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本報告は2021年度の看護過程展開論（以下、本科目）における新しい授業方法を試みた総括である。本科目では、本学に導入されているICT（information and communication technology：情報通信技術）システムを教授・学習方略に活用し、2021年度は在宅でのオンライン受講と従来の対面式授業を組み合わせたハイブリッド授業で模擬電子カルテを使用しグループワークを実施した。これまで本科目では、紙上事例を紙媒体で配布し情報収集を行っていたが、2021年度に電子カルテを導入したことにより、いつでもどこからでも情報収集をすることが可能になった。ICTを活用したハイブリッド授業では学習内容が常に共有できるGoogleスプレッドシートを使用することで、同じシートに同時に記入することが可能になりグループワークがスムーズに進んだ。また、教員はリアルタイムで進捗を確認できることや、シートはGoogleドライブ内に保存されているため復習や自己学習にも役立ち、効果的にグループワークが実施できたと考える。

Bilayer graphene (BLG) has a two-dimensional (2D) interlayer nanospace that can be used to intercalate molecules and ions, resulting in a significant change of its electronic and magnetic properties. Intercalation of BLG with different materials, such as FeCl

We studied the interlayer coupling and decoupling of bilayer graphene (BLG) by using spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) with a monochromated electron source. We correlated the twist-angle-dependent energy band hybridization with Moire superlattices and the corresponding optical absorption peaks. The optical absorption peak originates from the excitonic transition between the hybridized van Hove singularities (vHSs), which shifts systematically with the twist angle. We then proved that the BLG decouples when a monolayer of metal chloride is intercalated in its van der Waals (vdW) gap, and results in the elimination of the vHS peak.

Background In robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), concerns include the formation of atelectasis and reduced functional residual capacity. The present study aimed to examine the feasibility of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting based on transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) as well as the effects of incremental PEEP on respiratory mechanics, blood gases, cerebral oxygenation (rSO2), and hemodynamics. Methods Fourteen male patients who were scheduled to receive RALP were recruited. Patients received mechanical ventilation (tidal volume of 6 mL kg−1) and were placed in Trendelenburg position with positive-pressure capnoperitoneum. PEEP levels were increased from 0 to 15 cmH2O (5 cmH2O per increase) every 30 min. PEEP levels were assessed where end-expiratory Ptp levels of ≥0 cmH2O were achieved (PtpEEP0). Airway pressure, esophageal pressure, cardiac index, and blood gas and rSO2 values were measured after 30 min at each PEEP step and respiratory mechanics were calculated. Results With increasing PEEP levels from 0 to 15 cmH2O or PtpEEP0, the values of PaO2 and respiratory system compliance increased, and the values of driving pressure decreased. The median PEEP level associated with PtpEEP0 was 15 cmH2O. Respiratory system compliance values were higher at PtpEEP0 than those at PEEP5 (P = 0.02). Driving pressure was significantly lower at PtpEEP0 than at PEEP5 (P = 0.0036). The cardiac index remained unchanged, and the values of rSO2 were higher at PtpEEP0 than at PEEP0 (right; P = 0.0019, left; P = 0.036). Conclusions PEEP setting determined by transpulmonary pressure can help achieve higher respiratory system compliance values and lower driving pressure without disturbing hemodynamic parameters.

Cs and ethylene were co-intercalated to form Cs-ethylene-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) using multi-layer graphene (MLG) flakes prepared from the cleavage of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The air stability of the resultant structure was examined by Raman scattering, for possible future applications such as large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) interconnects and transparent conductive electrodes. Compared with Cs- or FeCl3-intercalated MLG, the Cs-ethylene-MLG has remarkably higher structural air stability, and its initial stage 2 structure was maintained after four weeks of air exposure. In contrast, major de-intercalation of FeCl3 occurred in FeCl3-MLG. In Cs-MLG, some de-intercalation also occurred, but the stage 5 structure was maintained. The Cs-ethylene-MLG and Cs-MLG with good air stability in their structure are expected to have an n-type conduction system.

Ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) incorporating two kinds of metal chlorides, namely, AlCl3-FeCl3-GIC and AlCl3-CuCl2-GIC, were synthesized from two types of graphite sheets, PGS and GRAFOIL. Their electrical conductivities and air-stabilities were evaluated in an attempt to identify highly electrically conductive and air-stable GICs. Their electrical conductivities were found to be higher than those of binary GICs such as FeCl3- and CuCl2-GICs. Especially, the AlCl3-CuCl2-GIC prepared from a PGS graphite sheet was found to have a high conductivity and high air-stability; the highest electrical conductivity was in excess of 1.0 × 105 Scm−1. Most AlCl3-CuCl2-GICs have a mixed structure of AlCl3-CuCl2-ternary GIC domains and/or AlCl3-GIC domains. The proportion of each domain was dependent on the reaction time and the type of the host graphite. AlCl3-FeCl3-GICs prepared from PGS were found to consist only of FeCl3-GICs, and their electrical conductivity and air-stability were slightly inferior to those of AlCl3-CuCl2-GICs. We concluded that an AlCl3-CuCl2-ternary GIC prepared from a PGS graphite sheet is highly electrically conductive and highly air-stable. Therefore, this is a promising candidate as a highly conductive and air-stable GIC for use in practical applications as a conducting material.

6-Gingerol ((S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone), the major gingerol present in ginger rhizomes, has been found to prevent fat accumulation and improve blood flow. However, its low solubility in water and strong pungent odor often limit its potential applications such as in functional foods. In order to overcome these disadvantages, we investigated microbial glucosylation of 6-gingerol by the soil bacterium Ensifer sp. M-26. 5-O-α-Glucosylgingerol was found to be produced from a mixture of maltose and 6-gingerol by the action of washed cells of Ensifer sp. M-26. The addition of organic solvents, such as hexane, to the reaction mixture enhanced 5-O-α-glucosylgingerol production. When the microbial reaction was carried out with 1.3 g/L of 6-gingerol and 100 g/L of maltose under optimized conditions, 0.40 g/L of 5-O-α-glucosylgingerol was accumulated in 25 h. The molar yield of 5-O-α-glucosylgingerol was 19.9 mol%.

In this study, four graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of metal chlorides, such as FeCl3, CuCl2, MoCl5, and SbCl5, were synthesized from two graphite sheets, and their electrical conductivity and air stability were accurately measured under standardized experimental conditions. After the exposure of these GICs to air, changes in their electrical conductivities and structures were recorded as a function of time. Three decomposition modes were observed. CuCl2-GICs did not decompose, and MoCl5-GICs prepared from a graphite sheet manufactured from a polyimide film (PGS) were also highly stable in air; on the other hand, immediate, extensive degradation was observed for FeCl3-GICs, while the SbCl5-GICs transformed to higher-stage (diluted) compounds. Thus, the air stability of these GICs varied with the metal chloride and host graphite used; however, their electrical conductivities prior to decomposition varied only with respect to the host graphite. Among the highly air stable, conductive compounds prepared herein, the MoCl5-GICs prepared from PGS demonstrate the highest potential for practical applications. This study reveals that highly conductive, air stable metal chlorides GICs can be synthesized.

Bilayer graphene (BLG) comprises a 2D nanospace sandwiched by two parallel graphene sheets that can be used to intercalate molecules or ions for attaining novel functionalities. However, intercalation is mostly demonstrated with small, exfoliated graphene flakes. This study demonstrates intercalation of molybdenum chloride (MoCl

Potassium–graphite intercalation compounds (K–GICs) prepared from flexible graphite sheets are unusually stable in air and their high electrical conductivity can be maintained for long periods. To investigate the reasons for this air-stability, we evaluated the changes in the electrical conductivity as a function of electrical carrier densities and mobilities, upon exposure of the GICs to air. These electrical carrier parameters were estimated using the measured electrical conductivity, magnetoresistance, and Hall coefficient. The decomposition processes varied depending on the characteristics of both the host graphite and the intercalated materials. In the case of K–GICs prepared from flexible graphite sheets, the electron density was decreased by the de-intercalation of K atoms. However, the electrical conductivity hardly changed, because the electron mobility was increased sufficiently to compensate for the decrease in the density. The recovery of the electron mobility was thought to be caused by the flexibility of the graphite layers. Therefore, it was found that the air-stability of GICs could be determined by considering the degree of de-intercalation as well as the flexibility of the graphite layers. Furthermore, the perfect graphite crystal is not suitable to prepare air-stable and high conductive GICs.

