.A., additional, de Freitas Souza, L., additional, Kuaban, C., additional, Ferguson, A., additional, Rennie, D., additional, Standring, P., additional, Aguilar, P., additional, Amarales, L., additional, Benavides, L.A., additional, Contreras, A., additional, Chen, Y.-Z., additional, Kunii, O., additional, Pan, Q. Li, additional, Zhong, N.-S., additional, Aristizábal, G., additional, Cepeda, A.M., additional, Ordoñez, G.A., additional, Bustos, C., additional, Riikjärv, M.-A., additional, Melaku, K., additional, Sa’aga-Banuve, R., additional, Pekkanen, J., additional, Hypolite, I.E., additional, Novák, Z., additional, Zsigmond, G., additional, Awasthi, S., additional, Bhave, S., additional, Hanumante, N.M., additional, Jain, K.C., additional, Joshi, M.K., additional, Mantri, S.N., additional, Pherwani, A.V., additional, Rego, S., additional, Sabir, M., additional, Salvi, S., additional, Setty, G., additional, Sharma, S.K., additional, Singh, V., additional, Sukumaran, T., additional, Suresh Babu, P.S., additional, Kartasasmita, C.B., additional, Konthen, P., additional, Suprihati, W., additional, Masjedi, M.R., additional, Steriu, A., additional, Koffi, B.N., additional, Odajima, H., additional, al-Momen, J.A., additional, Imanalieva, C., additional, Kudzyte, J., additional, Quah, B.S., additional, Teh, K.H., additional, Baeza-Bacab, M., additional, Barragán-Meijueiro, M., additional, Del-Río-Navarro, B.E., additional, García-Almaráz, R., additional, González-Díaz, S.N., additional, Linares-Zapién, F.J., additional, Merida-Palacio, J.V., additional, Ramírez-Chanona, N., additional, Romero-Tapia, S., additional, Romieu, I., additional, Bouayad, Z., additional, MacKay, R., additional, Moyes, C., additional, Pattemore, P., additional, Onadeko, B.O., additional, Cukier, G., additional, Chiarella, P., additional, Cua-Lim, F., additional, Brêborowicz, A., additional, Solé, D., additional, Sears, M., additional, Aguirre, V., additional, Barba, S., additional, Shah, J., additional, Baratawidjaja, K., additional, Nishima, S., additional, de Bruyne, J., additional, Tuuau-Potoi, N., additional, Lai, C.K., additional, Lee, B.W., additional, El Sony, A., additional, and Anderson, R., additional

Published
2019
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10. Overweight/obesity and respiratory and allergic disease in children: International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) phase two

Author

Weinmayr, G. Forastiere, F. Büchele, G. Jaensch, A. Strachan, D.P. Nagel, G. Weiland, S.K. Dentler, C. Rzehak, P. Priftanji, A. Shkurti, A. Simenati, J. Grabocka, E. Shyti, K. Agolli, S. Gurakuqi, A. Stein, R.T. De Pereira, M.U. Jones, M.H. Pitrez, P.M. Cooper, P.J. Chico, M. Chen, Y.Z. Zhong, N.S. Lai, C.K.W. Wong, G.W.K. Riikjärv, M.-A. Annus, T. Annesi-Maesano, I. Gotua, M. Rukhadze, M. Abramidze, T. Kvachadze, I. Karsanidze, L. Kiladze, M. Dolidze, N. Leupold, W. Keil, U. Von Mutius, E. Arthur, P. Addo-Yobo, E. Gratziou, C. Priftis, K. Papadopoulou, A. Katsardis, C. Tsanakas, J. Hatziagorou, E. Kirvassilis, F. Clausen, M. Shah, J.R. Mathur, R.S. Khubchandani, R.P. Mantri, S. Di Domenicantonio, R. De Sario, M. Sammarro, S. Pistelli, R. Serra, M.G. Corbo, G. Perucci, C.A. Svabe, V. Sebre, D. Casno, G. Novikova, I. Bagrade, L. Brunekreef, B. Schram, D. Doekes, G. Jansen-Van Vliet, P.H.N. Janssen, N.A.H. Aarts, F.J.H. De Meer, G. Crane, J. Wickens, K. Barry, D. Nystad, W. Bolle, R. Lund, E. Garrido, J.B. Ruiz, T.R. Perales, A.B. Jiménez, Y.G. Rodriguez, J.A. De Cabo, J.M. Maldonado, A.L. Torres, M.D. García-Marcos, L. Torres, A.M. Pérez, J.J.G. López, A.P. Robles, S.C. Hernandez, G.G. Gimeno, A.M. Rodríguez, A.L.M. Paredes, C.L. Gil, I.G. Suarez-Varela, M.M.M. González, A.L. Montaner, A.E. Guerola, M.T. Bråbäck, L. Sandin, A. Kjellman, M. Nilsson, L. Mai, X.-M. Saraçlar, Y. Tuncer, A. Saçkesen, C. Sumbulglu, V. Geyik, P. Kocabas, C. Kuyucu, S. Kaur, B. El-Sharif, N. Barghuthy, F. Abu Huij, S. Qlebo, M. Nemery, B. Aït-Khaled, N. Anderson, H.R. Pearce, N. Strachan, D.P. Flohr, C. Williams, H. Asher, M.I. Ellwood, P. Stewart, A. Mitchell, E. Beasley, R. Björkstén, B. Foliaki, S. Mallol, J. Montefort, S. Odhiambo, J. Robertson, C. ISAAC Phase Two Steering Group

