36 results on '"Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros"'
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2. Atrophy Patterns in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis With Cognitive Impairment, Fatigue, and Mood Disorders.
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Nucci, Mariana Penteado, Avolio, Isabella B., Apóstolos-Pereira, Samira Luisa, Callegaro, Dagoberto, Wagner, Mário B., Schoonheim, Menno M., Barkhof, Frederik, and Leite, Claudia C.
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- 2024
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3. Mechanisms of myelin repair, MRI techniques and therapeutic opportunities in multiple sclerosis
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Sommer, Rafael Canani, Hata, Junichi, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Klein da Costa, Bruna, Nakahara, Jin, and Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi
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- 2022
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4. Reduced quality of life in a pediatric-onset Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders cohort
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Paolilo, Renata Barbosa, da Paz, José Albino, Apóstolos-Pereira, Samira Luisa, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Callegaro, Dagoberto, and Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi
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- 2021
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5. The new era of artificial intelligence in neuroradiology: current research and promising tools
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Carvalho Macruz, Fabíola Bezerra de, additional, Dias, Ana Luiza Mandetta Pettengil, additional, Andrade, Celi Santos, additional, Nucci, Mariana Penteado, additional, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Lucato, Leandro Tavares, additional, Rocha, Antônio José da, additional, and Kitamura, Felipe Campos, additional
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- 2024
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6. Central Vein Sign and Paramagnetic Rim Lesions: Susceptibility Changes in Brain Tissues and Their Implications for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology.
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Otsuka, Fábio Seiji, Nunes, Douglas Mendes, Chaim, Khallil Taverna, and Otaduy, Maria Concepción Garcia
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DEMYELINATION , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *MAGNETIC susceptibility , *DEGENERATION (Pathology) , *CENTRAL nervous system - Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common acquired inflammatory and demyelinating disease in adults. The conventional diagnostic of MS and the follow-up of inflammatory activity is based on the detection of hyperintense foci in T2 and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and lesions with brain–blood barrier (BBB) disruption in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. However, T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesions are not specific to MS and the MS pathology and inflammatory processes go far beyond focal lesions and can be independent of BBB disruption. MRI techniques based on the magnetic susceptibility properties of the tissue, such as T2*, susceptibility-weighted images (SWI), and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) offer tools for advanced MS diagnostic, follow-up, and the assessment of more detailed features of MS dynamic pathology. Susceptibility-weighted techniques are sensitive to the paramagnetic components of biological tissues, such as deoxyhemoglobin. This capability enables the visualization of brain parenchymal veins. Consequently, it presents an opportunity to identify veins within the core of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, thereby affirming their venocentric characteristics. This advancement significantly enhances the accuracy of the differential diagnostic process. Another important paramagnetic component in biological tissues is iron. In MS, the dynamic trafficking of iron between different cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, enables the study of different stages of demyelination and remyelination. Furthermore, the accumulation of iron in activated microglia serves as an indicator of latent inflammatory activity in chronic MS lesions, termed paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs). PRLs have been correlated with disease progression and degenerative processes, underscoring their significance in MS pathology. This review will elucidate the underlying physical principles of magnetic susceptibility and their implications for the formation and interpretation of T2*, SWI, and QSM sequences. Additionally, it will explore their applications in multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly in detecting the central vein sign (CVS) and PRLs, and assessing iron metabolism. Furthermore, the review will discuss their role in advancing early and precise MS diagnosis and prognostic evaluation, as well as their utility in studying chronic active inflammation and degenerative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. The protective effects of high-education levels on cognition in different stages of multiple sclerosis
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Avolio, Isabella Maria Bello, Miotto, Eliane Correa, Pereira, Samira Apostolos, Mendes, Maria Fernanda, Callegaro, Dagoberto, and Leite, Claudia da Costa
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- 2018
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8. Misdiagnosis in multiple sclerosis in a Brazilian reference center: Clinical, radiological, laboratory profile and failures in the diagnostic process—Cohort study
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Tieppo, Eduardo Macedo de Souza, primary, Silva, Guilherme Diogo, additional, Silva, Tomás Fraga Ferreira da, additional, Araujo, Roger Santana de, additional, Oliveira, Mateus Boaventura de, additional, Spricigo, Mariana Gondim Peixoto, additional, Pimentel, Gabriela Almeida, additional, Campana, Igor Gusmão, additional, Castrillo, Bruno Batitucci, additional, Mendes, Natalia Trombini, additional, Teixeira, Larissa Silva, additional, Nunes, Douglas Mendes, additional, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Adoni, Tarso, additional, Apóstolos Pereira, Samira Luisa, additional, and Callegaro, Dagoberto, additional
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- 2023
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9. T1/T2-weighted ratio: A feasible MRI biomarker in multiple sclerosis.
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Boaventura, Mateus, Sastre-Garriga, Jaume, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Rovira, Àlex, and Pareto, Deborah
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MULTIPLE sclerosis ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,GRAY matter (Nerve tissue) ,BIOMARKERS ,WHITE matter (Nerve tissue) - Abstract
T1/T2-weighted ratio is a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker based on conventional sequences, related to microstructural integrity and with increasing use in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. Different from other advanced MRI techniques, this method has the advantage of being based on routinely acquired MRI sequences, a feature that enables analysis of retrospective cohorts with considerable clinical value. This article provides an overview of this method, describing the previous cross-sectional and longitudinal findings in the main MS clinical phenotypes and in different brain tissues: focal white matter (WM) lesions, normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), cortical gray matter (GM), and deep normal-appearing gray matter (NAGM). We also discuss the clinical associations, possible reasons for conflicting results, correlations with other MRI-based measures, and histopathological associations. We highlight the limitations of the biomarker itself and the methodology of each study. Finally, we update the reader on its potential use as an imaging biomarker in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. AQP4-IgG NMOSD, MOGAD, and double-seronegative NMOSD: is it possible to depict the antibody subtype using magnetic resonance imaging?