n-Type alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) and p-type metal chloride-GICs were prepared from commercially available graphite sheets, namely PGS® and GRAFOIL®. Their thermoelectric properties, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient were measured, and their thermoelectric performance was estimated in terms of the figure of merit and power factor. The electrical conductivity (103 S cm−1 to 104 S cm−1) and thermal conductivity (40 W m−1 K−1 to 200 W m−1 K−1) of these GICs are much higher than those of other, conventional thermoelectric materials, whereas their absolute Seebeck coefficients (±30 μV K−1) are lower. Therefore, although the figures of merit of the GICs are somewhat lower (∼105 K−1) than those of other thermoelectric materials, their power factors (∼103 W m−1 K−2) are sufficiently high. The thermoelectric properties of these GICs mainly depend on the host graphite type and slightly on the intercalated species. However, the Seebeck coefficient is independent of both, and the thermoelectric performance of the GICs is strongly governed by their high electrical conductivity. The power factors of almost all the GICs prepared from PGS were greater than 10−3 W m−1 K−2, which is a critical threshold value for use of thermoelectric materials in practical applications. Furthermore, the dilute K-GIC with stage-7 structure had a large Seebeck coefficient (−58 μV Κ−1), which improved the power factor to more than 10−2 W m−1 K−2. Considering the advantages of GICs, this study confirms their significant potential as thermoelectric materials.

We have reported that metal chloride-graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) prepared from flexible polyimide film-derived graphite sheets, such as CuCl2-, MoCl5-, and AlCl3-CuCl2-GICs, demonstrate excellent air stability. In this work, the high-temperature thermal stability and gas release properties of those GICs were investigated. MoCl5- and AlCl3-CuCl2-GICs were unstable at high temperatures, exhibiting weight losses at 150 °C and 100 °C, respectively, which accompanied the release of HCl and Cl2 gases. In contrast, the CuCl2-GIC demonstrated relatively high thermal stability in inert atmospheres at temperatures below 400 °C, showing neither weight loss nor gas release. After heat treatment at 600 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C/min, only a slight decrease in the electrical conductivity was observed.

Multilayer graphene (MLG) sheets have found a wide variety of applications in the field of electronics. However, the electrical resistivity of MLG sheets is much higher than that of metals. Although some attempts have been undertaken to intercalate compounds such as FeCl3 into MLG in order to reduce resistivity, the stabilities of the resulting products were not always sufficient. Further, there have been few reports of air-stable intercalated MLGs with n-type conduction. In this study, we used three types of MLGs: MLGs synthesized via CVD with four graphene layers, those with over 30 layers, and exfoliated MLG from HOPG. Regarding the n-type compound, the co-intercalation of Cs and C2H4 into these MLGs was performed, and the structures and air-stabilities of the reaction products were determined. Meanwhile, for the p-type compound, the intercalation of MoCl5 and FeCl3 were also investigated. The Cs-C2H4-MLG were sufficiently stable, such that the initial stage-2 structure was maintained for four weeks in air. Further, the resistivity dropped to one fourth that of the MLG. Although MoCl5 and FeCl3 could be intercalated to MLGs, MoCl5 was more suitable to form air-stable compounds.

Magnetoresistance and Hall coefficient of air-stable potassium-intercalated graphite sheets (hereafter abbreviated as K-PGS) were determined at room temperature. The magnitude of the magnetoresistance and the absolute value of Hall coefficient of K-PGS decreased with increasing potassium content of K-PGS, n K / n C . Two-carrier model was used for calculating carrier density and mobility. The electron density increased with increasing n K / n C : 3.07×10 20 cm −3 ( n K / n C =0.005), 5.67×10 20 cm −3 ( n K / n C =0.008) and 6.40×10 20 cm −3 ( n K / n C =0.011). The value of the electron density of K-PGS with n K / n C =0.011 (nominal composition KC 91 ) was about 80% of the reported value, 7.8×10 20 cm −3 , for KC 48 ( n K / n C =0.021) prepared from HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite). The mobility decreased with increasing n K / n C : 2.11×10 3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ( n K / n C =0.005), 1.42×10 3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ( n K / n C =0.008) and 1.34×10 3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ( n K / n C =0.011). The value of the mobility of K-PGS with n K / n C =0.011 was about 60% of the reported value (2300 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ) for KC 48 prepared from HOPG.

Potassium–graphite intercalation compounds with chemical compositions of KC 84 , KC 48 , KC 36 and KC 8 were prepared from PGS graphite sheet and then treated with 6 M-HCl aqueous solution. After washing with water and drying under open air, chemical composition, stage structure and electrical conductivity of the resulting air-stable compounds were determined. It was found that about 40% of potassium in the starting potassium–graphite intercalation compounds remained in the matrix after treated with 6 M-HCl aqueous solution for KC 84 , KC 48 and KC 36 , while 15% for KC 8 . The room temperature electrical conductivity of an air-stable compound, containing potassium of 0.008 in molar ratio of potassium to carbon, was determined to be 1.3×10 5 Scm −1 . This is comparable to that of iron (1.0×10 5 Scm −1 ) and about 1/3 of that of aluminum (3.6×10 5 Scm −1 ).