Abstract

Background: Childhood obesity and asthma are increasing worldwide. A possible link between the two conditions has been postulated. Methods: Cross-sectional studies of stratified random samples of 8-12-year-old children (n=10 652) (16 centres in affluent and 8 centres in non-affluent countries) used the standardized methodology of ISAAC Phase Two. Respiratory and allergic symptoms were ascertained by parental questionnaires. Tests for allergic disease were performed. Height and weight were measured, and overweight and obesity were defined according to international definitions. Prevalence rates and prevalence odds ratios were calculated. Results: Overweight (odds ratio=1.14, 95%-confidence interval: 0.98; 1.33) and obesity (odds ratio=1.67, 95%-confidence interval: 1.25; 2.21) were related to wheeze. The relationship was stronger in affluent than in non-affluent centres. Similar results were found for cough and phlegm, rhinitis and eczema but the associations were mostly driven by children with wheeze. There was a clear association of overweight and obesity with airways obstruction (change in FEV1/FVC, 20.90, 95%-confidence interval: 21.33%; 20.47%, for overweight and 22.46%, 95%-confidence interval: 23.84%; 21.07%, for obesity) whereas the results for the other objective markers, including atopy, were null. Conclusions: Our data from a large international child population confirm that there is a strong relation of body mass index with wheeze especially in affluent countries. Moreover, body mass index is associated with an objective marker of airways obstruction (FEV1/FVC) but no other objective markers of respiratory and allergic disorders. © 2014 Weinmayr et al.

Published
2014

11. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) in Austria

Author

Lesic, Irena, Maurer, Elisabeth, Strippoli, Marie Pierre Francoise, Kuehni, Claudia Elisabeth, Barbato, Angelo, Frischer, Thomas H., Azevedo, I., Baktai, G., De Blic, J., Bush, Andrew P., Carlsen, K-H., Eber, E., Frischer, T., Hesselmar, B., Hogg, C., Jorissen, M., Karadag, B., Kuehni, C. E., Korppi, M., Maurer, E., Minic, P., Nielsen, K.G., Omran, H., Pohunek, P., Priftis, K., Riikjärv, M-A., Petrova Stoyanova, G., Pohanka, V., Snijders, D., Yiallouros, Panayiotis K., and Zivkovic, Z.