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Fragoso, Diego Cardoso, additional, Salles, Luana Michelli Oliveira de Paula, additional, Pereira, Samira Luisa Apóstolos, additional, Callegaro, Dagoberto, additional, Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi, additional, and Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional
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- 2023
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11. AQP4-IgG NMOSD, MOGAD, and double-seronegative NMOSD: is it possible to depict the antibody subtype using magnetic resonance imaging?
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Fragoso, Diego Cardoso, Salles, Luana Michelli Oliveira de Paula, Pereira, Samira Luisa Apóstolos, Callegaro, Dagoberto, Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi, and Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros
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Neuromielite Óptica ,Neuromyelitis Optica ,Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ,Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito - Abstract
Background There is clinical and radiological overlap among demyelinating diseases. However, their pathophysiological mechanisms are different and carry distinct prognoses and treatment demands. Objective To investigate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of patients with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease (MOGAD), antibody against aquaporin-4(AQP-4)-immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG NMOSD), and double-seronegative patients. Methods A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed to analyze the topography and morphology of central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Two neuroradiologists consensually analyzed the brain, orbit, and spinal cord images. Results In total, 68 patients were enrolled in the study (25 with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD, 28 with MOGAD, and 15 double-seronegative patients). There were differences in clinical presentation among the groups. The MOGAD group had less brain involvement (39.2%) than the NMOSD group (p = 0.002), mostly in the subcortical/juxtacortical, the midbrain, the middle cerebellar peduncle, and the cerebellum. Double-seronegative patients had more brain involvement (80%) with larger and tumefactive lesion morphology. In addition, double-seronegative patients showed the longest optic neuritis (p = 0.006), which was more prevalent in the intracranial optic nerve compartment. AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD optic neuritis had a predominant optic-chiasm location, and brain lesions mainly affected hypothalamic regions and the postrema area (MOGAD versus AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD, p= 0 .013). Furthermore, this group had more spinal cord lesions (78.3%), and bright spotty lesions were a paramount finding to differentiate it from MOGAD (p = 0.003). Conclusion The pooled analysis of lesion topography, morphology, and signal intensity provides critical information to help clinicians form a timely differential diagnosis. Resumo Antecedentes Há sobreposição clínica e radiológica entre as doenças desmielinizantes. No entanto, seus mecanismos fisiopatológicos são diferentes e apresentam prognósticos e demandas de tratamento distintos. Objetivo Investigar as características de imagens de RM dos pacientes com doença associada à glicoproteína de oligodendrócito de mielina (MOGAD), a doenças do espectro da neuromielite óptica positivas para antiaquaporina-4 imunoglobulina G (AQP4-IgG NMOSD), e pacientes duplamente soronegativos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo e transversal para analisar as características e frequência das lesões do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Dois neurorradiologistas avaliaram consensualmente as imagens do cérebro, das órbitas e da medula espinhal. Resultados Ao todo, foram incluídos 68 pacientes(25 com AQP4-IgG NMOSD, 28 com MOGAD e 15 duplo-soronegativos). Há diferenças na apresentação clínica entre os grupos. O grupo MOGAD demonstrou menor frequência de comprometimento do cérebro (39.2%) comparado com o AQP4-IgG NMOSD (p = 0.002), com predomínio da distribuição das lesões nas regiões subcortical/justacortical, mesencéfalo, pedúnculos cerebelares médios e cerebelo. O grupo duplo-soronegativo demonstrou maior frequência de comprometimento do cérebro (80%), com lesões de maiores dimensões e com morfologia tumefeita, além de neurite óptica com maior extensão (p = 0.006). O grupo AQP4-IgG NMOSD demonstrou neurite óptica com predomínio na região óptico-quiasmática e as lesões encefálicas acometeram predominantemente as regiões hipotalâmica e área postrema (MOGAD versus AQP4-IgG NMOSD p = 0.013). Além disso, foram observadas mais lesões na medula espinhal (78.3%) e a presença da “bright spotty lesion” foi um achado primordial para a sua diferenciação com os pacientes MOGAD (p = 0.003). Conclusão A análise pormenorizada das características das lesões por RM dos pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes imunomediadas fornece informações fundamentais que auxiliam os médicos no diagnóstico diferencial em um momento oportuno.
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- 2023
12. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a review with a focus on children and adolescents
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Paolilo, Renata Barbosa, additional, Paz, José Albino da, additional, Apóstolos-Pereira, Samira Luisa, additional, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Callegaro, Dagoberto, additional, and Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi, additional
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- 2023
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13. Toxic Leukoencephalopathies, Including Drug, Medication, Environmental, and Radiation-Induced Encephalopathic Syndromes
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Andrade, Celi Santos, Leite, Claudia da Costa, McKinney, Alexander M., and Lucato, Leandro Tavares
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- 2014
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14. Nighttime Sleep Characteristics and White Matter Integrity in Young Adults
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Reyes, Sussanne, primary, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Lozoff, Betsy, additional, Algarin, Cecilia, additional, and Peirano, Patricio, additional
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- 2022
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15. Clinical and MRI measures to identify non-acute MOG-antibody disease in adults.