The practical use of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) as industrial materials has been considered to be unfeasible because their air stability is fairly low, notwithstanding their high electrical conductivities and low densities. On the other hand, some air-stable GICs that exhibit p-type conduction have been reported. In this study, air-stable and electrically conductive GICs that exhibited n-type conduction were prepared from commercially available flexible graphite sheets (PGS graphite sheets). We observed that K-GIC and Cs-GIC were air-stable enough to be used in practical applications and were highly electrically conductive. The air stability of Cs-GIC was slightly higher than that of K-GIC. In addition, the stage-2 structure of Cs-GIC was more stable in that it maintained ten times higher electrical conductivity than that of the host graphite after 10 years of exposure to air. Moreover, Cs-ethylene-GIC was the most stable and exhibited a blue colored surface after 10 years of exposure to air. We assumed that the significantly improved air stability of the alkali-metal-GICs prepared from PGS graphite sheets is caused by the large crystalline size and the bending graphite layer structure of the host PGS graphite.

The host graphite material of choice for most CaC6 studies is highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), which can affect the resulting properties of prepared graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). In order to gain a better understanding of the superconductivity of CaC6, we examined CaC6 prepared from Grafoil and PGS. To confirm their superconductivity, the dependences of the magnetic moment on temperature under a constant magnetic field were measured over 2–20 K. The resulting CaC6 transitioned to a superconducting state at around 11 K, independent of purity and homogeneity, while slight differences that depended on the host materials were observed. The transition to a superconducting state at 11.5 K occurred provided that a small amount of CaC6 was present. The co-existence of LiC6 and other GICs, and the residual Li atoms in the CaC6 had little effect on the transition temperature. The transition temperature of the CaC6 prepared from PGS was slightly lower than that of the CaC6 prepared from HOPG and Grafoil.

Hydrogen-sorption isotherms of alkali metal-doped carbons at 77 K were determined for promoting application of these materials as hydrogen-recovery and isotope-separation agent. The hydrogen-sorption behavior of rubidium-doped Grafoil, with composition of RbC24, showed high sorption ability against hydrogen at low pressure. Taking into account the fact that sorption-desorption was fast and reversible, and the equilibrium pressure at half coverage was very low, i.e., 40 Pa, RbC24 prepared from Grafoil is promising as a recovery agent for hydrogen gas at low pressure. The hydrogen (H2)/deuterium(D2)-sorption isotherms of potassium-doped carbons with composition of KC10, prepared from multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and carbons derived from petroleum cokes with heat-treatment temperatures of 1000 and 1500 degrees C, were also determined. Isotope separation coefficient was estimated from those isotherms. A very large isotope effect was found for KC10 prepared from MWCNT, comparable to those prepared from carbons with heat-treatment temperatures of 1000 or 1500 degrees C. However, a severe problem was found for KC10 (MWCNT) that repetition of the sorption-desorption cycles resulted in the decrease of the sorbed amount of H2 and D2.

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are one of the classic carbon-related materials. Inserting various atoms or molecules into the interlayer spaces of graphite leads to the formation of GICs, in which the graphite's lattice structure is preserved. Since GICs have certain attractive properties for practical materials such as high electrical conductivities, numerous studies on GICs were carried out around in the 1980's. Today, GIC research continues to be pursued. Especially, the calcium-GIC is the one of the hottest topics in the research fields of carbon material and superconductivity. Here, the fundamentals and the recent topics related to GICs are briefly reviewed.

Calcium graphite intercalation compounds (Ca-GICs; the composition is CaC6) and GICs containing CaC6 are synthesized from Grafoil and PGS graphite sheets, and the Seebeck coefficients are measured. The absolute values of the Seebeck coefficient of these GICs are very small; in some cases, the values are positive. This phenomenon observed in the Seebeck coefficient of GICs containing CaC6 is very different from that of general GICs such as alkali-metal GICs. The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient of these GICs is to that of general GICs; that is, the absolute values of the Seebeck coefficient decrease with a decrease in the temperature.