Subjects
Situs inversus, Primary ciliary dyskinesia, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Mucociliary clearance, Therapy, Sinusitis, Clinical Medicine, Medical and Health Sciences, Bronchiectasis
Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare hereditary recessive disease with symptoms of recurrent pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis. Chronic rhinitis is often the presenting symptom in newborns and infants. Approximately half of the patients show visceral mirror image arrangements (situs inversus). In this study, we aimed 1) to determine the number of paediatric PCD patients in Austria, 2) to show the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities used in the clinical centres and 3) to describe symptoms of children with PCD. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the first two aims, we analysed data from a questionnaire survey of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) task force on Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in children. All paediatric respiratory units in Austria received a questionnaire. Symptoms of PCD patients from Vienna Children's University Hospital (aim 3) were extracted from case histories. RESULTS: In 13 Austrian clinics 48 patients with PCD (36 aged from 0–19 years) were identified. The prevalence of reported cases (aged 0–19 yrs) in Austria was 1:48000. Median age at diagnosis was 4.8 years (IQR 0.3–8.2), lower in children with situs inversus compared to those without (3.1 vs. 8.1 yrs, p = 0.067). In 2005–2006, the saccharine test was still the most commonly used screening test for PCD in Austria (45%). Confirmation of the diagnosis was usually by electron microscopy (73%). All clinics treated exacerbations immediately with antibiotics, 73% prescribed airway clearance therapy routinely to all patients. Other therapies and diagnostic tests were applied very inconsistently across Austrian hospitals. All PCD patients from Vienna (n = 13) had increased upper and lower respiratory secretions, most had recurring airway infections (n = 12), bronchiectasis (n = 7) and bronchitis (n = 7). CONCLUSION: Diagnosis and therapy of PCD in Austria are inhomogeneous. Prospective studies are needed to learn more about the course of the disease and to evaluate benefits and harms of different treatment strategies.

Published
2009

12. Prevalence of self-reported food allergy and IgE antibodies to food allergens in Swedish and Estonian schoolchildren.

Author

Sandin, Anna, Annus, T, Björkstén, B, Nilsson, L, Riikjärv, M-A, van Hage-Hamsten, M, Bråbäck, Lennart, Sandin, Anna, Annus, T, Björkstén, B, Nilsson, L, Riikjärv, M-A, van Hage-Hamsten, M, and Bråbäck, Lennart

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of self-reported food allergy and IgE antibodies to food allergens in wheezing and non-wheezing Estonian and Swedish schoolchildren, in the light of the disparities in the standard of living, food consumption and prevalence of respiratory allergies that still exist between Estonia and the Scandinavian countries. DESIGN AND SETTING: As a part of the ISAAC Phase II study, children from a random sample of schools in Tallinn in Estonia and Linköping and Ostersund in Sweden participated in skin prick tests to inhalant allergens and the parents replied to questionnaires. IgE antibodies against a panel of food allergens (egg white, milk, soy bean, fish, wheat and peanut) were taken from children with questionnaire-reported wheezing and a random sample of nonwheezing children. SUBJECTS: Children aged 10-11 y. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported food allergy was similar in Estonia and Sweden and about twice as high in wheezing children than in nonwheezing children. In Estonia, however, 3% of the children with perceived food allergy reported reactions from at least four different foods, as compared to 31% in Sweden. The prevalence of sensitisation to food allergens was similar in wheezing and nonwheezing children in Estonia (8%) while, in Swedish children, IgE antibodies to food allergens were more likely among wheezing children (Linköping 38 vs 11%, crude OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.2-11.6, and Ostersund 24 vs 7%, crude OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.9-8.5). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that IgE-mediated food reactions were less likely in Estonian schoolchildren. Moreover, the perception of food allergy and thereby the meaning of self-reported food allergy appears to be different in the two countries.

Published
2005
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13. Wheezing in relation to atopy and environmental factors in Estonian and Swedish schoolchildren.

Author

Annus, T, Björkstén, B, Mai, X M, Nilsson, L, Riikjärv, M A, Sandin, Anna, Bråbäck, L, Annus, T, Björkstén, B, Mai, X M, Nilsson, L, Riikjärv, M A, Sandin, Anna, and Bråbäck, L

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases is significantly lower in post socialist Eastern Europe than in Western industrialized countries. The reason for this difference is largely unknown. Different types of childhood wheezing could be related to different risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, asthma and atopic diseases among Estonian and Swedish schoolchildren and to evaluate characteristics for wheezing in the two countries. METHODS: In a prevalence study, population-based random samples of 10-11-year-old schoolchildren in Tallinn (n = 979), Estonia and in Linköping (n = 911) and Ostersund (n = 1197), Sweden were studied by a parental questionnaire and skin prick tests (SPT). All 275 children with wheeze in the past 12 months and 710 randomly selected controls within the original cohorts were invited to a case-control study involving a parental questionnaire, examination for flexural dermatitis and bronchial challenge with hypertonic saline. The study adhered to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase II protocol. RESULTS: The prevalence of current wheezing was similar (8-10%) in the three centres, while diagnosed asthma and atopic symptoms were more common in Sweden and cold-related respiratory symptoms were more prevalent in Estonia. Frequent wheezing was more common in Sweden than in Estonia (but significantly so only in Ostersund). Wheezing children in Sweden had a high rate of positive SPT (49% in Linköping and 58% in Ostersund) bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) (48% in Linköping and Ostersund) and anti-asthmatic treatment (63% in Linköping and 81% in Ostersund). In Estonia, the proportion of wheezing children with positive SPT, BHR and anti-asthmatic treatment was only 26%, 13% and 17%, respectively. Domestic crowding was inversely related to wheezing in one of the study areas (Ostersund). The mean baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was higher i