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Cortese, Rosa, Battaglini, Marco, Prados, Ferran, Bianchi, Alessia, Haider, Lukas, Jacob, Anu, Palace, Jacqueline, Messina, Silvia, Paul, Friedemann, Wuerfel, Jens, Marignier, Romain, Durand-Dubief, Françoise, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Callegaro, Dagoberto, Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi, Filippi, Massimo, Rocca, Maria Assunta, Cacciaguerra, Laura, Rovira, Alex, and Sastre-Garriga, Jaume
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NEUROMYELITIS optica ,MYELIN oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ,AQUAPORINS ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,CERVICAL cord ,BRAIN damage - Abstract
MRI and clinical features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody disease may overlap with those of other inflammatory demyelinating conditions posing diagnostic challenges, especially in non-acute phases and when serologic testing for MOG antibodies is unavailable or shows uncertain results. We aimed to identify MRI and clinical markers that differentiate non-acute MOG-antibody disease from aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, guiding in the identification of patients with MOG-antibody disease in clinical practice. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, data from 16 MAGNIMS centres were included. Data collection and analyses were conducted from 2019 to 2021. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of MOG-antibody disease; AQP4-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis; brain and cord MRI at least 6 months from relapse; and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score on the day of MRI. Brain white matter T
2 lesions, T1 -hypointense lesions, cortical and cord lesions were identified. Random forest models were constructed to classify patients as MOG-antibody disease/AQP4-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder/multiple sclerosis; a leave one out cross-validation procedure assessed the performance of the models. Based on the best discriminators between diseases, we proposed a guide to target investigations for MOG-antibody disease. One hundred and sixty-two patients with MOG-antibody disease [99 females, mean age: 41 (±14) years, median EDSS: 2 (0–7.5)], 162 with AQP4-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder [132 females, mean age: 51 (±14) years, median EDSS: 3.5 (0–8)], 189 with multiple sclerosis (132 females, mean age: 40 (±10) years, median EDSS: 2 (0–8)] and 152 healthy controls (91 females) were studied. In young patients (<34 years), with low disability (EDSS < 3), the absence of Dawson's fingers, temporal lobe lesions and longitudinally extensive lesions in the cervical cord pointed towards a diagnosis of MOG-antibody disease instead of the other two diseases (accuracy: 76%, sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 84%, P < 0.001). In these non-acute patients, the number of brain lesions < 6 predicted MOG-antibody disease versus multiple sclerosis (accuracy: 83%, sensitivity: 82%, specificity: 83%, P < 0.001). An EDSS < 3 and the absence of longitudinally extensive lesions in the cervical cord predicted MOG-antibody disease versus AQP4-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (accuracy: 76%, sensitivity: 89%, specificity: 62%, P < 0.001). A workflow with sequential tests and supporting features is proposed to guide better identification of patients with MOG-antibody disease. Adult patients with non-acute MOG-antibody disease showed distinctive clinical and MRI features when compared to AQP4-neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. A careful inspection of the morphology of brain and cord lesions together with clinical information can guide further analyses towards the diagnosis of MOG-antibody disease in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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16. Nighttime Sleep Characteristics and White Matter Integrity in Young Adults
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Reyes,Sussanne, Rimkus,Carolina de Medeiros, Lozoff,Betsy, Algarin,Cecilia, Peirano,Patricio, Reyes,Sussanne, Rimkus,Carolina de Medeiros, Lozoff,Betsy, Algarin,Cecilia, and Peirano,Patricio
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Sussanne Reyes,1 Carolina de Medeiros Rimkus,2 Betsy Lozoff,3 Cecilia Algarin,1 Patricio Peirano1 1Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; 2Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-44), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Pediatrics and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USACorrespondence: Patricio Peirano, Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El LÃbano 5524, Macul 7830490, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile, Tel +56 2 29781447, Email ppeirano@inta.uchile.clPurpose: Sleep is essential for life and plays a key role for optimal physiology, brain functioning, and health. Evidence suggests a relation between sleep and cerebral white matter integrity. Human studies report that sleep duration shows a U-shaped association with brain functioning. We hypothesized that participants with longer or shorter sleep time in the nighttime period show altered microstructural white matter integrity.Participants and Methods: Seventy-three young adult participants were evaluated. Sleep-wake cycle parameters were assessed objectively using actigraphy. Diffusion tensor imaging studies were performed to assess white matter integrity using fractional anisotropy and mean, axial, and radial diffusivities. Relations between white matter microstructure indexes and sleep parameters were investigated through tract-based spatial statistics. Participants were grouped according to their nocturnal total sleep time: 27 in the Reference sleep group (6.5â 8.0 h), 23 in the Short sleep group (< 6.5 h) and 23 in the Long sleep group (> 8.0 h).Results: Compared with the Reference sleep group, participants in the Long sleep group showed lower fractional anisotropy (p < 0.05) and higher
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- 2022
17. Calcified intracranial tuberculomas as sequelae of pediatric neurotuberculosis
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, primary, Miranda, Thiago Augusto Vasconcelos, additional, and Lucato, Leandro Tavares, additional
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- 2021
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18. Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity
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Reyes, Sussanne, primary, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Lozoff, Betsy, additional, Biswal, Bharat B., additional, Peirano, Patricio, additional, and Algarin, Cecilia, additional
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- 2020
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19. Longitudinal analysis of verbal episodic memory in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
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Boa, Izadora Nogueira Fonte, primary, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Campanholo, Kenia Repiso, additional, Pereira, Samira Luisa Apóstolos, additional, Junqueira, Thiago de Faria, additional, Machado, Melissa de Almeida Rodrigues, additional, Callegaro, Dagoberto, additional, Otaduy, Maria Concepción García, additional, Leite, Claudia da Costa, additional, and Miotto, Eliane Correa, additional