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) have high electrical conductivities, large Seebeck coefficients, and low thermal conductivities as compared with their host graphite materials. Due to these properties, GICs are expected to act as effective thermoelectric materials. The thermoelectric figure of merit of the GICs is not as high as that of other thermoelectric materials; this is because of the small Seebeck coefficient and high thermal conductivity of GICs. However, the thermoelectric power factor of GICs is sufficiently high at present. In previous works, it was suggested that an increase in concentration of the intercalated species improves the thermoelectric performance of GICs. To better understand the thermoelectric properties of GICs, the dependence of thermoelectric properties with the electrical carrier density and mobility were investigated through the measurements of galvanomagnetic properties. As a result, the electrical conductivity of GICs slightly increases with the carrier density and the thermal conductivity increases with the carrier mobility. Furthermore, the carrier mobility decreases with an increase in the carrier density. In conclusion, the thermoelectric performance of GICs is suggested to be improved by an increase in the carrier density, that is, by an increase in the intercalate concentration. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.E-M2009813]

To analyze the electronic state of alkaline metal-graphite intercalation compounds (AM-GIC), model complexes where two aromatic molecules coordinate to an alkaline metal center (Li, K, Rb, and Cs) were employed, and their geometry optimization, population analysis, and donor-accepter interaction analysis were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP level and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO). The distance of two aromatic ligands of each model complexes showed good agreement with the corresponding identity period of stage 1 AM-GIC. The electronic charges on alkali metal of model complexes and stabilization energies by electron donation from aromatic ligand to alkali metal were calculated by the population analysis.The theoretical study of the mechanism of ethylene origomerization that proceeds inside the graphite layers was also carried out at DFT with B3LYP level. The Cs-C bond formation through the combination of two cationic Cs+ (η2-H2C=CH2) while accepting electrons from graphite layers is proposed as the initiation reaction of the origomerization. Additionally, we found that the carbon chain elongation reaction holds promise to proceed smoothly with a free energy of activation (ΔG‡) 16.29 [kcal/mol] under the presence of the chemical species having Cs-C bond.

Alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds with the composition of MC{sub 24} (M=K, Rb, Cs) were prepared by heating a mixture of MC{sub 8} (saturated compound) and graphite sheet (Grafoil) at 350-450 deg. C. The resistivity perpendicular to the layer planes ({rho} {sub c}) of the resulting compounds was determined by the two-terminal method. The anisotropy factor of the resistivity, ({rho} {sub c}/{rho} {sub a}), of KC{sub 24} prepared from Grafoil was {approx}130, being about 1/6-1/10 in magnitude compared with that of KC{sub 24} prepared from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The resistivity change during sorption of hydrogen (at 90 K), ethylene (at 194 K) and acetylene (at 194 K) was determined. The resistivity of MC{sub 24} increased with increase of the sorbed amount of H{sub 2}. The magnitude of the increase was in the order KC{sub 24}>RbC{sub 24}>CsC{sub 24}. This resistivity increase was considered to be due to the expansion along c-direction which reduces the charge-transfer interaction between the carbon layers and potassium ions, resulting in the decrease of the density of the conduction electron. The resistivity of MC{sub 24} increased extensively during sorption of C{sub 2}H{sub 4} and C{sub 2}H{sub 2}. It was discussed in connection with the in-plane structural transitionmore » and chemical interaction between alkali metal ions and sorbed molecules. - Graphical abstract: The resistivity of MC{sub 24} increased with increase of the sorbed amount of H{sub 2}. The magnitude of the increase was in the order KC{sub 24}>RbC{sub 24}>CsC{sub 24}. This resistivity increase was considered to be due to the expansion along c-direction which reduces the charge-transfer interaction between the carbon layers and potassium ions.« less

The thermoelectric properties of cesium–graphite intercalation compounds (Cs-GICs) and some other GICs were studied. The electrical conductivities of the Cs-GICs prepared from Grafoil were around 106 � � 1 m� 1, about 10 times higher than that of the host graphite, and the thermal conductivities were 50–100 Wm � 1 K � 1 , about 1/4–1/2 of that of the host graphite. While the Seebeck coefficient of the host graphite was nearly zero, those of the Cs-GICs were found to be around � 30 m VK � 1 . These properties were determined also for the Cs-GICs prepared from well-oriented PGS graphite sheets. Consequently, the figures of merit of the Cs-GICs were of the order of 10 � 5 K � 1 , approximately 10 5 times higher than that of the host graphite. The power factor of the Cs-GICs reached the order of 10 � 3 Wm � 1 K � 2 , with the best datum at 6:5 � 10 � 3 Wm � 1 K � 2 . The carrier density of the GICs increased as the concentration of intercalated species increased, whereas their lattice thermal conductivities decreased. It is suggested that highly concentrated GICs might be promising candidate thermoelectric materials.