Published
2001

18. Risk factors for respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitisation in the Baltic area.

Author

Bråbäck, Lennart, Breborowicz, Anna, Julge, Kaja, Knutsson, Anders, Riikjärv, Mall-Anne, Vasar, Maire, Björkstén, Bengt, Bråbäck, L, Breborowicz, A, Julge, K, Knutsson, A, Riikjärv, M A, Vasar, M, and Björkstén, B

Abstract

Recent studies have indicated that atopic sensitisation is uncommon while respiratory symptoms are common among schoolchildren in Eastern Europe. Risk factors for respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitisation were evaluated in a cross sectional study involving 2594 schoolchildren (10-12 years) from Sweden (n = 665), Poland (n = 410), and Estonia (n = 1519). The measurements included parental questionnaires and skin prick tests with eight standardised allergens. Multiple logistic analyses demonstrated that atopic heredity was a significant independent risk factor for respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitisation in all the countries. Current dampness and maternal smoking were related to respiratory symptoms whereas domestic crowding, male gender, and passive smoking during infancy were related to atopic sensitisation. Current maternal smoking had a strong dose response association with current coughing attacks (nocturnal cough > 4 weeks or exercise induced coughing attacks) but only in Eastern Europe. A strong inverse relationship was recorded between domestic crowding and sensitisation as the risk for sensitisation increased with decreasing number of persons per room in the household (odds ratio (OR) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43 to 0.77). Exposure to tobacco smoke at home during infancy was a risk factor for atopic sensitisation but only to animal dander and only in Eastern Europe (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.93). In conclusion, there were small differences in the pattern of risk factors between Eastern and Western Europe. The only exception was environmental tobacco smoke being a risk factor only in Eastern Europe. The study also suggests that factors related to domestic crowding protect against atopic sensitisation in Estonia and Poland. A higher standard of living with less crowding may give rise to an increasing prevalence of atopic sensitisation also in Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1995
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19. Are Environmental Factors for Atopic Eczema in ISAAC Phase Three due to Reverse Causation?

Author

Rutter, Charlotte E., Silverwood, Richard J., Williams, Hywel C., Ellwood, Philippa, Asher, Innes, Garcia-Marcos, Luis, Strachan, David P., Pearce, Neil, Langan, Sinéad M., Aït-Khaled, N., Anderson, H.R., Asher, M.I., Beasley, R., Björkstén, B., Brunekreef, B., Crane, J., Ellwood, P., Flohr, C., Foliaki, S., Forastiere, F., García-Marcos, L., Keil, U., Lai, C.K.W., Mallol, J., Mitchell, E.A., Montefort, S., Odhiambo, J., Pearce, N., Robertson, C.F., Stewart, A.W., Strachan, D., von Mutius, E., Weiland, S.K., Weinmayr, G., Williams, H.C., Wong, G., Clayton, T.O., Ellwood, E., Baena-Cagnani, C.E., Gómez, M., Howitt, M.E., Weyler, J., Pinto-Vargas, R., Petrolera de Salud, Caja, Cunha, A.J. D.A., de Freitas Souza, L., Kuaban, C., Ferguson, A., Rennie, D., Standring, P., Aguilar, P., Amarales, L., Benavides, L.A., Contreras, A., Chen, Y.-Z., Kunii, O., Pan, Q. Li, Zhong, N.-S., Aristizábal, G., Cepeda, A.M., Ordoñez, G.A., Bustos, C., Riikjärv, M.-A., Melaku, K., Sa’aga-Banuve, R., Pekkanen, J., Hypolite, I.E., Novák, Z., Zsigmond, G., Awasthi, S., Bhave, S., Hanumante, N.M., Jain, K.C., Joshi, M.K., Mantri, S.N., Pherwani, A.V., Rego, S., Sabir, M., Salvi, S., Setty, G., Sharma, S.K., Singh, V., Sukumaran, T., Suresh Babu, P.S., Kartasasmita, C.B., Konthen, P., Suprihati, W., Masjedi, M.R., Steriu, A., Koffi, B.N., Odajima, H., al-Momen, J.A., Imanalieva, C., Kudzyte, J., Quah, B.S., Teh, K.H., Baeza-Bacab, M., Barragán-Meijueiro, M., Del-Río-Navarro, B.E., García-Almaráz, R., González-Díaz, S.N., Linares-Zapién, F.J., Merida-Palacio, J.V., Ramírez-Chanona, N., Romero-Tapia, S., Romieu, I., Bouayad, Z., MacKay, R., Moyes, C., Pattemore, P., Onadeko, B.O., Cukier, G., Chiarella, P., Cua-Lim, F., Brêborowicz, A., Solé, D., Sears, M., Aguirre, V., Barba, S., Shah, J., Baratawidjaja, K., Nishima, S., de Bruyne, J., Tuuau-Potoi, N., Lai, C.K., Lee, B.W., El Sony, A., and Anderson, R.