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- 2018
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20. Cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis is associated with structural network disruption - a single-subject network approach
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Schoonheim, M. M., Steenwijk, M. D., Wattjes, M., Killestein, J., Leite, C. C., Barkhof, F., Tijms, B. M., Anatomy and neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Brain Imaging, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, Neurology, Radiology and nuclear medicine, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration
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- 2016
21. Causes, effects and connectivity changes in MS-related cognitive decline
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, primary, Steenwijk, Martijn D., additional, and Barkhof, Frederik, additional
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- 2016
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22. Avaliação radiográfica de quadris de pacientes lesados medulares
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Grynwald, Jean, Bastos, Juliana de Melo Lafaiete, Costa, Vinicius Basañez Aleluia, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, and Cliquet Júnior, Alberto
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Ossificação heterotópica ,Quadril ,Hip ,Radiograph ,Radiografia ,Spinal cord injuries ,Traumatismos da medula espinal ,Ossification, heterotopic ,Spinal injury - Abstract
OBJETIVO: Os pacientes lesado-medulares passam a se submeter a uma nova conformação de forças sobre as articulações. O quadril é uma das mais afetadas, por utilizarem a cadeira de rodas como meio de locomoção. Alterações osteoarticulares, como ossificação heterotópica, podem ser encontradas nesses pacientes, sendo evidenciadas por estudos radiográficos. Este estudo visa identificar a incidência das alterações radiográficas em quadris de paciente lesados medulares. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes (30 quadris) acompanhados no Laboratório de Reabilitação Biomecânica do Aparelho Locomotor do HC-Unicamp, analisando-se radiografias da bacia em posições antero-posterior e lowenstein. RESULTADOS: Dos quadris avaliados, apenas sete (23%) não possuíam alguma evidência de dano à superfície articular. A prevalência de ossificação heterotópica encontrada (16,6%) aproximou-se a da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: Devido à prevalência de alterações articulares encontradas, justifica-se o acompanhamento radiográfico dos quadris destes pacientes. Nível de Evidência II. Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos em pacientes consecutivo. (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado). OBJECTIVE: Patients with spinal injury patients are submitted to a new kind of force on their joints. The hip is one of the most affected joints, because these usually use wheelchairs to move around. Osteoarticular changes, like heterotopic ossification, can be seen in these patients, as shown in radiographic studies. This study aims to identify radiographic changes in hips of spinal injured patients. METHODS: 15 patients (30 hips) were analyzed, who were in follow-up at the Biomechanic Reabilitation of Osteoarticular System Laboratory of HC-Unicamp. Their hip x-rays were analyzed in two positions (anteroposterior and Lowenstein). RESULTS: Of the total hips, only seven (23%) had no evidence of articular damage. The prevalence of heterotopic ossification found (16.6%) was similar to the literature. CONCLUSION: The radiographic assessment of these patient's hips is justified by the prevalence of joint changes found. Level of Evidence II, Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with universally applied reference "gold" standard).
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- 2012
23. Craniocervical junction anomalies : morfological analysis by magnetic resonance imaging with considerations about joint function and brain stem physiology
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Cliquet Junior, Alberto, 1957, Ferreira, Daniel Miranda, Leite, Claudia da Costa, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cirurgia, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Diagnostic imaging ,Diagnóstico por imagem ,Brain stem ,Cérebro - Abstract
Orientador: Alberto Cliquet Junior Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Resumo: A Junção craniocervical (JCC) é uma região anatômica de transição formada pelo osso occipital e pelas primeiras vértebras cervicais, o atlas e o axis. Esse arcabouço esquelético envolve importantes estruturas do sistema nervoso central (SNC), como o tronco cerebral, o cerebelo e a porção proximal da medula cervical. O complexo e delicado desenvolvimento embrionário dessa região sujeita essa topografia a diversas variações anatômicas e malformações congênitas. Embora algumas deformidades ósseas estejam presentes ao nascimento, alguns pacientes desenvolvem sintomas após a terceira ou quarta décadas de vida. Foi realizada a análise retrospectiva de imagens de Ressonância Magnética (RM) de 61 pacientes selecionados por apresentarem pelo menos uma das principais malformações esqueléticas ou antropométricas da JCC, discriminando a presença de compressão, alteração de sinal nas seqüências de TR longo e siringomielia. Observou-se correlação significativa entre a gravidade das malformações ósseas e o grau de comprometimento neural, com a maior redução ângulos clivuscanal (ACC) e o maior grau de invaginação basilar (IB) relacionando-se, principalmente, à compressão anterior e a alteração do sinal magnético no neuro-eixo. A siringomielia correlacionou-se à maior freqüência de invaginação tonsilar (IT). Alguns aspectos das malformações da JCC são francamente congênitos. Porém, a instabilidade crônica e a sobrecarga articular decorrentes de distúrbios biomecânicos impostos pelas deformidades esqueléticas podem se correlacionar a desordens osteoarticulares adquiridas. 19,7% desses pacientes apresentaram subluxação atlanto-axial, correlacionada com alterações morfológicas da vértebra occipital. Foram observados sinais de degeneração articular atlanto-axial em 42,6%, apresentando correlação significativa com assimilação atlanto-occipital (AAO). Foram realizadas análises de potenciais evocados auditivos do tronco cerebral (PEATC) em 8 pacientes. Dois pacientes não apresentavam compressão neural; 2 apresentavam compressão e elevação de sinal em T2, e 4 indivíduos tinham siringomielia. Um paciente sem compressão apresentou atraso em todas as ondas auditivas. Um dos pacientes com compressão e hipersinal em T2 apresentou as maiores latências nos intervalos I-III e I-V, demonstrando atraso global da via auditiva do tronco cerebral. Todos os pacientes com siringomielia apresentaram alargamento do intervalo I-V, mesmo após a abordagem cirúrgica da JCC. Todos os pacientes com sinais de lesão tecidual significativo, nos exames de RM, apresentaram assincronia dos picos após a aquisição binaural, com defasagem das ondas V do lado contralateral. A RM é uma ferramenta importante na avaliação morfológica da JCC. A avaliação global e detalhada das estruturas ósseas, ligamentares e neurais da JCC é indispensável para classificar o espectro das