Potassium-graphite intercalation compounds with 7 different compositions ranging from KC300 to KC24 were prepared from exfoliated graphite sheet (Grafoil). Resistivity, magnetoresistance and hydrogen-sorption capacity of these compounds were determined. KC300 and KC250 showed semi-conductive temperature dependence of the resistivity as well as host Grafoil, while KC168 and more rich compounds showed metallic behavior. Dependence of the resistivity and magnetoresistance on the potassium concentration was divided into two regions with a critical concentration at about KC60-70. Both of these properties decreased considerably with increasing potassium concentration below this critical concentration, and then became almost constant above it. A remarkable correlation between transport properties and hydrogen-sorption capacity was suggested.

The shuttling process of alpha-CyD in three rotaxanes (1-3) containing alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CyD) as a ring, azobenzene as a photoactive group, viologen as an energy barrier for slipping of the ring, and 2,4-dinitrobenzene as a stopper was investigated. The trans-cis photoisomerization of 1 by UV light irradiation occurred in both DMSO and water due to the movement of alpha-CyD toward the ethylene group, while the photoisomerization of 2 occurred in DMSO, but not in water. No photoisomerization was observed for 3 in both water and DMSO. The activation parameters of 1 and 1-ref in DMSO are subject to a compensation relation between deltaS(double dagger) and deltaH(double dagger); however, in water, the deltaS(double dagger) terms are not compensated by the deltaH(double dagger) terms. Alternating irradiation of the UV and visible lights resulted in a reversible change in the induced circular dichroism (ICD) bands of trans-1 and cis-1. In contrast, after the UV light irradiation, the ICD band of trans-2 decreased without the appearance of any bands of cis-2. The NMR spectra of 2 in DMSO showed coalescence of the split signals for the methylene and for the viologen protons due to the shuttling of alpha-CyD. Both the NOE differential spectra for cis-1 in water after UV light irradiation and 2 in DMSO after heating to 120 degrees C showed the negative NOE peaks assigned to interior protons of alpha-CyD, suggesting that alpha-CyD in cis-1 exists at the one ethylene moiety, and alpha-CyDs in cis-2 and 2 heated in DMSO exist at the propylene moieties.

Sorption behavior of unsaturated organic molecules, such as C2H4, C2H3CN and C6H6, into AMC24 (AM=K, Rb and Cs) has been investigated and resulting ternary compounds have been characterized. It has been revealed that CsC24 absorbs C2H4 molecules into their nano-space and forms ternary compounds, whereas KC24 is a little bit difficult to absorb C2H4, probably because its nano-space is too narrow to absorb C2H4 molecules. Among the molecules of C2H4, C2H3CN and C6H6, which are possible to be absorbed into CsC24, only those of C2H4 are oligomerized in the nano-space of CsC24 and remarkably air-stable ternary compounds are obtained. It has been also proved, by the results of TG/GC-MS measurements, as well as by a comparison of the volume of the nano-space in CsC24 with that of an ethylene molecule, that the oligomerization of unsaturated organic molecules in the nano-space of CsC24 causes an improvement in air stabilization of resulting ternary compounds. By a comparison of Cs-C2H4-GIC with Cs-n-C6H14-GIC, it has shown that ethylene molecules are advantageous to causing oligomerization in the nano-space. In conclusion, following conditions are required for formation of air-stable ternary compounds; molecules must be (1) absorbed smoothly into the nano-space of AMC24, and (2) oligomerized there to shield AM+ ions in the nano-space of AMC24.

A convenient procedure in estimating the conductive carrier concentrations and mobilities of graphites and graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) is described. For graphites and most of GICs, which have two-carriers conductive model, the estimation process of their carrier concentrations and mobilities from their experimental values of galvanomagnetic properties is rather tedious problem. Here it is introduced a convenient and reasonably precise approximation procedure by applying Newton's method, and some typical results of calculation on graphites and Br GICs are shown.