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20. Are environmental risk factors for current wheeze in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three due to reverse causation?

Author

Silverwood, Richard J., Rutter, Charlotte E., Mitchell, Edwin A., Asher, M. Innes, Garcia‐Marcos, Luis, Strachan, David P., Pearce, Neil, Aït‐Khaled, N, Anderson, HR, Beasley, R, Björkstén, B, Brunekreef, B, Crane, J, Ellwood, P, Flohr, C, Forastiere, F, Foliaki, S, Keil, U, Lai, CKW, Mallol, J, Robertson, CF, Montefort, S, Odhiambo, J, Shah, J, Stewart, AW, Strachan, D, Mutius, E, Weiland, SK, Weinmayr, G, Wong, G, Clayton, TO, Baena‐Cagnani, CE, Gómez, M, Howitt, ME, Weyler, J, Pinto‐Vargas, R, Cunha, AJ, Freitas Souza, L, Kuaban, C, Ferguson, A, Standring, P, Aguilar, P, Amarales, L, Benavides, LA, Chen, Y‐Z, Kunii, O, Li Pan, Q, Zhong, NS, Aristizábal, G, Cepeda, AM, Ordoñez, GA, Bustos, C, Riikjärv, M‐A, Melaku, K, Sa'aga‐Banuve, R, Pekkanen, J, Hypolite, IE, Novák, Z, Zsigmond, G, Awasthi, S, Bhave, S, Hanumante, NM, Jain, KC, Joshi, MK, Khatav, VA, Mantri, SN, Pherwani, AV, Rego, S, Sabir, M, Salvi, S, Setty, G, Sharma, SK, Singh, V, Sukumaran, T, Suresh Babu, PS, Kartasasmita, CB, Konthen, P, Suprihati, W, Masjedi, MR, teriu, A, Koffi, BN, Odajima, H, al‐Momen, JA, Imanalieva, C, Kudzyte, J, Quah, BS, Teh, KH, Baeza‐Bacab, M, Barragán‐Meijueiro, M, Del‐Río‐Navarro, BE, García‐Almaráz, R, González‐Díaz, SN, Linares‐Zapién, FJ, Merida‐Palacio, JV, Ramírez‐Chanona, N, Romero‐Tapia, S, Romieu, I, Bouayad, Z, MacKay, R, Moyes, C, Pattemore, P, Onadeko, BO, Cukier, G, Chiarella, P, Cua‐Lim, F, Brêborowicz, A, Lis, G, Câmara, R, Chiera, ML, Lopes dos Santos, JM, Nunes, C, Rosado Pinto, J, Vlaski, E, Fuimaono, P, Goh, DY, Zar, HJ, Lee, HB, Blanco‐Quirós, A, Busquets, RM, Carvajal‐Urueña, I, García‐Hernández, G, ópez‐Silvarrey Varela, A, Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M, Pérez‐Yarza, EG, Musa, OA, Al‐Rawas, O, Mohammad, S, Tabbah, K, Huang, JL, Kao, CC, Trakultivakorn, M, Vichyanond, P, Iosefa, T, Burr, M, Holgado, D, Lapides, MC, Windom, HH, Aldrey, O, Solé, D, Sears, M, Barba, S, Baratawidjaja, K, Nishima, S, Bruyne, J, Tuuau‐Potoi, N, Lai, CK, Lee, BW, El Sony, A, and Anderson, R