malformações congênitas e para predizer o risco de desenvolvimento de desordens osteoarticulares e neurológicas adquiridas. A idade do surgimento dos sintomas, algumas vezes, é discrepante ao tempo de duração da injúria tecidual. Por isso, questiona-se se o quadro fisiológico é secundário puramente às injúrias compressivas, ou se existem malformações ocultas do tecido neural. As análises dos PEATC não são realizadas de maneira rotineira, nesses pacientes. Os dados preliminares deste estudo demonstram que a correlação eletrofisiológica à análise por RM pode revelar aspectos da fisiologia do tronco cerebral e da etiologia das lesões neurológicas nas malformações da JCC. Abstract: The craniocervical junction (CCJ) is formed by the combination of the occipital bone and the first cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis. It comprehends the brainstem, proximal cervical spinal cord and cerebelar structures and is subjected to several congenital anomalies and anatomic variations. Although the morphological abnormalities are present at birth, many patients develop symptoms after their third and fourth decades. Magnetic Ressonance Imaging (MRI) analyses were performed for 61 patients with these malformations towards discriminating the degree of compression, elevated signal in fluid sensitive sequences and presence of syringomyelia. The severity of skeletal disturbances correlated with the degree of neural tissue damage, with shorter skull base (represented by basilar hypoplasia) and higher basilar invagination (elevation of odontoid tip) correlating with compression and signals of tissue injury. The small posterior fossa correlated to a higher frequence of tonsilar invagination, and with higher incidence of syringomyelia. Some aspects of the CCJ malformations are trully congenital. But the chronical instability and the articular overload imposed by the skeletal deformities add biomecanical disturbances that can be correlated to acquired disorders. 19.7% of the patients presented atlanto-axial subluxation, correlated to morfological abnormalities classified as manifestations of the occipital vertebrae. Signals of degeneration of the atlanto-axial joints were shown in 42.6%, correlated to atlanto-occipital assimilation (AAO). Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) tests were performed for 8 patients. 2 patients did not present compression of neuro-axis; 2 showed compression and magnetic signal alteration, and 4 presented syringomyelia. One of the patients without compression presented prolonged latencies of all evoked brainstem potential waves. One patient with compression and hyperintense signal in fluid sensitive sequences presented the longest delays in intervals I-III and I-V of auditory pathway. All patients with syringomyelia presented longer I-V interval, even after decompressive surgery. All patients with significant compromise to neural tissue presented assyncrhonic waves on binaural acquisition, with phase shift of wave V. MRI is an important tool to assess the morphological abnormalities of craniocervical junction. The comprehensive approach of the bone, ligamentar and neurological structures of the CCJ is important to classify the range of congenital abnormalities and to predict the risk of acquired articular and neurological compromise. The discrepance between the duration of compressive injury and appearence of symptoms does not allow the understanding wether functional impairment is secondary to compressive state or to unknown neural tissue incipient malformations. BAEP analyses of these patients are not routinelly done, and these previous data demonstrated that the image and functional correlation can lead to unrevealing features of morphophysiology of the craniocervical juntion malformations. Mestrado Pesquisa Experimental Mestre em Cirurgia
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- 2008
24. Avaliação radiográfica de quadris de pacientes lesados medulares
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Grynwald, Jean, primary, Bastos, Juliana de Melo Lafaiete, additional, Costa, Vinicius Basañez Aleluia, additional, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, and Cliquet Júnior, Alberto, additional
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- 2012
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25. Avaliação clínica e por ressonância magnética do ombro de pacientes lesados medulares
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Alves, Alex Pereira, primary, Terrabuio Junior, Alberto Antonio, additional, Pimenta, Ciro Jabur, additional, Medina, Giovanna Ignácio Subirá, additional, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, and Cliquet Júnior, Alberto, additional
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- 2012
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26. Corpus Callosum Microstructural Changes Correlate with Cognitive Dysfunction in Early Stages of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Axial and Radial Diffusivities Approach
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, primary, Junqueira, Thiago de Faria, additional, Lyra, Katarina Paz, additional, Jackowski, Marcel P., additional, Machado, Melissa A. R., additional, Miotto, Eliane C., additional, Callegaro, Dagoberto, additional, Otaduy, Maria Concepción García, additional, and Leite, Claudia da Costa, additional
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- 2011
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27. As características microestruturais do tecido neural e o grau de atrofia cerebral nos estágios iniciais da esclerose múltipla remitente-recorrente
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Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, primary
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28. Análise clínica e ultrassonográfica dos ombros de pacientes lesados medulares em programa de reabilitação
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Ninomyia, André Felipe, primary, Jesus, Carolina Luísa Martins de, additional, Auletta, Leandro Luis, additional, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, additional, Ferreira, Daniel Miranda, additional, Zoppi Filho, Américo, additional, and Cliquet Junior, Alberto, additional
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- 2007
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29. Mechanisms of myelin repair, MRI techniques and therapeutic opportunities in multiple sclerosis
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Sommer, Rafael Canani, Hata, Junichi, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Klein da Costa, Bruna, Nakahara, Jin, and Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi
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•Remyelination is a key process following demyelinating insult in multiple sclerosis and its impairment has been associated with neurodegeneration.•Visualizing and measuring remyelination in-vivoremains challenging. Advanced MRI sequences have proven to be useful for evaluate myelin content, such as magnetization transfer Imaging, myelin water imaging and model-free diffusion MRI.•Promising clinical trials with remyelinating promoting agents have been conducted on past years.•Future trials with remyelinating agents can perform different advanced imaging MRI modalities to better understand the biological effects of treatments in myelin content.