Bilayer graphene (BLG) comprises a 2D nanospace sandwiched by two parallel graphene sheets that can be used to intercalate molecules or ions for attaining novel functionalities. However, intercalation is mostly demonstrated with small, exfoliated graphene flakes. This study demonstrates intercalation of molybdenum chloride (MoCl5 ) into a large-area, uniform BLG sheet, which is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This study reveals that the degree of MoCl5 intercalation strongly depends on the stacking order of the graphene; twist-stacked graphene shows a much higher degree of intercalation than AB-stacked. Density functional theory calculations suggest that weak interlayer coupling in the twist-stacked graphene contributes to the effective intercalation. By selectively synthesizing twist-rich BLG films through control of the CVD conditions, low sheet resistance (83 Ω ▫-1 ) is realized after MoCl5 intercalation, while maintaining high optical transmittance (≈95%). The low sheet resistance state is relatively stable in air for more than three months. Furthermore, the intercalated BLG film is applied to organic solar cells, realizing a high power conversion efficiency.

An intercalation process for narrow graphene interconnects with linewidths of 5 µm size induced partial delamination of the graphene layers and insufficient intercalation in some graphene interconnects with linewidths of

Samples of CsC 24 were prepared from carbon materials (derived from petroleum cokes) with different graphitization degree and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron spin resonance (ESR) and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD measurement showed that all the host carbon samples heat treated from 1300 to 2800°C being contacted with CsC 8 planar specimen allowed the intercalation of Cs. Correspondingly, the resulting CsC 24 samples were able to sorb hydrogen molecules, which is a clear evidence of the formation of the nanospace. The broad ESR signal due to conduction electron observed for carbon samples (heat-treatment temperature, HTT above 2200°C) disappeared after intercalation of Cs because of the spin–orbit interaction caused by the intercalated Cs. The Raman G-band of the CsC 24 samples (HTT above 1750°C) shifted from 1584 cm −1 of the host carbon to higher wave number (∼1602 cm −1 ) in agreement with the reported data for CsC 24 . In addition, it was confirmed that the D-band signal disappeared for the CsC 24 samples (HTT above 2000°C).

Intercalation reaction of benzene (C6H6) into CsC24 and the characteristics of resulting ternary graphite intercalation compound (GIC) have been investigated, in comparison with the similar CsC24–ternary GICs with ethylene (C2H4) and acrylonitrile (C2H3CN), and the behavior of these organic molecules within the interlayer nanospace has been discussed. The stability of these ternary GICs under exposure in air, in both stage structure and electrical conductivity was found to be in the order of C2H4–, C6H6– and C2H3CN–GICs. This result was reasonably explained as follows: the C2H4 molecules in the interlayer space oligomerize considerably and form network preventing diffusion of the Cs atoms in the interlayer, while the C6H6 molecules form only dimers or trimers and unable to form network, and the C2H3CN molecules, in spite of their strong tendency to polymerize, apparently do not form oligomers in the interlayer space, and its ternary GIC tends to degrade easily. By the electrical and galvanomagnetic measurements, it is revealed that the dominant carrier of these ternary GICs is electrons, even when the electrical conductivity decreases considerably after prolonged exposure in air, while the host graphite, Grafoil, shows two-carrier conduction. This fact indicates that the degradation of the ternary GICs occurs mainly at the periphery or surface layer of the crystallite, and at the inside of the crystallite, the ternary stage structure is retained unchanged.

Electrical conductivities of Cs-unsaturated organic molecule-ternary GIC decrease gradually or rapidly in air, while their thermoelectric powers remain unchanged. For investigating their conductive carriers, electrical conductivity (σ), Hall coefficient (RH) and magnetoresistance (Δρ/ρ) of CsC24 (C2H4) x, CsC24 (C6H6) x and CsC24 (C2H3CN) x were measured, and their carrier concentrations (n) and mobilities (μ) were estimated. The values of RH were negative for all the GICs investigated, thus their dominant carriers were considered to be electrons. On the other hand, thevalues of Δρ/ρ of CsC24 (C2H4) 1.4 were too small to be detected, indicating that its electrical conduction is only throughelectrons, while other GICs have electrons and much less number of holes. These results indicate that all of the ternary GICs investigated maintain a certain fraction of Cs atoms between graphite layers, even after a long time of exposureto air, although some degradation of stage structure are found by XRD as the case of CsC24 (C6H6) 2.1. This consideration corresponds well with the fact that their thermoelectric powers kept unchanged. By observing the change of thegalvanomagnetic properties of the ternary GICs with time, we found that the releasing of part of Cs atoms from theinterlayer nanospace occurred exclusively in the first 30 days.

Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction measurements were made to identify stage structure of CsC24(C2H4)n and CsC24(C2H3CN)n, which were exposed to air for a long time. Their electric conductivities were also measured during the long exposure to air. Raman spectra suggest that the gradual degradation of their electric conductivities in air is caused by the slow decomposition of the ternary GIC's from the periphery region, although results of X-ray diffraction for all samples indicate the retention of the initial stage structure. Among the samples, CsC24(C2H4)1.4 which absorbed large amount of ethylene, was found to be exceptionally stable both in its stage structure and electric conductivity.

Carbon materials (A-1, A-2 and A-3 derived from pitch cokes) with different graphitization degree, were allowed to react with potassium. The hydrogen-sorption behavior at 77 K, electrical resistivity. ESR and Raman spectra of the resulting compounds with the composition of KC60 were determined. The sorbed amount at saturation, (n H2/n K)sat, was 0.55 and 1.43 for KC60s prepared from A2 (d 002 = 0.3377 nm) and A3 (d 002 = 0.3361 nm), respectively. No H2 sorption was observed for KC60 from A-1 (d 002=0.342 nm). Temperature dependence of the resistivity of KC60s from A-2 and A-3 showed metallic behavior, contrary to semiconductive one for the host materials. However, KC60 (A-1) showed semiconductive temperature dependence, similarily to the host material. Raman spectra of KC60s from A-2 and A-3 showed doublet structure, similarly to that of K-GICs from HOPG, characteristic for graphite intercalation compounds with stage n > 2. On the contrary, KC60 (A-1) gave single peak at around 1597 cm−1. Those f...

We synthesized eight different ω-amino-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)-bearing double-chain or triple-chain artificial lipids (PEG-lipids) with the molecular weight (Mw) of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moiety being 700, 1,000 or 1,600. The mixing of the aqueous bilayers of these lipids with α-cyclodextrin gradually formed crystalline inclusion complexes that were characterized by 1H NMR and FT IR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray analysis. A large induced circular dichroism spectra was observed for an achiral bilayer of a chromophore-containing PEG-lipid during the initial stage of the complex formation process. The 1H NMR spectra revealed that the stoichiometry number of the α-CyD/ethylene glycol unit in the inclusion complexes was 1.8 - 2.2, suggesting that only the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety in the lipids interacted with α-CyD. The bilayer of a triple-chain PEG-lipid with Mw = 700 of the PEG moiety and of a phenyl-containing triple chain PEG-lipid with Mw = 1,600 of the PEG moiety maintained the bilayer phase transition even after the complex formation with α-CyD. On the contrary, the phase transition was lost via the complex formation of the bilayers of the double-chain PEG-lipids with Mw = 700, 1,000 or 1,600, as well as of triple-chain lipids with Mw = 1,000 or 1,600 of the PEG moiety. The FTIR spectral data for the complexes suggested that the difference in the phase transition behavior would come from the change in the molecular cross-sectional area (top view) of the double-chain and triple-chain in the lipids, as well as in the chain length of the PEG moiety. Lastly, we describe the synthesis of a poly(rotaxane) of α-CyD based on the inclusion complex.

Sorption behavior of ethylene with stage-2 binary GICs (AMC24: AM=K, Rb, Cs), and the structure and thecharacteristics of resulting ternary compounds (AMC24 (C2H4) n) were investigated. The differences of these propertieswere discussed in terms of alkali metal effect. It was confirmed that the easinessof ethylene sorption and the stabilityof resulting ternary compound are in parallel relation, in the order of Cs>Rb>K. In the case of KC24, co-intercalation of ethylene seemed to be doubtful in regards to XRD observations. The ethylene-sorption behavior by AMC24 isconsidered to be mainly controlled on the size of alkali metal ions. The difficulty in preparation of KC24 (C2H4) n maybe due to narrow interlayer space of KC24 and weak K+-C2H4 interaction. In conclusion, CsC24 (C2H4) n was found tobe most stable in air both in its structure and in its high electrical conductivity.

We investigated doping material selection for multilayer graphene (MLG) interconnects and a passivation process to stabilize the doped state. Intercalation doping with Br2, FeCl3, and MoCl5 was compared in terms of doping ability and robustness against environmental effects, which are exacerbated by miniaturization. We found that MoCl5 was advantageous for miniaturization. We hypothesized that environmental stability would be enhanced by partially oxidizing MoCl5 and avoiding hydrolysis by water vapor in air. To test this, we examined a passivation process by dry oxygen exposure. We verified that the doping effect was improved and that intercalated material (MoCl5) was partially oxidized and confined in the MLG.