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21. The impact of the method of consent on response rates in the ISAAC time trends study

Author

Ellwood, P., Asher, M. I., Stewart, A. W., Aït-Khaled, N., Anderson, H. R., Beasley, R., Björkstén, B., Brunekreef, B., Crane, J., Flohr, C., Foliaki, S., Forastiere, F., García-Marcos, L., Keil, U., Lai, C. K. W., Mallol, J., Mitchell, E. A., Montefort, S., Odhiambo, J., Pearce, N., Robertson, C. F., Strachan, D., Mutius, E., Weiland, S. K., Weinmayr, G., Williams, H., Wong, G., Clayton, T. O., Benhabylès, B., Esamai, F. O., Ng Ang A, L., Bouayad, Z., Onadeko, B. O., Heather Zar, Jerray, M., Chen, Y. Z., Zhong, N. -S, Lau, Y. L., Kartasasmita, C. B., Odajima, H., Teh, K. H., Bruyne, J., Quah, B. S., Cua-Lim, F., Goh, D. Y. T., Lee, H. -B, Huang, J. -L, Vichyanond, P., Trakultivakom, M., Masjedi, M. -R, Al-Momen, J. A., Mahmood, N., Al-Rawas, O., Khatav, V. A., Kumar, L., Setty, G., Jain, K. C., Sukumaran, T. U., Joshi, M. K., Pherwani, A. V., Sharma, S. K., Hanumante, N. M., Guimaraes, I. M. E., Baena-Cagnani, C. E., Rosário, N., Fischer, G. B., Britto, M., Freitas Souza, L., Solé, D., Amarales, L., Aguilar, P., Calvo, M. A., Soto-Quirós, M. E., Romieu, I., Cukier, G., Guggiari-Chase, J. A., Chiarella, P., Holgado, D., Howitt, M. E., Sears, M., Rennie, D., Yeatts, K., Redding, G. J., Priftanji, A., Riikjärv, M. -A, Pekkanen, J., Gotua, M., Svabe, V., Kudzyte, J., Lis, G., Breborowicz, A., Deleanu, D., Kondiourina, E. G., Vogt, H., Ognev, V., Marks, G., Moyes, C., Pattemore, P., Mackay, R., Haidinger, G., Weyler, J., Standring, P., Goulding, R., Steriu, A., Bonci, E., Galassi, C., Petronio, M. G., Chellini, E., Bisanti, L., Sestini, P., Ciccone, G., Piffer, S., Camâra, R., Rosado Pinto, J. E., Nunes, C., Dos Santos, J. M. L., Clancy, L., Busquets, R. M., González Díaz, C., Arnedo-Pena, A., Garcia Hernández, G., Guillén-Grima, F., Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. M., Blanco Quirós, A., Thames, N., Austin, J. B., Shamssain, M. H., Burr, M., Shah, J., Baratawidjaja, K., Nishima, S., Baeza-Bacab, M., Manning, P., Khaitov, R. M., Lee, B., and Nilsson, L.

Subjects
Consent, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, Medicine (all), ISAAC, Children, Asthma

22. Similar prevalence of respiratory symptoms and atopy in Estonian schoolchildren with changing lifestyle over 4 yrs.

Author

Riikjärv MA, Annus T, Bråbäck L, Rahu K, and Björkstén B

Subjects
Allergens, Asthma epidemiology, Child, Estonia epidemiology, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immediate diagnosis, Hypersensitivity, Immediate etiology, Prevalence, Respiratory Hypersensitivity diagnosis, Respiratory Hypersensitivity etiology, Skin Tests, Hypersensitivity, Immediate epidemiology, Respiratory Hypersensitivity epidemiology
Abstract