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- 2021
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30. Comprometimento cognitivo nas formas progressivas de esclerose múltipla
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Gois Emerenciano, Larissa Carla de Paula, 1987, Damasceno, Alfredo, 1979, Damasceno, Benito Pereira, 1942, Coan, Ana Carolina, Rimkus, Carolina de Medeiros, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS
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Multiple sclerosis ,Cognition ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,Esclerose múltipla ,Testes neuropsicológicos ,Epidemiology ,Neuropsychological tests ,Epidemiologia ,Ressonância magnética ,Cognição - Abstract
Orientadores: Alfredo Damasceno, Benito Pereira Damasceno Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: Esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença autoimune, inflamatória, desmielinizante e crônica do sistema nervoso central. Acomete principalmente adultos por volta dos 30 anos de idade, tem predileção pelo sexo feminino e constitui a causa não traumática mais comum de incapacidade em adultos jovens. O comprometimento cognitivo (CC) está presente em 40 a 70% dos casos, acomete todos os estágios e subtipos da doença e tem grande impacto na capacidade funcional dos pacientes. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos avaliaram pacientes com esclerose múltipla remitente-recorrente (EMRR). Ainda não está claro se os indivíduos portadores de esclerose múltipla progressiva (EMP) apresentam perfil de CC distinto dos portadores de EMRR. Além disso, há dados conflitantes sobre a correlação entre incapacidade física e cognitiva na EM. Nesse contexto, é nosso objetivo avaliar o padrão de CC na EMP em comparação com a EMRR através de avaliação neuropsicológica e de neuroimagem. Para isso, 30 pacientes com EMP e 24 pacientes com EMRR foram submetidos a avaliação neurológica, neuropsicológica (BRB-N, Teste de nomeação de Boston e Teste de Torre de Londres) e por ressonância magnética (RM) de 3 tesla. Para avaliarmos o volume cerebral e carga lesional, utilizamos os programas FreeSurfer e MIPAV respectivamente. A Análise de Componentes Principais dos itens da avaliação neuropsicológica resultou em 6 domínios cognitivos: memória verbal, memória visual, velocidade de processamento de informação, nomeação, planejamento e fluência verbal. Classificamos os pacientes quanto a extensão do CC em 3 categoriais: sem CC, comprometimento em domínio cognitivo isolado e comprometimento em domínios cognitivos combinados. Na amostra global, os domínios cognitivos mais acometidos foram velocidade de processamento de informação e memória visual respectivamente. O grupo EMP apresentou maior prevalência de déficits de memória verbal e fluência verbal, e pior performance em vários domínios cognitivos em comparação com o grupo EMRR. Em relação a extensão do CC, houve maior prevalência de déficits cognitivos combinados entre os pacientes com EMP. Após análise de regressão multivariada das variáveis clínicas, EDSS teve associação significativa com a maioria dos domínios cognitivos analisados. Todavia, após incluirmos o volume de lesões hipointensas em T1 no modelo, este foi o preditor mais consistente com o desempenho cognitivo. Para melhor analisarmos a interação entre EDSS e o volume de lesões em T1, explicando a diferença de desempenho cognitivo entre os grupos, nós utilizamos o modelo linear geral com EDSS e volume de lesões em T1 como covariáveis. Nesse modelo, o volume de lesões em T1 teve melhor ajuste para memória verbal (p=0,013), velocidade de processamento de informação (p=0,021) e número total de domínios afetados (p=0,021). Em conclusão, os grupos EMRR e EMP tiveram perfis neuropsicológicos semelhantes em geral, mas a extensão do CC foi maior no grupo EMP. O pior desempenho cognitivo foi associado ao aumento da incapacidade física, entretanto esta correlação não foi mais significativa após controle para volume de lesões em T1, sugerindo que a patologia subjacente da EM pode influenciar essa relação. Os volumes talâmico e de lesões em T1 foram os preditores de RM mais consistentes associados à deficiência cognitiva Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating and chronic disease of the central nervous system. It mainly affects adults around the age of 30, has a predilection for women, and is the commonest nontraumatic cause of acquired disability amongst young adults. Cognitive impairment (CI) affects 40 to 70% of patients with MS, is present in all stages and subtypes of the disease and has a great impact on patients' functional capacity. However, the majority of studies examined relapsing-remitting (RRMS) patients. Is still not clear whether patients with progressive MS (PMS) have a distinct pattern of CI compared to RRMS. In addition, there is conflicting data regarding the correlation between clinical and cognitive disability. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the pattern of cognitive impairment in progressive forms of MS comparing with the relapsing-remitting MS through a broad neuropsychological evaluation. Thirty patients with PMS and twenty-four with RRMS underwent neurological, neuropsychological (BRB-N, Boston Naming, and Tower of London), and 3 tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brain volume and lesion load evaluations were performed using FreeSurfer and MIPAV respectively. Principal Components Analysis on neuropsychological yielded six principal cognitive domains: verbal memory, visual memory, information processing speed, naming, planning and verbal fluency. Cognitive deficits were classified according to three categories as a measure of the extend of CI: no CI, impairment in isolated cognitive domain, or impairment in combined domains. In the overall sample, the most frequently impaired cognitive domains were information processing speed (IPS) and visual memory. PMS patients had a higher prevalence of verbal memory and verbal fluency deficits, and more frequent impairment in combined cognitive domains compared to RRMS individuals. After multivariable regression analysis with clinical variables, EDSS was associated with most cognitive domains. Nevertheless, after including T1-lesion volume in the model, it was the most consistent predictor of cognitive performance. To further analyze the interaction between EDSS and T1-lesions, we performed GLM analysis with EDSS and T1-hypointense lesion volume as covariates, and T1-lesion volume adjusted better the model for verbal memory (p = 0.013), IPS (p = 0.021) and total number of impaired cognitive domains (p = 0.021). In conclusion, RRMS and PMS patients tend to have a similar neuropsychological profile in general, but the extent of CI was greater in PMS patients. Worse cognitive performance was associated with increased physical disability, but this correlation was no longer significant after controlling for T1-lesion volume, suggesting that the underlying MS pathology can influence this relationship. Thalamic and T1-lesion volumes were the most consistent MRI predictors associated with cognitive disability Mestrado Neurologia Mestra em Ciências
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- 2021
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31. Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Brazilian College of Radiology - 2024.
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Magalhães TA, Carneiro ACC, Moreira VM, Trad HS, Lopes MMU, Cerci RJ, Nacif MS, Schvartzman PR, Chagas ACP, Costa IBSDS, Schmidt A, Shiozaki AA, Montenegro ST, Piegas LS, Zapparoli M, Nicolau JC, Fernandes F, Hadlich MS, Ghorayeb N, Mesquita ET, Gonçalves LFG, Ramires FJA, Fernandes JL, Schwartzmann PV, Rassi S, Torreão JA, Mateos JCP, Beck-da-Silva L, Silva MC, Liberato G, Oliveira GMM, Feitosa Filho GS, Carvalho HDSM, Markman Filho B, Rocha RPS, Azevedo Filho CF, Taratsoutchi F, Coelho-Filho OR, Kalil Filho R, Hajjar LA, Ishikawa WY, Melo CA, Jatene IB, Albuquerque AS, Rimkus CM, Silva PSDD, Vieira TDR, Jatene FB, Azevedo GSAA, Santos RD, Monte GU, Ramires JAF, Bittencourt MS, Avezum A, Silva LSD, Abizaid A, Gottlieb I, Precoma DB, Szarf G, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF, Medeiros FM, Caramelli B, Parga Filho JR, Santos TSGD, Prazeres CEED, Lopes MACQ, Avila LFR, Scanavacca MI, Gowdak LHW, Barberato SH, Nomura CH, and Rochitte CE
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- 2024
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32. T1/T2-weighted ratio: A feasible MRI biomarker in multiple sclerosis.
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Boaventura M, Sastre-Garriga J, Rimkus CM, Rovira À, and Pareto D
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- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Brain pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Biomarkers, Multiple Sclerosis pathology, White Matter pathology
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T1/T2-weighted ratio is a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker based on conventional sequences, related to microstructural integrity and with increasing use in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. Different from other advanced MRI techniques, this method has the advantage of being based on routinely acquired MRI sequences, a feature that enables analysis of retrospective cohorts with considerable clinical value. This article provides an overview of this method, describing the previous cross-sectional and longitudinal findings in the main MS clinical phenotypes and in different brain tissues: focal white matter (WM) lesions, normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), cortical gray matter (GM), and deep normal-appearing gray matter (NAGM). We also discuss the clinical associations, possible reasons for conflicting results, correlations with other MRI-based measures, and histopathological associations. We highlight the limitations of the biomarker itself and the methodology of each study. Finally, we update the reader on its potential use as an imaging biomarker in research., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: M.B. has received a speaker honorarium and/or travel expenses for scientific meetings from Biogen, Horizon, Merck, Novartis, and Roche and received a grant as ECTRIMS Clinical Training fellow. J.S.-G. has engaged in consulting and/or participating as speaker/chair in events organized by Merck, Bayer, Celgene, Sanofi, and Biogen and is director of Revista de Neurología and editor for controversies of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal. C.d.M. has received a grant from MSIF-ECTRIMS, speaker honoraria from Roche, Guerbet, and Biogen and is associate editor of Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria. A.R. serves/served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Icometrix, Synthetic MR, Bayer, Biogen, and OLEA Medical and has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bracco, Merck-Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, Roche, and Biogen. D.P. has received speaking honoraria from Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme and a research grant from Biogen Idec.
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- 2024
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33. Misdiagnosis in multiple sclerosis in a Brazilian reference center: Clinical, radiological, laboratory profile and failures in the diagnostic process-Cohort study.
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Tieppo EMS, Silva GD, Silva TFFD, Araujo RS, Oliveira MB, Spricigo MGP, Pimentel GA, Campana IG, Castrillo BB, Mendes NT, Teixeira LS, Nunes DM, Rimkus CM, Adoni T, Apóstolos Pereira SL, and Callegaro D
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- Humans, Cohort Studies, Brazil, Diagnostic Errors, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multiple Sclerosis diagnostic imaging, Neuromyelitis Optica diagnosis
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Background: Multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis remains a problem despite the well-validated McDonald 2017. For proper evaluation of errors in the diagnostic process that lead to misdiagnosis, it is adequate to incorporate patients who are already under regular follow-up at reference centers of demyelinating diseases., Objectives: To evaluate multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis in patients who are on follow-up at a reference center of demyelinating diseases in Brazil., Methods: We designed an observational study including patients in regular follow-up, who were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at our specialized outpatient clinic in the Hospital of Clinics in the University of Sao Paulo, from 1996 to 2021, and were reassessed for misdiagnosis in 2022. We evaluated demographic information, clinical profile, and complementary exams and classified participants as "established multiple sclerosis," "non-multiple sclerosis, diagnosed," and "non-multiple sclerosis, undiagnosed." Failures in the diagnostic process were assessed by the modified Diagnostic Error Evaluation and Research tool., Results: A total of 201 patients were included. After analysis, 191/201 (95.02%) participants were confirmed as "established multiple sclerosis," 5/201 (2.49%) were defined as "non-multiple sclerosis, diagnosed," and 5/201 (2.49%) were defined as "non-multiple sclerosis, undiagnosed.", Conclusions: Multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis persists in reference centers, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation of clinical findings to prevent errors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors Guilherme Diogo Silva, Mateus Boaventura de Oliveira, Tarso Adoni, Larissa Silva Teixeira, Samira Luisa Apóstolos Pereira, and Dagoberto Callegaro receive regular visits of Biogen, Novartis, EMS, and Roche pharmaceutical companies.
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- 2023
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34. Segmented corpus callosum diffusivity correlates with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score in the early stages of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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Rimkus Cde M, Junqueira Tde F, Callegaro D, Otaduy MC, and Leite Cda C
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- Adult, Anisotropy, Brain pathology, Case-Control Studies, Disability Evaluation, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Severity of Illness Index, Statistics, Nonparametric, Time Factors, Young Adult, Corpus Callosum pathology, Diffusion Tensor Imaging methods, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting pathology
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Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the microscopic damage to the corpus callosum in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with diffusion tensor imaging and to investigate the correlation of this damage with disability. The diffusion tensor imaging parameters of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity provide information about the integrity of cell membranes, offering two more specific indices, namely the axial and radial diffusivities, which are useful for discriminating axon loss from demyelination., Method: Brain magnetic resonance imaging exams of 30 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were acquired in a 3T scanner. The axial diffusivities, radial diffusivities, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity of five segments of the corpus callosum, correlated to the Expanded Disability Status Scale score, were obtained., Results: All corpus callosum segments showed increased radial diffusivities and mean diffusivity, as well as decreased fractional anisotropy, in the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis group. The axial diffusivity was increased in the posterior midbody and splenium. The Expanded Disability Status Scale scores correlated more strongly with axial diffusivities and mean diffusivity, with an isolated correlation with radial diffusivities in the posterior midbody of the corpus callosum. There was no significant correlation with lesion loads., Conclusion: Neurological dysfunction in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis can be influenced by commissural disconnection, and the diffusion indices of diffusion tensor imaging are potential biomarkers of disability that can be assessed during follow-up.
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- 2013
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35. Clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder of patients with spinal cord injury.
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Alves AP, Terrabuio Junior AA, Pimenta CJ, Medina GI, Rimkus Cde M, and Cliquet Júnior A
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Objective: To study the shoulder of this group of patients using magnetic resonance imaging to detect clinical and subclinical disorders and establish a rehabilitation program., Methods: Nine patients with spinal cord injury followed in the Laboratory of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation of the Locomotive System at HC/UNICAMP were divided into two groups according to the presence of paraplegia and tetraplegia and were clinically assessed for correlation with the imaging exams., Results: Normal results were found in 41% of the shoulders. Most common injuries were tendinopathy of the supraspinatus and acromioclavicular joint degeneration. Eighty percent of injured shoulders had combined lesions., Conclusion: A great variety of causes of shoulder pain was identified in paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects. Routine clinical assessment and imaging studies of the shoulder may contribute to the evolution of rehabilitation and reduction of pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Level of Evidence II, Development of Diagnostic Criteria on Consecutive Patients, With Universally Applied Reference "Gold" Standard.
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- 2012
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36. Radiographic assessment of hips in patients with spinal cord injury.
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Grynwald J, Bastos Jde M, Costa VB, Rimkus Cde M, and Júnior AC
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Objective: The spinal cord-injured patients begin to present a new configuration of forces on the joints. The hip joint is one of the most affected, because these patients generally use a wheelchair as a means of locomotion. Osteoarticular changes, such as heterotopic ossification, can be found in these patients, as evidenced by radiographic studies. This study aims to identify radiographic changes in hips of spinal cord-injured patients., Methods: 15 patients (30 hips) were evaluated and followed up at the Laboratory of Biomechanical Rehabilitation of the Musculoskeletal System of HC-Unicamp, through the analysis of radiographs of the pelvis in anterior-posterior and Lowenstein lateral positions., Results: Of the total hips, only seven (23%) had no evidence of articular damage. The prevalence of heterotopic ossification found (16.6%) was similar to the literature., Conclusion: The radiographic assessment of these patient's hips is justified by the prevalence of joint changes found. Level of Evidence II, Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with universally applied reference "gold" standard).
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- 2012
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