The prevalence of allergic sensitization and clinical manifestations is low in Eastern Europe, despite a continuous increase in industrialized countries with a market economy. The aim of the present study was to study changes in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitization over time among schoolchildren in Estonia, in relation to environmental changes as the country transformed into a market economy. A cross-sectional study of 10-yr-old children was carried out between October 1996 and April 1997, employing a questionnaire regarding the prevalence of wheezing, rhinitis and itching rash (n=979) and skin-prick tests with seven inhalant allergens (n=640). The results were compared with those of a similar study performed in 1992-1993. The 12-month prevalence of wheeze was 8.3%, as compared to 9.4% in 1992-1993 (NS) and of asthma was 2.5 versus 3.2% (NS). The prevalence of a positive skin-prick test result was 14.3% in both studies. Furthermore, the prevalence of sensitivity to the individual allergens was similar, except for a significantly higher prevalence of dog sensitivity in 1996-1997 (4.7 versus 2.0%). The prevalence of respiratory and other potentially allergic symptoms, as well as the prevalence of atopic sensitization, remains low in Estonian 10-yr-old children, despite a changing lifestyle over the past 4 yrs. This could indicate that the time period was too short for environmental changes to affect the prevalence of allergy, or alternatively that risk factors associated with a "western lifestyle" are of particular significance earlier in life.

Published
2000
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23. Prevalence of childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.

Author

Björkstén B, Dumitrascu D, Foucard T, Khetsuriani N, Khaitov R, Leja M, Lis G, Pekkanen J, Priftanji A, and Riikjärv MA

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Conjunctivitis, Allergic epidemiology, Europe, Eastern epidemiology, Female, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immediate epidemiology, Life Style, Male, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries epidemiology, Seasons, Surveys and Questionnaires, Asthma epidemiology, Eczema epidemiology, Rhinitis epidemiology
Abstract

There is evidence that the prevalence of allergies and asthma differs between populations in western and eastern Europe. This study investigated the prevalence of wheezing, rhinitis and eczema among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of Scandinavia and the formerly socialist countries of Eastern Europe. A total of 79,000 children from two age groups (13-14 yrs and 6-7 yrs) in 18 study centres responded to a questionnaire within the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children (ISAAC). The 12 month period prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema was calculated. The prevalence of wheezing among the 13-14 yr old children was 11.2-19.7% in Finland and Sweden, 7.6-8.5% in Estonia, Latvia and Poland and 2.6-5.9% in Albania, Romania, Russia, Georgia and Uzbekistan (except Samarkand). The prevalence of itching eyes and flexural dermatitis varied in a similar manner between the three regions. The regional differences were less pronounced among the 6-7 yr old children in the seven participating centres. The highest prevalence of rhinitis was recorded in April-July in Scandinavia and during the winter months in the other countries. The prevalence of atopy-related disorders was higher in Scandinavia than in Estonia, Latvia and Poland, which in turn had a higher prevalence than five other countries of eastern Europe with a culture less similar to western Europe. This supports the hypothesis that "Western life style" is associated with a high prevalence of childhood allergy.

Published
1998
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24. The prevalence of atopic sensitization and respiratory symptoms among Estonian schoolchildren.

Author

Riikjärv MA, Julge K, Vasar M, Bråbäck L, Knutsson A, and Björkstén B

Subjects
Asthma diagnosis, Asthma genetics, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Environmental Pollution adverse effects, Estonia epidemiology, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immediate diagnosis, Hypersensitivity, Immediate genetics, Skin Tests, Socioeconomic Factors, Asthma epidemiology, Hypersensitivity, Immediate epidemiology
Abstract

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of atopic sensitization, asthma and other respiratory disorders among Estonian schoolchildren in a coastal industrial city and an inland university town, i.e. Tallinn and Tartu., Design: Prevalence surveys by self-completion of questionnaires by the children's parents and skin-prick tests (SPT) with eight common allergens., Subjects: A total of 1519 schoolchildren aged 10-12 years., Results: The prevalence of positive SPT was 11.0%, with significant differences between Tallinn (14.3%) and Tartu (8.1%), RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.13-2.73, P < 0.001. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat (6.1%) and timothy (4.8%) were the most prevalent sensitizing allergens in Tallinn. The prevalence of asthma diagnosed by a doctor was 2.9%, of wheezing 7.0% and of rhinoconjunctivitis 7.4%, as assessed by questionnaire., Conclusions: The prevalence of atopy as defined by a positive SPT, asthma and corresponding respiratory symptoms is low in Estonia similar to other post-socialist countries of Europe. The lower prevalence rates of allergic disorders are possibly explained with differences in lifestyle and living conditions. The relative significance of air pollution was apparently similar in Estonia and western Europe, however, as indicated by the higher prevalence of sensitization in the more polluted city, Tallinn than in Tartu.

Published
1995

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